TY - THES A1 - Li, Yunfei T1 - On the influence of density and morphology on the Urban Heat Island intensity N2 - The urban heat island (UHI) effect, describing an elevated temperature of urban areas compared with their natural surroundings, can expose urban dwellers to additional heat stress, especially during hot summer days. A comprehensive understanding of the UHI dynamics along with urbanization is of great importance to efficient heat stress mitigation strategies towards sustainable urban development. This is, however, still challenging due to the difficulties of isolating the influences of various contributing factors that interact with each other. In this work, I present a systematical and quantitative analysis of how urban intrinsic properties (e.g., urban size, density, and morphology) influence UHI intensity. To this end, we innovatively combine urban growth modelling and urban climate simulation to separate the influence of urban intrinsic factors from that of background climate, so as to focus on the impact of urbanization on the UHI effect. The urban climate model can create a laboratory environment which makes it possible to conduct controlled experiments to separate the influences from different driving factors, while the urban growth model provides detailed 3D structures that can be then parameterized into different urban development scenarios tailored for these experiments. The novelty in the methodology and experiment design leads to the following achievements of our work. First, we develop a stochastic gravitational urban growth model that can generate 3D structures varying in size, morphology, compactness, and density gradient. We compare various characteristics, like fractal dimensions (box-counting, area-perimeter scaling, area-population scaling, etc.), and radial gradient profiles of land use share and population density, against those of real-world cities from empirical studies. The model shows the capability of creating 3D structures resembling real-world cities. This model can generate 3D structure samples for controlled experiments to assess the influence of some urban intrinsic properties in question. [Chapter 2] With the generated 3D structures, we run several series of simulations with urban structures varying in properties like size, density and morphology, under the same weather conditions. Analyzing how the 2m air temperature based canopy layer urban heat island (CUHI) intensity varies in response to the changes of the considered urban factors, we find the CUHI intensity of a city is directly related to the built-up density and an amplifying effect that urban sites have on each other. We propose a Gravitational Urban Morphology (GUM) indicator to capture the neighbourhood warming effect. We build a regression model to estimate the CUHI intensity based on urban size, urban gross building volume, and the GUM indicator. Taking the Berlin area as an example, we show the regression model capable of predicting the CUHI intensity under various urban development scenarios. [Chapter 3] Based on the multi-annual average summer surface urban heat island (SUHI) intensity derived from Land surface temperature, we further study how urban intrinsic factors influence the SUHI effect of the 5,000 largest urban clusters in Europe. We find a similar 3D GUM indicator to be an effective predictor of the SUHI intensity of these European cities. Together with other urban factors (vegetation condition, elevation, water coverage), we build different multivariate linear regression models and a climate space based Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model that can better predict SUHI intensity. By investigating the roles background climate factors play in modulating the coefficients of the GWR model, we extend the multivariate linear model to a nonlinear one by integrating some climate parameters, such as the average of daily maximal temperature and latitude. This makes it applicable across a range of background climates. The nonlinear model outperforms linear models in SUHI assessment as it captures the interaction of urban factors and the background climate. [Chapter 4] Our work reiterates the essential roles of urban density and morphology in shaping the urban thermal environment. In contrast to many previous studies that link bigger cities with higher UHI intensity, we show that cities larger in the area do not necessarily experience a stronger UHI effect. In addition, the results extend our knowledge by demonstrating the influence of urban 3D morphology on the UHI effect. This underlines the importance of inspecting cities as a whole from the 3D perspective. While urban 3D morphology is an aggregated feature of small-scale urban elements, the influence it has on the city-scale UHI intensity cannot simply be scaled up from that of its neighbourhood-scale components. The spatial composition and configuration of urban elements both need to be captured when quantifying urban 3D morphology as nearby neighbourhoods also cast influences on each other. Our model serves as a useful UHI assessment tool for the quantitative comparison of urban intervention/development scenarios. It can support harnessing the capacity of UHI mitigation through optimizing urban morphology, with the potential of integrating climate change into heat mitigation strategies. N2 - Der städtische Wärmeinseleffekt (engl. Urban Heat Island – UHI) beschreibt höhere Temperaturen in städtischen Gebieten im Vergleich zur natürlichen Umgebung, was zu einer erhöhten Hitzebelastung für städtische Bewohner führt. Das Verständnis der UHI-Dynamik im Zusammenhang mit der Urbanisierung ist entscheidend für die Entwicklung effektiver Strategien zur Minderung von Hitzestress und für eine nachhaltige städtische Entwicklung. Es bleibt jedoch herausfordernd, die Einflüsse verschiedener Faktoren zu trennen. Diese Arbeit stellt eine systematische und quantitative Analyse dar, inwieweit die Eigenschaften einer Stadt wie Dichte und Form die UHI-Intensität beeinflussen können. Zu diesem Zweck kombinieren wir das Modellieren des Stadtwachstums und des Stadtklimas, um den Einfluss städtischer Faktoren von der Hintergrundklimatologie zu trennen und den Fokus auf die Auswirkungen der Urbanisierung auf den UHI-Effekt zu legen. Mittels des Stadtklimamodels mit kontrollierten Einstellungen können die Auswirkungen verschiedener treibender Faktoren bewertet werden, während das Stadtwachstumsmodell detaillierte 3D-Strukturen für verschiedene Stadtentwicklungsszenarien erzeugt. Wir stellen ein physikalisches Stadtwachstumsmodell vor, das 3D-Strukturen mit unterschiedlicher Größe, Form, Dichte und Verteilung erzeugen kann. Wir überprüfen die Genauigkeit des Modells, indem wir seine Eigenschaften mit denen realer Städte vergleichen. Mit den generierten 3D-Strukturen führen wir mehrere Simulationen unter den gleichen Wetterbedingungen durch, um zu untersuchen, wie Veränderungen in städtischen Faktoren wie Größe, Dichte und Form die UHI-Intensität beeinflussen. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Dichte der bebauten Fläche und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen städtischen Standorten direkt mit der UHI-Intensität zusammenhängen. Um den Einfluss der Nachbarschaftserwärmung zu messen, führen wir einen Indikator namens Gravitational Urban Morphology (GUM) ein. Darüber hinaus entwickeln wir ein Regressionsmodell, das die UHI-Intensität anhand der Stadtgröße, des gesamten Gebäudevolumens und des GUM-Indikators schätzt. Des Weiteren untersuchen wir, wie bestimmte Faktoren in Städten den durch die Landoberflächentemperatur gemessenen städtischen Wärmeinseleffekt (engl. Surface Urban Heat Island – SUHI) in den 5.000 größten städtischen Ballungsräume in Europa beeinflussen. Hierbei stützen wir uns auf mehrjährige durchschnittliche Landoberflächentemperaturen während des Sommers. Wir stellen fest, dass ein ähnlicher GUM-Indikator ein effektiverer Vorhersagefaktor für die SUHI-Intensität. Um die Intensität der städtischen Wärmeinsel genauer vorhersagen zu können, berücksichtigen wir auch andere städtische Faktoren wie den Zustand der Vegetation, die Höhe, die Wasserfläche und Klimaparameter. Hierfür entwickeln wir verschiedene Regressionsmodelle. Das nichtlineare Modell, das Klimaparameter einbezieht und die Wechselwirkung zwischen städtischen Faktoren und dem Hintergrundklima berücksichtigt, erzielt bessere Ergebnisse als lineare Modelle bei der Bewertung der städtischen Wärmeinsel. Die Arbeit beleuchtet die Bedeutung der Dichte und Form einer Stadt für die Entstehung ihrer eigenen thermischen Umgebung. Dabei wird die Annahme infrage gestellt, dass größere Städte zwangsläufig einen stärkeren UHI-Effekt haben. Stattdessen wird die Bedeutung der 3D-Struktur der Stadt hervorgehoben. Die Studie betont die Notwendigkeit, Städte als Ganzes und aus einer 3D-Perspektive zu betrachten. Der Einfluss der Stadtformen kann nicht einfach von kleineren Bestandteilen aufaddiert werden. Unser Modell ist ein nützliches Werkzeug, um verschiedene Stadtplanungsszenarien und ihre Auswirkungen quantitativ zu vergleichen. Es unterstützt auch die Bemühungen, den UHI-Effekt durch Optimierung der städtischen Morphologie zu reduzieren und den Klimawandel in Strategien zur Bekämpfung von Hitze einzubeziehen. KW - urban heat island KW - simulation, size KW - density KW - morphology KW - Dichte KW - Morphologie KW - Simulation, Größe KW - städtisch KW - städtischer Wärmeinseleffekt Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-621504 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uygun, Serkan A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Morphological processing in heritage speakers BT - a masked priming study on the Turkish aorist JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Previous research has shown that heritage speakers struggle with inflectional morphology. 'Limitations of online resources' for processing a non-dominant language has been claimed as one possible reason for these difficulties. To date, however, there is very little experimental evidence on real-time language processing in heritage speakers. Here we report results from a masked priming experiment with 97 bilingual (Turkish/German) heritage speakers and a control group of 40 non-heritage speakers of Turkish examining regular and irregular forms of the Turkish aorist. We found that, for the regular aorist, heritage speakers use the same morphological decomposition mechanism ('affix stripping') as control speakers, whereas for processing irregularly inflected forms they exhibited more variability (i.e., less homogeneous performance) than the control group. Heritage speakers also demonstrated semantic priming effects. At a more general level, these results indicate that heritage speakers draw on multiple sources of information for recognizing morphologically complex words. KW - Turkish KW - morphology KW - aorist KW - priming KW - variability KW - processing Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000577 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 415 EP - 426 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiu, Liang A1 - Zhang, Haoran A1 - Bick, Thomas A1 - Martin, Johannes A1 - Wendler, Petra A1 - Böker, Alexander A1 - Glebe, Ulrich A1 - Xing, Chengfen T1 - Construction of highly ordered glyco-inside nano-assemblies through RAFT dispersion polymerization of galactose-decorated monomer JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition N2 - Glyco-assemblies derived from amphiphilic sugar-decorated block copolymers (ASBCs) have emerged prominently due to their wide application, for example, in biomedicine and as drug carriers. However, to efficiently construct these glyco-assemblies is still a challenge. Herein, we report an efficient technology for the synthesis of glyco-inside nano-assemblies by utilizing RAFT polymerization of a galactose-decorated methacrylate for polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Using this approach, a series of highly ordered glyco-inside nano-assemblies containing intermediate morphologies were fabricated by adjusting the length of the hydrophobic glycoblock and the polymerization solids content. A specific morphology of complex vesicles was captured during the PISA process and the formation mechanism is explained by the morphology of its precursor and intermediate. Thus, this method establishes a powerful route to fabricate glyco-assemblies with tunable morphologies and variable sizes, which is significant to enable the large-scale fabrication and wide application of glyco-assemblies. KW - galactose-decorated monomer KW - glyco-inside nano-assemblies KW - morphology KW - evolution KW - PISA KW - RAFT dispersion polymerization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202015692 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 60 IS - 20 SP - 11098 EP - 11103 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farhy, Yael T1 - Morphological generalization of Hebrew verb classes BT - an elicited production study in native and non-native speakers JF - The mental lexicon N2 - The present work investigated how morphological generalization, namely the way speakers extend their knowledge to novel complex words, is influenced by sources of variability in language and speaker properties. For this purpose, the study focused on a Semitic language (Hebrew), characterized by unique non-concatenative morphology, and native ( L1) as well as non-native (L2) speakers. Two elicited production tasks tested what information sources speakers employ in verbal inflectional class generalization, i.e., in forming complex novel verbs. Phonological similarity was tested in Experiment 1 and argument structure in Experiment 2. The analysis focused on the two most common Hebrew inflectional classes, Paal and Piel, which also constituted the vast majority of responses in the two tasks. Unlike the commonly found outcomes in Romance inflectional class generalization, the results yielded, solely for Piel, a graded phonological similarity effect and a robust argument structure effect, i.e., more Piel responses in a direct object context than without. The L2 pattern partially differed from the L1: (i) argument structure effect for L2 speakers was weaker, and (ii) L2 speakers produced more Paal than Piel responses. The results are discussed within the framework of rule-based and input-based accounts. KW - morphology KW - generalization KW - inflectional classes KW - Hebrew KW - non-native KW - speakers Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.19001.far SN - 1871-1340 SN - 1871-1375 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 223 EP - 257 PB - John Benjamins Publishing Co. CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Jessen, Anna T1 - Variability and its limits in bilingual word recognition BT - a morphological priming study JF - The mental lexicon N2 - This study examines the processing of morphologically complex words focusing on how morphological (in addition to orthographic and semantic) factors affect bilingual word recognition. We report findings from a large experimental study with groups of bilingual (Turkish/German) speakers using the visual masked-priming technique. We found morphologically mediated effects on the response speed and the inter-individual variability within the bilingual participant group. We conclude that the grammar (qua morphological parsing) not only enhances speed of processing in bilingual language processing but also yields more uniform performance and thereby constrains variability within a group of otherwise heterogeneous individuals. KW - German KW - inflection KW - morphology KW - L2 processing KW - masked priming Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20013.cla SN - 1871-1340 SN - 1871-1375 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 295 EP - 329 PB - John Benjamins Publishing Co. CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Ciaccio, Laura Anna T1 - Prefixed words in morphological processing and morphological impairments N2 - In recent years, a substantial number of psycholinguistic studies and of studies on acquired language impairments have investigated the case of morphologically complex words. These have provided evidence for what is known as ‘morphological decomposition’, i.e. a mechanism that decomposes complex words into their constituent morphemes during online processing. This is believed to be a fundamental, possibly universal mechanism of morphological processing, operating irrespective of a word’s specific properties. However, current accounts of morphological decomposition are mostly based on evidence from suffixed words and compound words, while prefixed words have been comparably neglected. At the same time, it has been consistently observed that, across languages, prefixed words are less widespread than suffixed words. This cross-linguistic preference for suffixing morphology has been claimed to be grounded in language processing and language learning mechanisms. This would predict differences in how prefixed words are processed and therefore also affected in language impairments, challenging the predictions of the major accounts of morphological decomposition. Against this background, the present thesis aims at reducing the gap between the accounts of morphological decomposition and the accounts of the suffixing preference, by providing a thorough empirical investigation of prefixed words. Prefixed words are examined in three different domains: (i) visual word processing in native speakers; (ii) visual word processing in non-native speakers; (iii) acquired morphological impairments. The processing studies employ the masked priming paradigm, tapping into early stages of visual word recognition. Instead, the studies on morphological impairments investigate the errors produced in reading aloud tasks. As for native processing, the present work first focuses on derivation (Publication I), specifically investigating whether German prefixed derived words, both lexically restricted (e.g. inaktiv ‘inactive’) and unrestricted (e.g. unsauber ‘unclean’) can be efficiently decomposed. I then present a second study (Publication II) on a Bantu language, Setswana, which offers the unique opportunity of testing inflectional prefixes, and directly comparing priming with prefixed inflected primes (e.g. dikgeleke ‘experts’) to priming with prefixed derived primes (e.g. bokgeleke ‘talent’). With regard to non-native processing (Publication I), the priming effects obtained from the lexically restricted and unrestricted prefixed derivations in native speakers are additionally compared to the priming effects obtained in a group of non-native speakers of German. Finally, in the two studies on acquired morphological impairments, the thesis investigates whether prefixed derived words yield different error patterns than suffixed derived words (Publication III and IV). For native speakers, the results show evidence for morphological decomposition of both types of prefixed words, i.e. lexically unrestricted and restricted derivations, as well as of prefixed inflected words. Furthermore, non-native speakers are also found to efficiently decompose prefixed derived words, with parallel results to the group of native speakers. I therefore conclude that, for the early stages of visual word recognition, the relative position of stem and affix in prefixed versus suffixed words does not affect how efficiently complex words are decomposed, either in native or in non-native processing. In the studies on acquired language impairments, instead, prefixes are consistently found to be more impaired than suffixes. This is explained in terms of a learnability disadvantage for prefixed words, which may cause weaker representations of the information encoded in affixes when these precede the stem (prefixes) as compared to when they follow it (suffixes). Based on the impairment profiles of the individual participants and on the nature of the task, this dissociation is assumed to emerge from later processing stages than those that are tapped into by masked priming. I therefore conclude that the different characteristics of prefixed and suffixed words do come into play at later processing stages, during which the lexical-semantic information contained in the different constituent morphemes is processed. The findings presented in the four manuscripts significantly contribute to our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in processing prefixed words. Crucially, the thesis constrains the processing disadvantage for prefixed words to later processing stages, thereby suggesting that theories trying to establish links between language universals and processing mechanisms should more carefully consider the different stages involved in language processing and what factors are relevant for each specific stage. N2 - In den letzten Jahren haben viele psycholinguistische Studien und Studien über erworbene Sprachstörungen das Thema morphologisch komplexe Wörter untersucht. Diese Studien haben darauf hingewiesen, dass komplexe Wörter während der Sprachverarbeitung in ihre Bestandteile (Morpheme) zerlegt werden. Die aktuelle Evidenz basiert jedoch meist auf Untersuchungen von suffigierten Wörtern und zusammengesetzten Wörtern (Komposita), während präfigierte Wörter vergleichsweise vernachlässigt wurden. Präfigierte Wörter sind sprachübergreifend weniger verbreitet als suffigierte Wörter. Es wurde behauptet, dass diese Präferenz für suffigierte Wörter in den ihnen zu Grunde liegenden Sprachverarbeitungs- und Sprachlernmechanismen begründet ist. Dies würde Unterschiede in der Art und Weise voraussagen, wie präfigierte und suffigierte Wörter verarbeitet werden und daher auch bei Sprachbeeinträchtigungen betroffen sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund liefert diese Dissertation eine gründliche empirische Untersuchung von präfigierten Wörtern in drei verschiedenen Bereichen: (i) visueller Worterkennung bei MuttersprachlerInnen; (ii) visueller Worterkennung bei Nicht-MuttersprachlerInnen; (iii) erworbenen morphologischen Störungen. Die Verarbeitungsstudien verwenden das Paradigma des maskierten Primings, während in den Studien zu morphologischen Störungen die Fehler analysiert werden, die beim Lautlesen einzelner Wörter entstehen. Für MuttersprachlerInnen konzentriert sich die Arbeit zuerst auf den Fall abgeleiteter Wörter (Publikation I), wobei insbesondere untersucht wird, ob lexikalisch eingeschränkte (z.B. inaktiv) und uneingeschränkte (z.B. unsauber) abgeleitete präfigierte Wörter effizient zerlegt werden können. Dann werden flektierte präfigierte Wörter in der Bantu-Sprache Setswana untersucht (Publikation II), mit dem Ziel, Priming-Effekte für flektierte (z.B. dikgeleke 'Experten') und abgeleitete (bokgeleke 'Talent') präfigierte Wörter zu vergleichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Hinweise auf effiziente morphologische Zerlegung von präfigierten Wörtern, sowohl für lexikalisch uneingeschränkte und eingeschränkte Ableitungen als auch für flektierte präfigierte Wörter. Im Hinblick auf die Verarbeitung durch Nicht-MuttersprachlerInnen (Publikation I) werden zusätzlich die Priming-Effekte, die für lexikalisch eingeschränkte und uneingeschränkte präfigierte Ableitungen bei MuttersprachlerInnen erzielt werden, mit den Priming-Effekten verglichen, die bei einer Gruppe von Nicht-MuttersprachlerInen des Deutschen erzielt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch Nicht-MuttersprachlerInnen in der Lage sind, präfigierte Wörter effizient zu verarbeiten, mit parallelen Ergebnissen zur Gruppe der MuttersprachlerInnen. Schließlich wird in zwei Studien zu erworbenen morphologischen Störungen untersucht, ob präfigierte abgeleitete Wörter andere Fehlermuster ergeben als suffigierte abgeleitete Wörter (Publikation III und IV). Die Ergebnisse der beiden Studien zeigen, dass Präfixe stärker beeinträchtigt sind als Suffixe. Dies wird mit einem Lernfähigkeitsnachteil für präfigierte Wörter erklärt, der dazu führt, dass die in Affixen kodierten Informationen schwächer dargestellt werden, wenn diese vor dem Wortstamm stehen (Präfixe), als wenn sie ihm folgen (Suffixe). Insgesamt schließt man aus den Ergebnissen der Dissertation, dass in den frühen Phasen der visuellen Worterkennung, die die Methode des maskierten Primings untersucht, präfigierte Wörter genauso effizient verarbeitet werden können wie suffigierte Wörter, sowohl von MuttersprachlerInnen als auch von Nicht-MuttersprachlerInnen. Im Gegensatz dazu spielen die unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften von präfigierten Wörtern und suffigierten Wörtern in den Sprachverarbeitungsphasen, die die Studien zu morphologischen Störungen untersuchen, durchaus eine Rolle. Hier handelt es sich um spätere Phasen der Sprachverarbeitung, in denen die in den Morphemen enthaltenen lexikalisch-semantischen Informationen verarbeitet werden. Somit beschränkt die Dissertation Nachteile in der Verarbeitung von präfigierten Wörtern auf spätere Verarbeitungsphasen und deutet damit an, dass Theorien, welche Verbindungen zwischen Sprachuniversalien und Verarbeitungsmechanismen herstellen, die verschiedenen Phasen der Sprachverarbeitung und die für jede spezifische Phase relevanten Faktoren sorgfältiger berücksichtigen sollten. T2 - Präfigierte Wörter in der morphologischen Verarbeitung und bei morphologischen Störungen KW - morphology KW - Morphologie KW - visual word recognition KW - visuelle Worterkennung KW - morphological impairments KW - morphologische Störungen Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-484651 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Izraylit, Victor A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Investigating the phase-morphology of PLLA-PCL multiblock copolymer/PDLA blends cross-linked using stereocomplexation JF - MRS advances N2 - The macroscale function of multicomponent polymeric materials is dependent on their phase-morphology. Here, we investigate the morphological structure of a multiblock copolymer consisting of poly(L-lactide) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments (PLLA-PCL), physically cross-linked by stereocomplexation with a low molecular weight poly(D-lactide) oligomer (PDLA). The effects of blend composition and PLLA-PCL molecular structure on the morphology are elucidated by AFM, TEM and SAXS. We identify the formation of a lattice pattern, composed of PLA domains within a PCL matrix, with an average domain spacing d0 = 12 - 19 nm. The size of the PLA domains were found to be proportional to the block length of the PCL segment of the copolymer and inversely proportional to the PDLA content of the blend. Changing the PLLA-PCL / PDLA ratio caused a shift in the melt transition Tm attributed to the PLA stereocomplex crystallites, indicating partial amorphous phase dilution of the PLA and PCL components within the semicrystalline material. By elucidating the phase structure and thermal character of multifunctional PLLA-PCL / PDLA blends, we illustrate how composition affects the internal structure and thermal properties of multicomponent polymeric materials. This study should facilitate the more effective incorporation of a variety of polymeric structural units capable of stimuli responsive phase transitions, where an understanding the phase-morphology of each component will enable the production of multifunctional soft-actuators with enhanced performance. KW - polymer KW - blend KW - nanostructure KW - morphology Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.465 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 14-15 SP - 699 EP - 707 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Jessen, Anna T1 - Do bilingual children lag behind? A study of morphological encoding using ERPs JF - Journal of child language N2 - The current study investigates how bilingual children encode and produce morphologically complex words. We employed a silent-production-plus-delayed-vocalization paradigm in which event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during silent encoding of inflected words which were subsequently cued to be overtly produced. The bilingual children's spoken responses and their ERPs were compared to previous datasets from monolingual children on the same task. We found an enhanced negativity for regular relative to irregular forms during silent production in both bilingual children's languages, replicating the ERP effect previously obtained from monolingual children. Nevertheless, the bilingual children produced more morphological errors (viz. over-regularizations) than monolingual children. We conclude that mechanisms of morphological encoding (as measured by ERPs) are parallel for bilingual and monolingual children, and that the increased over-regularization rates are due to their reduced exposure to each of the two languages (relative to monolingual children). KW - morphology KW - event-related brain potentials KW - bilingualism Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000919000321 SN - 0305-0009 SN - 1469-7602 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 955 EP - 979 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Staudacher, Peter T1 - Plato on nature (φύσις) and convention (συνθήκη) JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433193 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 395 EP - 411 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Jessen, Anna T1 - Do bilingual children lag behind? BT - A study of morphological encoding using ERPs T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The current study investigates how bilingual children encode and produce morphologically complex words. We employed a silent-production-plus-delayed-vocalization paradigm in which event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during silent encoding of inflected words which were subsequently cued to be overtly produced. The bilingual children's spoken responses and their ERPs were compared to previous datasets from monolingual children on the same task. We found an enhanced negativity for regular relative to irregular forms during silent production in both bilingual children's languages, replicating the ERP effect previously obtained from monolingual children. Nevertheless, the bilingual children produced more morphological errors (viz. over-regularizations) than monolingual children. We conclude that mechanisms of morphological encoding (as measured by ERPs) are parallel for bilingual and monolingual children, and that the increased over-regularization rates are due to their reduced exposure to each of the two languages (relative to monolingual children). T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 682 KW - morphology KW - event-related brain potentials KW - bilingualism Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469727 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 682 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brown, Jessica M. M. A1 - Schmidt, Andreas A1 - Wierzba, Marta T1 - Preface JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-430575 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - xiii EP - xvi PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fominyam, Henry A1 - Tran, Thuan T1 - Beware of ‘discourse markers’ JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432524 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 257 EP - 272 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Malte T1 - Im Korpus gibt’s keine Vögel nicht BT - A corpus study on Negative Concord in Eastern German dialects JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432541 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 287 EP - 306 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häussler, Jana A1 - Mucha, Anna A1 - Schmidt, Andreas A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Wierzba, Marta T1 - Experimenting with Lurchi BT - V2 and agreement violations in poetic contexts JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432553 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 307 EP - 321 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stede, Manfred T1 - Noch kindlich oder schon jugendlich? Oder gar erwachsen? BT - Betrachtung von Komplexitätsmerkmalen altersspezifischer Texte JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432569 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 323 EP - 334 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiersch, Craig T1 - A note on apparent sluicing in Malagasy JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432341 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 185 EP - 209 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alexiadou, Artemis T1 - A form-function mismatch? BT - The case of Greek deponents JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432235 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 107 EP - 117 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Farhy, Yael T1 - Universals and particulars in morphology T1 - Universalien und Einzelheiten in der Morphologie BT - processing and generalization in native and non-native speakers of Hebrew BT - Verarbeitung und Generalisierung bei hebräischen Muttersprachlern und Nicht-Muttersprachlern N2 - For many years, psycholinguistic evidence has been predominantly based on findings from native speakers of Indo-European languages, primarily English, thus providing a rather limited perspective into the human language system. In recent years a growing body of experimental research has been devoted to broadening this picture, testing a wide range of speakers and languages, aiming to understanding the factors that lead to variability in linguistic performance. The present dissertation investigates sources of variability within the morphological domain, examining how and to what extent morphological processes and representations are shaped by specific properties of languages and speakers. Firstly, the present work focuses on a less explored language, Hebrew, to investigate how the unique non-concatenative morphological structure of Hebrew, namely a non-linear combination of consonantal roots and vowel patterns to form lexical entries (L-M-D + CiCeC = limed ‘teach’), affects morphological processes and representations in the Hebrew lexicon. Secondly, a less investigated population was tested: late learners of a second language. We directly compare native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers, specifically highly proficient and immersed late learners of Hebrew. Throughout all publications, we have focused on a morphological phenomenon of inflectional classes (called binyanim; singular: binyan), comparing productive (class Piel, e.g., limed ‘teach’) and unproductive (class Paal, e.g., lamad ‘learn’) verbal inflectional classes. By using this test case, two psycholinguistic aspects of morphology were examined: (i) how morphological structure affects online recognition of complex words, using masked priming (Publications I and II) and cross-modal priming (Publication III) techniques, and (ii) what type of cues are used when extending morpho-phonological patterns to novel complex forms, a process referred to as morphological generalization, using an elicited production task (Publication IV). The findings obtained in the four manuscripts, either published or under review, provide significant insights into the role of productivity in Hebrew morphological processing and generalization in L1 and L2 speakers. Firstly, the present L1 data revealed a close relationship between productivity of Hebrew verbal classes and recognition process, as revealed in both priming techniques. The consonantal root was accessed only in the productive class (Piel) but not the unproductive class (Paal). Another dissociation between the two classes was revealed in the cross-modal priming, yielding a semantic relatedness effect only for Paal but not Piel primes. These findings are taken to reflect that the Hebrew mental representations display a balance between stored undecomposable unstructured stems (Paal) and decomposed structured stems (Piel), in a similar manner to a typical dual-route architecture, showing that the Hebrew mental lexicon is less unique than previously claimed in psycholinguistic research. The results of the generalization study, however, indicate that there are still substantial differences between inflectional classes of Hebrew and other Indo-European classes, particularly in the type of information they rely on in generalization to novel forms. Hebrew binyan generalization relies more on cues of argument structure and less on phonological cues. Secondly, clear L1/L2 differences were observed in the sensitivity to abstract morphological and morpho-syntactic information during complex word recognition and generalization. While L1 Hebrew speakers were sensitive to the binyan information during recognition, expressed by the contrast in root priming, L2 speakers showed similar root priming effects for both classes, but only when the primes were presented in an infinitive form. A root priming effect was not obtained for primes in a finite form. These patterns are interpreted as evidence for a reduced sensitivity of L2 speakers to morphological information, such as information about inflectional classes, and evidence for processing costs in recognition of forms carrying complex morpho-syntactic information. Reduced reliance on structural information cues was found in production of novel verbal forms, when the L2 group displayed a weaker effect of argument structure for Piel responses, in comparison to the L1 group. Given the L2 results, we suggest that morphological and morphosyntactic information remains challenging for late bilinguals, even at high proficiency levels. N2 - Diese Dissertation untersucht, wie die morphologische Verarbeitung und Generalisierung von der Sprache und den Sprechern beeinflusst werden. Die Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die hebräische Sprache und analysiert, wie ihre ungewöhnliche, nicht-verkettende morphologische Struktur, die die Kombination von Wurzelkonsonanten und Vokalmustern umfasst (z. B. L-M-D + CiCeC = limed ‚beibringen‘), die Organisation von komplexen Repräsentationen im mentalen Lexikon beeinflusst. Dieser Aspekt wird im Hinblick auf zwei Sprechergruppen betrachtet: hebräische Muttersprachler und Nicht-Muttersprachler, die aber ein hohes Sprachniveau erworben haben. Alle vier Publikationen der Dissertation behandeln das morphologische Phänomen von Flexionsklassen in Verben (auf Hebräisch: binyanim) und vergleichen eine produktive Klasse und eine unproduktive Klasse mithilfe von empirischen Methoden wie Worterkennung mit Priming und Produktion von neuartigen Wörtern. Die Ergebnisse zeigten erstens eine enge Verbindung zwischen der Produktivität einer Klasse und Worterkennungsprozessen, wie dies auch in anderen indoeuropäischen Sprachen der Fall ist, in denen die Erkennung von produktiven morphologischen Schemata (z. B. gefragt) durch eine Dekomposition von Wortbestandteilen ausgeführt wird. Die Erkennung von unproduktiven morphologischen Schemata (z. B., geschlafen) wird jedoch nicht durch eine Dekomposition ausgeführt. In Bezug darauf ergaben die Ergebnisse der Produktionsstudie jedoch, dass es einen Unterschied zwischen dem hebräischen und indoeuropäischen Sprachen gibt, besonders in der Art der Information, auf die die Sprecher sich verlassen, wenn sie neue Wörter formulieren. In einem zweiten Ergebnis wurden bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen Muttersprachlern und Nicht-Muttersprachlern hinsichtlich Worterkennung und Produktion beobachtet. Beide Experimente wiesen eine eingeschränkte Sensitivität der Nicht-Muttersprachler für abstrakte morphologische und morpho-syntaktische Informationen nach. KW - psycholinguistics KW - morphology KW - Hebrew KW - second language KW - Psycholinguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Hebräisch KW - Nicht-Muttersprachler Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470033 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ciaccio, Laura Anna A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Variability and consistency in first and second language processing BT - A masked morphological priming study on prefixation and suffixation JF - Language Learning N2 - Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: . KW - prefixed words KW - derivation KW - second language processing KW - masked priming KW - morphology Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12370 SN - 0023-8333 SN - 1467-9922 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 103 EP - 136 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Georgi, Doreen T1 - Intermediate reflexes of movement BT - A problem for TAG? JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432217 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 77 EP - 93 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ciaccio, Laura Anna A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Variability and consistency in first and second language processing BT - A masked morphological priming study on prefixation and suffixation T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 869 KW - prefixed words KW - derivation KW - second language processing KW - masked priming KW - morphology Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-517727 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Multistability in speech and other activities JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432580 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 343 EP - 360 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Olsen, Susan A1 - Stiebels, Barbara A1 - Bierwisch, Manfred A1 - Zimmermann, Ilse A1 - Cavar, Damir A1 - Georgi, Doreen A1 - Bacskai-Atkari, Julia A1 - Alexiadou, Artemis A1 - Błaszczak, Joanna A1 - Müller, Gereon A1 - Šimík, Radek A1 - Meinunger, André A1 - Thiersch, Craig A1 - Arnhold, Anja A1 - Féry, Caroline A1 - Bayer, Josef A1 - Titov, Elena A1 - Fominyam, Henry A1 - Tran, Thuan A1 - Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina D. A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias A1 - Zimmermann, Malte A1 - Häussler, Jana A1 - Mucha, Anne A1 - Schmidt, Andreas A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Wierzba, Marta A1 - Stede, Manfred A1 - Skopeteas, Stavros A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. A1 - Haider, Hubert A1 - Wunderlich, Dieter A1 - Staudacher, Peter A1 - Rauh, Gisa ED - Brown, Jessica M. M. ED - Schmidt, Andreas ED - Wierzba, Marta T1 - Of Trees and Birds BT - A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow N2 - Gisbert Fanselow’s work has been invaluable and inspiring to many ­researchers working on syntax, morphology, and information ­structure, both from a ­theoretical and from an experimental perspective. This ­volume comprises a collection of articles dedicated to Gisbert on the occasion of his 60th birthday, covering a range of topics from these areas and beyond. The contributions have in ­common that in a broad sense they have to do with language structures (and thus trees), and that in a more specific sense they have to do with birds. They thus cover two of Gisbert’s major interests in- and outside of the linguistic world (and ­perhaps even at the interface). KW - Festschrift KW - Linguistik KW - Syntax KW - Morphologie KW - Informationsstruktur KW - festschrift KW - linguistics KW - syntax KW - morphology KW - information structure Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426542 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farhy, Yael A1 - Veríssimo, Joao Marques A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Universal and particular in morphological processing BT - evidence from Hebrew JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Do properties of individual languages shape the mechanisms by which they are processed? By virtue of their non-concatenative morphological structure, the recognition of complex words in Semitic languages has been argued to rely strongly on morphological information and on decomposition into root and pattern constituents. Here, we report results from a masked priming experiment in Hebrew in which we contrasted verb forms belonging to two morphological classes, Paal and Piel, which display similar properties, but crucially differ on whether they are extended to novel verbs. Verbs from the open-class Piel elicited familiar root priming effects, but verbs from the closed-class Paal did not. Our findings indicate that, similarly to other (e.g., Indo-European) languages, down-to-the-root decomposition in Hebrew does not apply to stems of non-productive verbal classes. We conclude that the Semitic word processor is less unique than previously thought: Although it operates on morphological units that are combined in a non-linear way, it engages the same universal mechanisms of storage and computation as those seen in other languages. KW - Language universals KW - morphology KW - priming KW - Semitic Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310917 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 1125 EP - 1133 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vidal-Garcia, Marta A1 - Bandara, Lashi A1 - Keogh, J. Scott T1 - ShapeRotator BT - an R tool for standardized rigid rotations of articulated three-dimensional structures with application for geometric morphometrics JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - The quantification of complex morphological patterns typically involves comprehensive shape and size analyses, usually obtained by gathering morphological data from all the structures that capture the phenotypic diversity of an organism or object. Articulated structures are a critical component of overall phenotypic diversity, but data gathered from these structures are difficult to incorporate into modern analyses because of the complexities associated with jointly quantifying 3D shape in multiple structures. While there are existing methods for analyzing shape variation in articulated structures in two-dimensional (2D) space, these methods do not work in 3D, a rapidly growing area of capability and research. Here, we describe a simple geometric rigid rotation approach that removes the effect of random translation and rotation, enabling the morphological analysis of 3D articulated structures. Our method is based on Cartesian coordinates in 3D space, so it can be applied to any morphometric problem that also uses 3D coordinates (e.g., spherical harmonics). We demonstrate the method by applying it to a landmark-based dataset for analyzing shape variation using geometric morphometrics. We have developed an R tool (ShapeRotator) so that the method can be easily implemented in the commonly used R package geomorph and MorphoJ software. This method will be a valuable tool for 3D morphological analyses in articulated structures by allowing an exhaustive examination of shape and size diversity. KW - articulation KW - morphology KW - motion correction KW - multi-modular morphology Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4018 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - 4669 EP - 4675 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vidal‐García, Marta A1 - Bandara, Lashi A1 - Keogh, J. Scott T1 - ShapeRotator BT - An R tool for standardized rigid rotations of articulated three-dimensional structures with application for geometric morphometrics T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The quantification of complex morphological patterns typically involves comprehensive shape and size analyses, usually obtained by gathering morphological data from all the structures that capture the phenotypic diversity of an organism or object. Articulated structures are a critical component of overall phenotypic diversity, but data gathered from these structures are difficult to incorporate into modern analyses because of the complexities associated with jointly quantifying 3D shape in multiple structures. While there are existing methods for analyzing shape variation in articulated structures in two-dimensional (2D) space, these methods do not work in 3D, a rapidly growing area of capability and research. Here, we describe a simple geometric rigid rotation approach that removes the effect of random translation and rotation, enabling the morphological analysis of 3D articulated structures. Our method is based on Cartesian coordinates in 3D space, so it can be applied to any morphometric problem that also uses 3D coordinates (e.g., spherical harmonics). We demonstrate the method by applying it to a landmark-based dataset for analyzing shape variation using geometric morphometrics. We have developed an R tool (ShapeRotator) so that the method can be easily implemented in the commonly used R package geomorph and MorphoJ software. This method will be a valuable tool for 3D morphological analyses in articulated structures by allowing an exhaustive examination of shape and size diversity. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 818 KW - articulation KW - morphology KW - motion correction KW - multi-modular morphology Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426321 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 818 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Goodwin, Guillaume C. H. A1 - Mudd, Simon M. A1 - Clubb, Fiona J. T1 - Unsupervised detection of salt marsh platforms BT - a topographic method T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Salt marshes filter pollutants, protect coastlines against storm surges, and sequester carbon, yet are under threat from sea level rise and anthropogenic modification. The sustained existence of the salt marsh ecosystem depends on the topographic evolution of marsh platforms. Quantifying marsh platform topography is vital for improving the management of these valuable landscapes. The determination of platform boundaries currently relies on supervised classification methods requiring near-infrared data to detect vegetation, or demands labour-intensive field surveys and digitisation. We propose a novel, unsupervised method to reproducibly isolate salt marsh scarps and platforms from a digital elevation model (DEM), referred to as Topographic Identification of Platforms (TIP). Field observations and numerical models show that salt marshes mature into subhorizontal platforms delineated by subvertical scarps. Based on this premise, we identify scarps as lines of local maxima on a slope raster, then fill landmasses from the scarps upward, thus isolating mature marsh platforms. We test the TIP method using lidar-derived DEMs from six salt marshes in England with varying tidal ranges and geometries, for which topographic platforms were manually isolated from tidal flats. Agreement between manual and unsupervised classification exceeds 94% for DEM resolutions of 1 m, with all but one site maintaining an accuracy superior to 90% for resolutions up to 3 m. For resolutions of 1 m, platforms detected with the TIP method are comparable in surface area to digitised platforms and have similar elevation distributions. We also find that our method allows for the accurate detection of local block failures as small as 3 times the DEM resolution. Detailed inspection reveals that although tidal creeks were digitised as part of the marsh platform, unsupervised classification categorises them as part of the tidal flat, causing an increase in false negatives and overall platform perimeter. This suggests our method may benefit from combination with existing creek detection algorithms. Fallen blocks and high tidal flat portions, associated with potential pioneer zones, can also lead to differences between our method and supervised mapping. Although pioneer zones prove difficult to classify using a topographic method, we suggest that these transition areas should be considered when analysing erosion and accretion processes, particularly in the case of incipient marsh platforms. Ultimately, we have shown that unsupervised classification of marsh platforms from high-resolution topography is possible and sufficient to monitor and analyse topographic evolution. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 936 KW - accuracy assessment KW - tidal flats KW - vegetation KW - extraction KW - elevation KW - sedimentation KW - opportunity KW - ecosystems KW - morphology KW - salinity Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459329 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 936 SP - 239 EP - 255 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farhy, Yael A1 - Verissimo, Joao Marques A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Do late bilinguals access pure morphology during word recognition? BT - a masked-priming study on Hebrew as a second language JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This study extends research on morphological processing in late bilinguals to a rarely examined language type, Semitic, by reporting results from a masked-priming experiment with 58 non-native, advanced, second-language (L2) speakers of Hebrew in comparison with native (L1) speakers. We took advantage of a case of ‘pure morphology’ in Hebrew, the so-called binyanim, which represent (essentially arbitrary) morphological classes for verbs. Our results revealed a non-native priming pattern for the L2 group, with root-priming effects restricted to non-finite prime words irrespective of binyanim type. We conclude that root extraction in L2 Hebrew word recognition is less sensitive to both morphological and morphosyntactic cues than in the L1, in line with the Shallow-Structure Hypothesis of L2 processing. KW - grammatical processing KW - morphology KW - behavioural measurements KW - healthy normal subjects KW - Hebrew Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000032 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 945 EP - 951 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reifegerste, Jana A1 - Elin, Kirill A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Persistent differences between native speakers and late bilinguals BT - Evidence from inflectional and derivational processing in older speakers JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Previous research with younger adults has revealed differences between native (L1) and non-native late-bilingual (L2) speakers with respect to how morphologically complex words are processed. This study examines whether these L1/L2 differences persist into old age. We tested masked-priming effects for derived and inflected word forms in older L1 and L2 speakers of German and compared them to results from younger L1 and L2 speakers on the same experiment (mean ages: 62 vs. 24). We found longer overall response times paired with better accuracy scores for older (L1 and L2) participants than for younger participants. The priming patterns, however, were not affected by chronological age. While both L1 and L2 speakers showed derivational priming, only the L1 speakers demonstrated inflectional priming. We argue that general performance in both L1 and L2 is affected by aging, but that the more profound differences between native and non-native processing persist into old age. KW - aging KW - late bilinguals KW - processing KW - morphology KW - inflection KW - derivation Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000615 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 425 EP - 440 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Elin, Kirill T1 - Morphological processing in older adults T1 - Morphologische Verarbeitung bei älteren Erwachsenen BT - evidence from Russian and German BT - Evidenz aus dem Russischen und dem Deutschen N2 - Over the last decades mechanisms of recognition of morphologically complex words have been extensively examined in order to determine whether all word forms are stored and retrieved from the mental lexicon as wholes or whether they are decomposed into their morphological constituents such as stems and affixes. Most of the research in this domain focusses on English. Several factors have been argued to affect morphological processing including, for instance, morphological structure of a word (e.g., existence of allomorphic stem alternations) and its linguistic nature (e.g., whether it is a derived word or an inflected word form). It is not clear, however, whether processing accounts based on experimental evidence from English would hold for other languages. Furthermore, there is evidence that processing mechanisms may differ across various populations including children, adult native speakers and language learners. Recent studies claim that processing mechanisms could also differ between older and younger adults (Clahsen & Reifegerste, 2017; Reifegerste, Meyer, & Zwitserlood, 2017). The present thesis examined how properties of the morphological structure, types of linguistic operations involved (i.e., the linguistic contrast between inflection and derivation) and characteristics of the particular population such as older adults (e.g., potential effects of ageing as a result of the cognitive decline or greater experience and exposure of older adults) affect initial, supposedly automatic stages of morphological processing in Russian and German. To this end, a series of masked priming experiments was conducted. In experiments on Russian, the processing of derived -ost’ nouns (e.g., glupost’ ‘stupidity’) and of inflected forms with and without allomorphic stem alternations in 1P.Sg.Pr. (e.g., igraju – igrat’ ‘to play’ vs. košu – kosit’ ‘to mow’) was examined. The first experiment on German examined and directly compared processing of derived -ung nouns (e.g., Gründung ‘foundation’) and inflected -t past participles (e.g., gegründet ‘founded’), whereas the second one investigated the processing of regular and irregular plural forms (-s forms such as Autos ‘cars’ and -er forms such as Kinder ‘children’, respectively). The experiments on both languages have shown robust and comparable facilitation effects for derived words and regularly inflected forms without stem changes (-t participles in German, forms of -aj verbs in Russian). Observed morphological priming effects could be clearly distinguished from purely semantic or orthographic relatedness between words. At the same time, we found a contrast between forms with and without allomorphic stem alternations in Russian and regular and irregular forms in German, with significantly more priming for unmarked stems (relative to alternated ones) and significantly more priming for regular (compared) word forms. These findings indicate the relevance of morphological properties of a word for initial stages of processing, contrary to claims made in the literature holding that priming effects are determined by surface form and meaning overlap only. Instead, our findings are more consistent with approaches positing a contrast between combinatorial, rule-based and lexically-stored forms (Clahsen, Sonnenstuhl, & Blevins, 2003). The doctoral dissertation also addressed the role of ageing and age-related cognitive changes on morphological processing. The results obtained on this research issue are twofold. On the one hand, the data demonstrate effects of ageing on general measures of language performance, i.e., overall longer reaction times and/or higher accuracy rates in older than younger individuals. These findings replicate results from previous studies, which have been linked to the general slowing of processing speed at older age and to the larger vocabularies of older adults. One the other hand, we found that more specific aspects of language processing appear to be largely intact in older adults as revealed by largely similar morphological priming effects for older and younger adults. These latter results indicate that initial stages of morphological processing investigated here by means of the masked priming paradigm persist in older age. One caveat should, however, be noted. Achieving the same performance as a younger individual in a behavioral task may not necessarily mean that the same neural processes are involved. Older people may have to recruit a wider brain network than younger individuals, for example. To address this and related possibilities, future studies should examine older people’s neural representations and mechanisms involved in morphological processing. N2 - In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden die Mechanismen zur Erkennung morphologisch komplexer Wörter umfassend untersucht, um zu erforschen, ob alle Wortformen als Ganzes aus dem mentalen Lexikon abgerufen werden oder ob sie in ihre morphologischen Bestandteile (z. B. Wortstamm und Affixe) zerlegt werden. Der meisten Studien in diesem Bereich konzentrieren sich aufs Englische. Es wurde oft behauptet, dass mehrere Faktoren die morphologische Verarbeitung beeinflussen, darunter zum Beispiel die morphologische Struktur eines Wortes (z. B. das Vorhandensein allomorphischen Stammwechsels) und seine linguistische Natur (z. B. ob es sich um ein abgeleitetes Wort oder eine flektierte Wortform handelt). Es ist jedoch nicht klar, ob die postulierten Verarbeitungsmechanismen, die fast ausschließlich auf experimentellen Beweisen aus dem Englischen basieren, für andere Sprachen genauso gelten. Darüber hinaus gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass sich Verarbeitungsmechanismen in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen – einschließlich Kindern, erwachsenen Muttersprachlern und Sprachlernern – unterscheiden können. Neuere Studien behaupten, dass Verarbeitungsmechanismen zwischen älteren und jüngeren Erwachsenen möglicherweise auch unterschiedlich sind (Clahsen & Reifegerste, 2017; Reifegerste, Meyer, & Zwitserlood, 2017). In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde untersucht, wie die morphologische Struktur, die Art der zugrunde liegenden linguistischen Operationen (z. B., der linguistische Kontrast zwischen Flexion und Ableitung) sowie Merkmale der jeweiligen Population, wie ältere Erwachsene (z. B. mögliche Auswirkungen des Alterns infolge kognitiven Rückgangs oder größerer Erfahrung von älteren Menschen) die ersten, vermeintlich automatischen Stadien der morphologischen Verarbeitung im Russischen und Deutschen beeinflussen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Reihe von maskierten Priming Experimenten (auf English: masked priming) durchgeführt. In den Experimenten übers Russische wurde die Verarbeitung von abgeleiteten -ost'-Substantiven (z. B. glupost' - 'Dummheit') und von flektierten Formen mit und ohne allomorphischen Stammwechsel in der ersten Person Singular Präsens (z. B. igraju - igrat' 'spielen' im Vergleich zu košu - kosit' 'mähen') untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden im ersten Experiment übers Deutsche die Verarbeitung von abgeleiteten Substantiven (z. B. Gründung 'founding') und von -t-Partizipien (z. B. gegründet 'founded') untersucht und direkt verglichen, während das zweite Experiment die Verarbeitung von regulären und irregulären Plural-Formen (d. h., -s-Pluralen wie z. B. Autos 'cars' und -er-Formen wie z. B, Kinder 'children') erforschte. Die Experimente in beiden Sprachen zeigten robuste und vergleichbare Priming-Effekte für abgeleitete Wörter und regelmäßig flektierte Formen ohne Stammveränderung (einschließlich -t-Partizipien im Deutschen und Formen von -aj- Verben im Russischen). Die gefundenen morphologischen Priming-Effekte konnten von rein semantischen oder orthographischen Verbindungen zwischen Wörtern klar abgegrenzt werden. Gleichzeitig fanden wir einen Kontrast zwischen Formen mit und ohne allomorphischen Stammwechsel im Russischen sowie zwischen regulären und irregulären Formen im Deutschen, mit signifikant mehr Priming für unmarkierte Stämme (im Vergleich zu alternierenden) und signifikant mehr Priming für reguläre Wortformen (im Vergleich zu irregulären). Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf die Relevanz morphologischer Eigenschaften eines Wortes für die ersten automatischen Phasen der Worterkennung hin, im Gegensatz zu Behauptungen in der fachlichen Literatur, die besagen, dass Priming-Effekte nur durch das Überlappen von Wörtern auf orthographischer und/oder semantischer Ebene entstehen. Stattdessen sind unsere Ergebnisse mehr im Einklang mit Ansätzen, die einen Kontrast zwischen kombinatorischen und regelbasierten versus lexikalisch gespeicherten Formen postulieren (Clahsen, Sonnenstuhl, & Blevins, 2003). Die Doktorarbeit befasste sich auch mit der Rolle des Alterns und altersbedingten kognitiven Veränderungen bei der morphologischen Verarbeitung. Die Ergebnisse dieses Forschungsthemas sind zweierlei. Einerseits demonstrieren die Daten die Auswirkungen des Alterns auf allgemeine Aspekte der Sprachleistung wie zum Beispiel generell längere Reaktionszeiten und/oder weniger Fehler bei älteren als bei jüngeren Personen. Ähnliche Ergebnisse in früheren Studien wurden oft mit allgemeiner Verringerung der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit im höheren Alter und mit dem größeren Wortschatz älterer Erwachsener in Verbindung gebracht. Anderseits stellten wir fest, dass spezifische Aspekte der Sprachverarbeitung bei älteren Erwachsenen weitgehend intakt sind, was sich durch größtenteils vergleichbare morphologische Priming-Effekte für ältere und jüngere Erwachsene zeigt. Diese letzteren Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die ersten Stadien der morphologischen Verarbeitung, die hier mittels maskierter Priming-Experimente untersucht wurden, im höheren Alter fortbestehen. Folgender Vorbehalt sollte jedoch beachtet werden: Das Erreichen der gleichen Leistung bei jüngeren und älteren Personen in solchen Aufgaben muss nicht unbedingt bedeuten, dass dieselben neuralen Prozesse beteiligt sind. Ältere Menschen müssen unter Umständen ein breiteres Gehirnnetzwerk rekrutieren als jüngere Menschen. Aus diesem Grund sollten zukünftige Studien auch die neuralen Repräsentationen und Mechanismen untersuchen, die an der morphologischen Verarbeitung bei jüngeren und älteren Menschen beteiligt sind. KW - morphology KW - processing KW - ageing KW - Russian KW - German KW - linguistics KW - Morphologie KW - Worterkennung KW - Altern KW - Russisch KW - Deutsch KW - Sprachwissenschaft Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418605 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ran, Niva A. A1 - Love, John A. A1 - Heiber, Michael C. A1 - Jiao, Xuechen A1 - Hughes, Michael P. A1 - Karki, Akchheta A1 - Wang, Ming A1 - Brus, Viktor V. A1 - Wang, Hengbin A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Ade, Harald A1 - Bazan, Guillermo C. A1 - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, T1 - Charge generation and recombination in an organic solar cell with low energetic offsets JF - dvanced energy materials N2 - Organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require energetic offsets between the donor and acceptor to obtain high short-circuit currents (J(SC)) and fill factors (FF). However, it is necessary to reduce the energetic offsets to achieve high open-circuit voltages (V-OC). Recently, reports have highlighted BHJ blends that are pushing at the accepted limits of energetic offsets necessary for high efficiency. Unfortunately, most of these BHJs have modest FF values. How the energetic offset impacts the solar cell characteristics thus remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive characterization of the losses in a polymer:fullerene BHJ blend, PIPCP:phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), that achieves a high V-OC (0.9 V) with very low energy losses (E-loss = 0.52 eV) from the energy of absorbed photons, a respectable J(SC) (13 mA cm(-2)), but a limited FF (54%) is reported. Despite the low energetic offset, the system does not suffer from field-dependent generation and instead it is characterized by very fast nongeminate recombination and the presence of shallow traps. The charge-carrier losses are attributed to suboptimal morphology due to high miscibility between PIPCP and PC61BM. These results hold promise that given the appropriate morphology, the J(SC), V-OC, and FF can all be improved, even with very low energetic offsets. KW - energetic offset KW - fill factor KW - morphology KW - organic solar cells KW - recombination Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701073 SN - 1614-6832 SN - 1614-6840 VL - 8 IS - 5 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jacob, Gunnar T1 - Morphological priming in bilingualism research JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition. N2 - The review describes how morphological priming can be utilised to study the processing of morphologically complex words in bilinguals. The article starts with an overview of established experimental paradigms based on morphological priming, discusses a number of basic methodological pitfalls with regard to experimental design and materials, then reviews previous L2 morphological priming studies, and concludes with a brief discussion of recent developments in the field as well as possible future directions. KW - L2 processing KW - morphology KW - decomposition KW - morphological priming Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000451 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 443 EP - 447 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Farhy, Yael A1 - Veríssimo, Joao Marques A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Universal and particular in morphological processing BT - evidence from Hebrew T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Do properties of individual languages shape the mechanisms by which they are processed? By virtue of their non-concatenative morphological structure, the recognition of complex words in Semitic languages has been argued to rely strongly on morphological information and on decomposition into root and pattern constituents. Here, we report results from a masked priming experiment in Hebrew in which we contrasted verb forms belonging to two morphological classes, Paal and Piel, which display similar properties, but crucially differ on whether they are extended to novel verbs. Verbs from the open-class Piel elicited familiar root priming effects, but verbs from the closed-class Paal did not. Our findings indicate that, similarly to other (e.g., Indo-European) languages, down-to-the-root decomposition in Hebrew does not apply to stems of non-productive verbal classes. We conclude that the Semitic word processor is less unique than previously thought: Although it operates on morphological units that are combined in a non-linear way, it engages the same universal mechanisms of storage and computation as those seen in other languages. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 468 KW - language universals KW - morphology KW - priming KW - Semitic Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412541 EP - 468 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Leminen, Alina A1 - Lehtonen, Minna A1 - Bozic, Mirjana A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Editorial BT - morphologically complex words in the mind/brain T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - kein abstract vorhanden T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 441 KW - morphology KW - derivation KW - inflection KW - compound KW - L2 KW - dyslexia KW - semantics KW - decomposition Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407243 IS - 441 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Leminen, Alina A1 - Lehtonen, Minna A1 - Bozic, Mirjana A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Editorial: Morphologically Complex Words in the Mind/Brain T2 - Frontiers in human neuroscienc KW - morphology KW - derivation KW - inflection KW - compound KW - L2 KW - dyslexia KW - semantics KW - decomposition Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00047 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 10 SP - 150 EP - 160 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Love, John A. A1 - Chou, Shu-Hua A1 - Huang, Ye A1 - Bazan, Guillermo C. A1 - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, T1 - Effects of solvent additive on "s-shaped" curves in solution-processed small molecule solar cells JF - Beilstein journal of organic chemistry N2 - A novel molecular chromophore, p-SIDT(FBTThCA8)(2), is introduced as an electron-donor material for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with broad absorption and near ideal energy levels for the use in combination with common acceptor materials. It is found that films cast from chlorobenzene yield devices with strongly s-shaped current-voltage curves, drastically limiting performance. We find that addition of the common solvent additive diiodooctane, in addition to facilitating crystallization, leads to improved vertical phase separation. This yields much better performing devices, with improved curve shape, demonstrating the importance of morphology control in BHJ devices and improving the understanding of the role of solvent additives. KW - current voltage analysis KW - morphology KW - organic solar cells Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.249 SN - 1860-5397 VL - 12 SP - 2543 EP - 2555 PB - Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften CY - Frankfurt, Main ER - TY - GEN A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Contributions of linguistic typology to psycholinguistics N2 - This article first outlines different ways of how psycholinguists have dealt with linguistic diversity and illustrates these approaches with three familiar cases from research on language processing, language acquisition, and language disorders. The second part focuses on the role of morphology and morphological variability across languages for psycholinguistic research. The specific phenomena to be examined are to do with stem-formation morphology and inflectional classes; they illustrate how experimental research that is informed by linguistic typology can lead to new insights. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 325 KW - child language KW - past-tense KW - inflection KW - morphology KW - portuguese KW - lexicon KW - hebrew KW - rules Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-397757 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wischke, Christian A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Functional nanocarriers by miniaturization of polymeric materials T2 - Nanomedicine KW - function KW - microscale KW - morphology KW - nanoscale KW - polymer Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.16.45 SN - 1743-5889 SN - 1748-6963 VL - 11 SP - 1507 EP - 1509 PB - Future Medicine CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lorenz, Antje A1 - Heide, Judith A1 - Burchert, Frank T1 - Compound naming in aphasia: effects of complexity, part of speech, and semantic transparency JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience KW - compound production KW - morphology KW - decomposition KW - lemma KW - part of speech KW - semantic transparency KW - aphasia KW - word-finding difficulties Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2013.766357 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 106 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schöne, Anne-Christin A1 - Schulz, Burkhard A1 - Richau, Klaus A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Characterization of Langmuir films prepared from copolyesterurethanes based on oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) and oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)segments JF - Macromolecular chemistry and physics N2 - A series of multiblock copolymers (PDLCL) synthesized from oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) diol (OPDL) and oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) diol (OCL), which are linked by 2,2(4), 4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), is investigated by the Langmuir monolayer technique at the air-water interface. Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry are employed to characterize the polymer film morphologies in situ. PDLCL containing >= 40 wt% OCL segments form homogeneous Langmuir monofilms after spreading. The film elasticity modulus decreases with increasing amounts of OPDL segments in the copolymer. In contrast, the OCL-free polyesterurethane OPDL-TMDI cannot be spread to monomolecular films on the water surface properly, and movable slabs are observed by BAM even at low surface pressures. The results of the in situ morphological characterization clearly show that essential information concerning the reliability of Langmuir monolayer degradation (LMD) experiments cannot be obtained from the evaluation of the pi-A isotherms only. Consequently, in situ morphological characterization turns out to be indispensable for characterization of Langmuir layers before LMD experiments. KW - brewster angle microscopy KW - ellipsometry KW - Langmuir layers KW - morphology KW - polyesterurethanes Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201400377 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 215 IS - 24 SP - 2437 EP - 2445 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albrecht, Steve A1 - Vandewal, Koen A1 - Tumbleston, John R. A1 - Fischer, Florian S. U. A1 - Douglas, Jessica D. A1 - Frechet, Jean M. J. A1 - Ludwigs, Sabine A1 - Ade, Harald W. A1 - Salleo, Alberto A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - On the efficiency of charge transfer state splitting in polymer: Fullerene solar cells JF - Advanced materials KW - organic solar cells KW - charge generation KW - geminate recombination KW - charge transfer states KW - driving force KW - excess energy KW - morphology KW - spectroelectrochemistry Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305283 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 26 IS - 16 SP - 2533 EP - 2539 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Rothweiler, Monika A1 - Sterner, Franziska A1 - Chilla, Solveig T1 - Linguistic markers of specific language impairment in bilingual children: the case of verb morphology JF - Clinical linguistics & phonetics KW - Bilingualism KW - German KW - morphology KW - SLI KW - Turkish Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2014.886726 SN - 0269-9206 SN - 1464-5076 VL - 28 IS - 9 SP - 709 EP - 721 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Pingel, Patrick T1 - Morphology, charge transport properties, and molecular doping of thiophene-based organic semiconducting thin films T1 - Morphologie, Ladungstransporteigenschaften und molekulares Dotieren thiophenbasierter organischer Halbleiterschichten N2 - Organic semiconductors combine the benefits of organic materials, i.e., low-cost production, mechanical flexibility, lightweight, and robustness, with the fundamental semiconductor properties light absorption, emission, and electrical conductivity. This class of material has several advantages over conventional inorganic semiconductors that have led, for instance, to the commercialization of organic light-emitting diodes which can nowadays be found in the displays of TVs and smartphones. Moreover, organic semiconductors will possibly lead to new electronic applications which rely on the unique mechanical and electrical properties of these materials. In order to push the development and the success of organic semiconductors forward, it is essential to understand the fundamental processes in these materials. This thesis concentrates on understanding how the charge transport in thiophene-based semiconductor layers depends on the layer morphology and how the charge transport properties can be intentionally modified by doping these layers with a strong electron acceptor. By means of optical spectroscopy, the layer morphologies of poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, P3HT-fullerene bulk heterojunction blends, and oligomeric polyquaterthiophene, oligo-PQT-12, are studied as a function of temperature, molecular weight, and processing conditions. The analyses rely on the decomposition of the absorption contributions from the ordered and the disordered parts of the layers. The ordered-phase spectra are analyzed using Spano’s model. It is figured out that the fraction of aggregated chains and the interconnectivity of these domains is fundamental to a high charge carrier mobility. In P3HT layers, such structures can be grown with high-molecular weight, long P3HT chains. Low and medium molecular weight P3HT layers do also contain a significant amount of chain aggregates with high intragrain mobility; however, intergranular connectivity and, therefore, efficient macroscopic charge transport are absent. In P3HT-fullerene blend layers, a highly crystalline morphology that favors the hole transport and the solar cell efficiency can be induced by annealing procedures and the choice of a high-boiling point processing solvent. Based on scanning near-field and polarization optical microscopy, the morphology of oligo-PQT-12 layers is found to be highly crystalline which explains the rather high field-effect mobility in this material as compared to low molecular weight polythiophene fractions. On the other hand, crystalline dislocations and grain boundaries are identified which clearly limit the charge carrier mobility in oligo-PQT-12 layers. The charge transport properties of organic semiconductors can be widely tuned by molecular doping. Indeed, molecular doping is a key to highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Despite this vital role, it is still not understood how mobile charge carriers are induced into the bulk semiconductor upon the doping process. This thesis contains a detailed study of the doping mechanism and the electrical properties of P3HT layers which have been p-doped by the strong molecular acceptor tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane, F4TCNQ. The density of doping-induced mobile holes, their mobility, and the electrical conductivity are characterized in a broad range of acceptor concentrations. A long-standing debate on the nature of the charge transfer between P3HT and F4TCNQ is resolved by showing that almost every F4TCNQ acceptor undergoes a full-electron charge transfer with a P3HT site. However, only 5% of these charge transfer pairs can dissociate and induce a mobile hole into P3HT which contributes electrical conduction. Moreover, it is shown that the left-behind F4TCNQ ions broaden the density-of-states distribution for the doping-induced mobile holes, which is due to the longrange Coulomb attraction in the low-permittivity organic semiconductors. N2 - Organische Halbleiter kombinieren die molekulare Vielfalt und Anpassbarkeit, die mechanische Flexibilität und die preisgünstige Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Kunststoffen mit fundamentalen Halbleitereigenschaften wie Lichtabsorption und -emission und elektrischer Leitfähigkeit. Unlängst finden organische Leuchtdioden Anwendung in den Displays von TV-Geräten und Smartphones. Für die weitere Entwicklung und den Erfolg organischer Halbleiter ist das Verständnis derer physikalischer Grundlagen unabdingbar. Ein für viele Bauteile fundamentaler Prozess ist der Transport von Ladungsträgern in der organischen Schicht. Die Ladungstransporteigenschaften werden maßgeblich durch die Struktur dieser Schicht bestimmt, z.B. durch den Grad der molekularen Ordnung, die molekulare Verbindung von kristallinen Domänen und durch Defekte der molekularen Packung. Mittels optischer Spektroskopie werden in dieser Arbeit die temperatur-, molekulargewichts- und lösemittelabhängigen Struktureigenschaften poly- und oligothiophenbasierter Schichten untersucht. Dabei basiert die Analyse der Absorptionsspektren auf der Zerlegung in die spezifischen Anteile geordneten und ungeordneten Materials. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich hohe Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeiten dann erreichen lassen, wenn der Anteil der geordneten Bereiche und deren molekulare Verbindung in den Schichten möglichst hoch und die energetische Unordnung in diesen Bereichen möglichst klein ist. Der Ladungstransport in organischen Halbleitern kann außerdem gezielt beeinflusst werden, indem die Ladungsträgerdichte und die elektrische Leitfähigkeit durch molekulares Dotieren, d.h. durch das Einbringen von Elektronenakzeptoren oder -donatoren, eingestellt werden. Obwohl der Einsatz dotierter Schichten essentiell für effiziente Leuchtdioden und Solarzellen ist, ist der Mechanismus, der zur Erzeugung freier Ladungsträger im organischen Halbleiter führt, derzeit unverstanden. In dieser Arbeit wird der Ladungstransfer zwischen dem prototypischen Elektronendonator P3HT und dem Akzeptor F4TCNQ untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass, entgegen verbreiteter Vorstellungen, fast alle F4TCNQ-Akzeptoren einen ganzzahligen Ladungstransfer mit P3HT eingehen, aber nur 5% dieser Paare dissoziieren und einen beweglichen Ladungsträger erzeugen, der zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit beiträgt. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass die zurückgelassenen F4TCNQ-Akzeptorionen Fallenzustände für die beweglichen Ladungsträger darstellen und so die Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit in P3HT bei schwacher Dotierung absinkt. Die elektrischen Kenngrößen Ladungsträgerkonzentration, Beweglichkeit und Leitfähigkeit von F4TCNQ-dotierten P3HT-Schichten werden in dieser Arbeit erstmals in weiten Bereichen verschiedener Akzeptorkonzentrationen untersucht. KW - Polythiophen KW - organische Elektronik KW - molekulares Dotieren KW - organischer Halbleiter KW - Morphologie KW - polythiohene KW - organic electronics KW - molecular doping KW - organic semiconductor KW - morphology Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69805 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gardiner, Lauren M. A1 - Kocyan, Alexander A1 - Motes, Martin A1 - Roberts, David L. A1 - Emerson, Brent C. T1 - Molecular phylogenetics of Vanda and related genera (Orchidaceae) JF - Botanical journal of the Linnean Society N2 - The genus Vanda and its affiliated taxa are a diverse group of horticulturally important species of orchids occurring mainly in South-East Asia, for which generic limits are poorly defined. Here, we present a molecular study using sequence data from three plastid DNA regions. It is shown that Vanda s.l. forms a clade containing approximately 73 species, including the previously accepted genera Ascocentrum, Euanthe, Christensonia, Neofinetia and Trudelia, and the species Aerides flabellata. Resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of species in Vanda s.l. is relatively poor, but existing morphological classifications for Vanda are incongruent with the results produced. Some novel species relationships are revealed, and a new morphological sectional classification is proposed based on support for these groupings and corresponding morphological characters shared by taxa and their geographical distributions. The putative occurrence of multiple pollination syndromes in this group of taxa, combined with complex biogeographical history of the South-East Asian region, is discussed in the context of these results.(c) 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173, 549-572. KW - Aeridinae KW - Ascocentrum KW - classification KW - Euanthe KW - matK KW - morphology KW - Neofinetia KW - psbA-trnH KW - trnL KW - trnL-F Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12102 SN - 0024-4074 SN - 1095-8339 VL - 173 IS - 4 SP - 549 EP - 572 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ott, Susan A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - Verb inflection in German-learning children with typical and atypical language acquisition BT - the impact of subsyllabic frequencies T2 - Journal of Child Language N2 - Previous research has shown that high phonotactic frequencies facilitate the production of regularly inflected verbs in English-learning children with specific language impairment (SLI) but not with typical development (TD). We asked whether this finding can be replicated for German, a language with a much more complex inflectional verb paradigm than English. Using an elicitation task, the production of inflected nonce verb forms (3 rd person singular with -t suffix) with either high- or low-frequency subsyllables was tested in sixteen German-learning children with SLI (ages 4;1–5 ;1), sixteen TD-children matched for chronological age (CA) and fourteen TD- children matched for verbal age (VA) (ages 3;0–3 ;11). The findings revealed that children with SLI, but not CA- or VA-children, showed differential performance between the two types of verbs, producing more inflectional errors when the verb forms resulted in low-frequency subsyllables than when they resulted in high-frequency subsyllables, replicating the results from English-learning children. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 530 KW - english past tense KW - phonotactic probability KW - sentence repetition KW - nonword repetition KW - speaking children KW - impairment KW - morphology KW - infants KW - speech KW - words Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416475 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 530 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauter, Tilman A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Pore-size distribution controls shape-memory properties on the macro- and microscale of polymeric foams JF - Macromolecular chemistry and physics N2 - Open porous foams with identical foam density but different pore-size distributions (bimodal or monomodal) are prepared from a shape-memory polyetherurethane (PEU) by thermally induced phase separation. The shape-memory effect of the two PEU foams is explored by cyclic thermomechanical compression tests and microstructural analysis. The obtained results reveal that the PEU foam with a bimodal pore-size distribution exhibits an increased shape-recovery under stress-free conditions, both on the macro- (foam level) as well as the microscale (pore level). While bimodal pore-size distributions induce microscale bending during compression, buckling occurs in foams with monomodal pore-size distributions, leading to both a reduced and delayed shape recovery. KW - microstructure KW - morphology KW - polymer foams KW - pore-size distribution KW - shape-memory polymers Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201300062 SN - 1022-1352 VL - 214 IS - 11 SP - 1184 EP - 1188 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Junginger, Mathias A1 - Kübel, Christian A1 - Schacher, Felix H. A1 - Müller, Axel H. E. A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Crystal structure and chemical composition of biomimetic calcium phosphate nanofibers N2 - Calcium phosphate nanofibers with a diameter of only a few nanometers and a cotton-ball-like aggregate morphology have been reported several times in the literature. Although fiber formation seems reproducible in a variety of conditions, the crystal structure and chemical composition of the fibers have been elusive. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, low dose electron (nano)diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy, we have assigned crystal structures and chemical compositions to the fibers. Moreover, we demonstrate that the mineralization process yields true polymer/calcium phosphate hybrid materials where the block copolymer template is closely associated with the calcium phosphate. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 244 KW - air-water-interface KW - polycationic monolayer KW - mineralization beneath KW - block-copolymers KW - aqueous-solution KW - morphology KW - orthophosphates KW - biomaterials KW - nucleation KW - clusters Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95176 SP - 11301 EP - 11308 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Marcel A1 - Dolfen, Daniel A1 - Frisch, Johannes A1 - Roland, Steffen A1 - Steyrleuthner, Robert A1 - Stiller, Burkhard A1 - Chen, Zhihua A1 - Scherf, Ullrich A1 - Koch, Norbert A1 - Facchetti, Antonio A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Influence of aggregation on the performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells containing Low-Bandgap Naphthalenediimide Copolymers JF - dvanced energy materials N2 - The authors present efficient all-polymer solar cells comprising two different low-bandgap naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based copolymers as acceptors and regioregular P3HT as the donor. It is shown that these naphthalene copolymers have a strong tendency to preaggregate in specific organic solvents, and that preaggregation can be completely suppressed when using suitable solvents with large and highly polarizable aromatic cores. Organic solar cells prepared from such nonaggregated polymer solutions show dramatically increased power conversion efficiencies of up to 1.4%, which is mainly due to a large increase of the short circuit current. In addition, optimized solar cells show remarkable high fill factors of up to 70%. The analysis of the blend absorbance spectra reveals a surprising anticorrelation between the degree of polymer aggregation in the solid P3HT:NDI copolymer blends and their photovoltaic performance. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements reveal important information on the blend morphology. It is shown that films with high degree of aggregation and low photocurrents exhibit large-scale phase-separation into rather pure donor and acceptor domains. It is proposed that, by suppressing the aggregation of NDI copolymers at the early stage of film formation, the intermixing of the donor and acceptor component is improved, thereby allowing efficient harvesting of photogenerated excitons at the donoracceptor heterojunction. KW - aggregation KW - morphology KW - naphthalenediimide KW - organic semiconductors KW - organic photovoltaics Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100601 SN - 1614-6832 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 369 EP - 380 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Nancy A1 - Tiersch, Brigitte A1 - Unterlass, Miriam M. A1 - Heilig, Anneliese A1 - Tauer, Klaus T1 - "Schizomorphic" Emulsion Copolymerization Particles JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Cryo-electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and light microscopy investigations provide experimental evidence that amphiphilic emulsion copolymerization particles change their morphology in dependence on concentration. The shape of the particles is spherical at solids content above 1%, but it changes to rod-like, ring-like, and web-like structures at lower concentrations. In addition, the shape and morphology of these particles at low concentrations are not fixed but very flexible and vary with time between spheres, flexible pearlnecklace structures, and stretched rods. KW - amphiphilic particles KW - emulsion polymerization KW - morphology Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201100491 SN - 1022-1336 VL - 32 IS - 23 SP - 1925 EP - 1929 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - THES A1 - Ivakov, Alexander T1 - Metabolic interactions in leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana T1 - Metabolische Interaktionen während der Blattentwicklung in Arabidopsis thaliana N2 - Das Wachstum und Überleben von Pflanzen basiert auf der Photosynthese in den Blättern. Diese beinhaltet die Aufnahme von Kohlenstoffdioxid aus der Atmosphäre und das simultane Einfangen von Lichtenergie zur Bildung organischer Moleküle. Diese werden nach dem Eintritt in den Metabolismus in viele andere Komponenten umgewandelt, welche die Grundlage für die Zunahme der Biomasse bilden. Blätter sind Organe, die auf die Fixierung von Kohlenstoffdioxid spezialisiert sind. Die Funktionen der Blätter beinhalten vor allem die Optimierung und Feinregulierung vieler Prozesse, um eine effektive Nutzung von Ressourcen und eine maximale Photosynthese zu gewährleisten. Es ist bekannt, dass sich die Morphologie der Blätter den Wachstumsbedingungen der Pflanze anpasst und eine wichtige Rolle bei der Optimierung der Photosynthese spielt. Trotzdem ist die Regulation dieser Art der Anpassung bisher nicht verstanden. Die allgemeine Zielsetzung dieser vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Verständnis wie das Wachstum und die Morphologie der Blätter im Modellorganismus Arabidopsis thaliana reguliert werden. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde hierbei der Möglichkeit geschenkt, dass es interne metabolische Signale in der Pflanze geben könnte, die das Wachstum und die Entwicklung von Blättern beeinflussen. Um diese Fragestellung zu untersuchen, muss das Wachstum und die Entwicklung von Blättern oberhalb des Levels des einzelnen Organs und im Kontext der gesamten Pflanze betrachtet werden, weil Blätter nicht eigenständig wachsen, sondern von Ressourcen und regulatorischen Einflüssen der ganzen Pflanze abhängig sind. Aufgrund der Komplexität dieser Fragestellung wurden drei komplementäre Ansätze durchgeführt. Im ersten und spezifischsten Ansatz wurde untersucht ob eine flussabwärts liegende Komponente des Zucker-Signalwegs, Trehalose-6-Phosphat (Tre-6-P), das Blattwachstum und die Blattentwicklung beinflussen kann. Um diese Frage zu beantworten wurden transgene Arabidopsis-Linien mit einem gestörten Gehalt von Tre-6-P durch die Expression von bakteriellen Proteinen die in dem metabolismus von trehalose beteiligt sind. Die Pflanzen-Linien wurden unter Standard-Bendingungen in Erde angebaut und ihr Metabolismus und ihre Blattmorphologie untersucht. Diese Experimente führten auch zu einem unerwarteten Projekt hinsichtlich einer möglichen Rolle von Tre-6-P in der Regulation der Stomata. In einem zweiten, allgemeineren Ansatz wurde untersucht, ob Änderungen im Zucker-Gehalt der Pflanzen die Morphogenese der Blätter als Antwort auf Licht beeinflussen. Dazu wurden eine Reihe von Mutanten, die im Zentralmetabolismus beeinträchtigt sind, in derselben Lichtbedingung angezogen und bezüglich ihrer Blattmorphologie analysiert. In einem dritten noch allgemeineren Ansatz wurde die natürliche Variation von morphologischen Ausprägungen der Blätter und Rosette anhand von wilden Arabidopsis Ökotypen untersucht, um zu verstehen wie sich die Blattmorphologie auf die Blattfunktion und das gesamte Pflanzenwachstum auswirkt und wie unterschiedliche Eigenschaften miteinander verknüpft sind. Das Verhältnis der Blattanzahl zum Gesamtwachstum der Pflanze und Blattgröße wurde gesondert weiter untersucht durch eine Normalisierung der Blattanzahl auf das Frischgewicht der Rosette, um den Parameter „leafing Intensity“ abzuschätzen. Leafing Intensity integrierte Blattanzahl, Blattgröße und gesamtes Rosettenwachstum in einer Reihe von Kompromiss-Interaktionen, die in einem Wachstumsvorteil resultieren, wenn Pflanzen weniger, aber größere Blätter pro Einheit Biomasse ausbilden. Dies führte zu einem theoretischen Ansatz in dem ein einfaches allometrisch mathematisches Modell konstruiert wurde, um Blattanzahl, Blattgröße und Pflanzenwachstum im Kontext der gesamten Pflanze Arabidopsis zu verknüpfen. N2 - Plant growth and survival depend on photosynthesis in the leaves. This involves the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the simultaneous capture of light energy to produce organic molecules, which enter metabolism and are converted to many other compounds which then serve as building blocks for biomass growth. Leaves are organs specialised for photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation. The function of leaves involves many trade-offs which must be optimised in order to achieve effective use of resources and maximum photosynthesis. It is known that the morphology of leaves adjusts to the growth environment of plants and this is important for optimising their function for photosynthesis. However, it is unclear how this adjustment is regulated. The general aim of the work presented in this thesis is to understand how leaf growth and morphology are regulated in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Special attention was dedicated to the possibility that there might be internal metabolic signals within the plant which affect the growth and development of leaves. In order to investigate this question, leaf growth and development must be considered beyond the level of the single organ and in the context of the whole plant because leaves do not grow autonomously but depend on resources and regulatory influences delivered by the rest of the plant. Due to the complexity of this question, three complementary approaches were taken. In the first and most specific approach it was asked whether a proposed down-stream component of sucrose signalling, trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre-6-P), might influence leaf development and growth. To investigate this question, transgenic Arabidopsis lines with perturbed levels of Tre-6-P were generated using the constitutive 35S promoter to express bacterial enzymes involved in trehalose metabolism. These experiments also led to an unanticipated project concerning a possible role for Tre-6-P in stomatal function, which is another very important function in leaves. In a second and more general approach it was investigated whether changes in sugar levels in plants affect the morphogenesis of leaves in response to light. For this, a series of metabolic mutants impaired in central metabolism were grown in one light environment and their leaf morphology was analysed. In a third and even more general approach the natural variation in leaf and rosette morphological traits was investigated in a panel of wild Arabidopsis accessions with the aim of understanding how leaf morphology affects leaf function and whole plant growth and how different traits relate to each other. The analysis included measurements of leaf morphological traits as well as the number of leaves in the plant to put leaf morphology in a whole plant context. The variance in plant growth could not be explained by variation in photosynthetic rates and only to a small degree by variation in rates of dark respiration. There were four key axes of variation in rosette and leaf morphology – leaf area growth, leaf thickness, cell expansion and leaf number. These four processes were integrated in the context of whole plant growth by models that employed a multiple linear regression approach. This then led to a theoretical approach in which a simple allometric mathematical model was constructed, linking leaf number, leaf size and plant growth rate together in a whole plant context in Arabidopsis. KW - Blattmorphologie KW - Entwicklung KW - Arabidopsis KW - Metabolismus KW - Ökotypen KW - leaf KW - morphology KW - Arabidopsis KW - metabolism KW - accessions Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59730 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Turner, Sarah T. A1 - Pingel, Patrick A1 - Steyrleuthner, Robert A1 - Crossland, Edward J. W. A1 - Ludwigs, Sabine A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Quantitative analysis of bulk heterojunction films using linear absorption spectroscopy and solar cell performance JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - A fundamental understanding of the relationship between the bulk morphology and device performance is required for the further development of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Here, non-optimized (chloroform cast) and nearly optimized (solvent-annealed o-dichlorobenzene cast) P3HT:PCBM blend films treated over a range of annealing temperatures are studied via optical and photovoltaic device measurements. Parameters related to the P3HT aggregate morphology in the blend are obtained through a recently established analytical model developed by F. C. Spano for the absorption of weakly interacting H-aggregates. Thermally induced changes are related to the glass transition range of the blend. In the chloroform prepared devices, the improvement in device efficiency upon annealing within the glass transition range can be attributed to the growth of P3HT aggregates, an overall increase in the percentage of chain crystallinity, and a concurrent increase in the hole mobilities. Films treated above the glass transition range show an increase in efficiency and fill factor not only associated with the change in chain crystallinity, but also with a decrease in the energetic disorder. On the other hand, the properties of the P3HT phase in the solvent-annealed o-dichlorobenzene cast blends are almost indistinguishable from those of the corresponding pristine P3HT layer and are only weakly affected by thermal annealing. Apparently, slow drying of the blend allows the P3HT chains to crystallize into large domains with low degrees of intra- and interchain disorder. This morphology appears to be most favorable for the efficient generation and extraction of charges. KW - Organic electronics KW - morphology KW - solar cells KW - mobility KW - absorption spectroscopy Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101583 SN - 1616-301X VL - 21 IS - 24 SP - 4640 EP - 4652 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ott, Susan A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - Verb inflection in German-learning children with typical and atypical language acquisition BT - the impact of subsyllabic frequencies JF - Journal of child language N2 - Previous research has shown that high phonotactic frequencies facilitate the production of regularly inflected verbs in English-learning children with specific language impairment (SLI) but not with typical development (TD). We asked whether this finding can be replicated for German, a language with a much more complex inflectional verb paradigm than English. Using an elicitation task, the production of inflected nonce verb forms (3rd person singular with - t suffix) with either high-or low-frequency subsyllables was tested in sixteen German-learning children with SLI (ages 4;1-5;1), sixteen TD-children matched for chronological age (CA) and fourteen TD-children matched for verbal age (VA) (ages 3;0-3;11). The findings revealed that children with SLI, but not CA-or VA-children, showed differential performance between the two types of verbs, producing more inflectional errors when the verb forms resulted in low-frequency subsyllables than when they resulted in high-frequency subsyllables, replicating the results from English-learning children. KW - english past tense KW - sentence repetition KW - nonword repetition KW - speaking children KW - impairment KW - morphology KW - infants KW - speech KW - words Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S030500091200027X SN - 0305-0009 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 169 EP - 192 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Yin, Chunhong T1 - The interplay of nanostructure and efficiency of polymer solar cells T1 - Einfluss der Nanostruktur auf die Effizienz von Polymer-Solarzellen N2 - The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deep understanding of the working mechanism of polymer based solar cells and to improve the device performance. Two types of the polymer based solar cells are studied here: all-polymer solar cells comprising macromolecular donors and acceptors based on poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and hybrid cells comprising a PPV copolymer in combination with a novel small molecule electron acceptor. To understand the interplay between morphology and photovoltaic properties in all-polymer devices, I compared the photocurrent characteristics and excited state properties of bilayer and blend devices with different nano-morphology, which was fine tuned by using solvents with different boiling points. The main conclusion from these complementary measurements was that the performance-limiting step is the field-dependent generation of free charge carriers, while bimolecular recombination and charge extraction do not compromise device performance. These findings imply that the proper design of the donor-acceptor heterojunction is of major importance towards the goal of high photovoltaic efficiencies. Regarding polymer-small molecular hybrid solar cells I combined the hole-transporting polymer M3EH-PPV with a novel Vinazene-based electron acceptor. This molecule can be either deposited from solution or by thermal evaporation, allowing for a large variety of layer architectures to be realized. I then demonstrated that the layer architecture has a large influence on the photovoltaic properties. Solar cells with very high fill factors of up to 57 % and an open circuit voltage of 1V could be achieved by realizing a sharp and well-defined donor-acceptor heterojunction. In the past, fill factors exceeding 50 % have only been observed for polymers in combination with soluble fullerene-derivatives or nanocrystalline inorganic semiconductors as the electron-accepting component. The finding that proper processing of polymer-vinazene devices leads to similar high values is a major step towards the design of efficient polymer-based solar cells. N2 - Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die grundlegende Arbeitsweise von polymerbasierten Solarzellen zu verstehen und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit zu erhöhen. Zwei Arten von organischen Solarzellen werden untersucht: Solarzellen, bei denen sowohl Elektronendonator und akzeptor auf Poly(p-phenylen-vinylen) basieren sowie Zellen, bei denen ein PPV-Copolymer als Elektronendonator und organische kleine Moleküle als Elektronenakzeptor fungierten. Um die Zusammenhänge zwischen Morphologie und photovoltaischen Eigenschaften zu verstehen, untersuchte ich Photoströme sowie die Eigenschaften angeregter Zustände in Zweischicht- und Mischsolarzellen mit unterschiedlicher Nano-Morphologie, welche durch die Verwendung von Lösungsmitteln mit unterschiedlichen Siedetemperaturen modifiziert wurde. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung aus diesen Messungen ist, dass der effizienzlimitierende Faktor die feldabhängige Generation freier Ladungsträger ist, wohingegen bimolekulare Rekombination oder die Extraktion der Ladungsträger die Leistungsfähigkeit von Polymer-Polymer- Solarzellen nicht beeinträchtigen. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die gezielte Einstellung der Donator-Akzeptor-Grenzfläche von besonderer Bedeutung zum Erreichen hoher Effizienzen ist. In Hybridsolarzellen aus Polymeren und kleinen Molekülen kombinierte ich das lochleitende konjugierte Polymer M3EH-PPV mit einem neuartigen Vinazen-Molekül als Elektronen-akzeptor. Dieses Molekül bietet die Möglichkeit, entweder aus einer Lösung heraus verarbeitet oder im Hochvakuum verdampft zu werden, wodurch eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Probenstrukturen realisiert werden kann. Dadurch konnte ich zeigen, dass die Struktur der aktiven Schicht einen großen Einfluss auf die photovoltaischen Eigenschaften hat. Die Solarzellen erreichten einen Füllfaktor von bis zu 57% und eine Kurzschluss¬spannung von 1 V. In der Vergangenheit konnten bei polymerbasierten Solarzellen Füllfaktoren über 50% nur in Verbindung mit Fullerenen oder nanokristallinen anorganischen Halbleitern als Akzeptoren erreicht werden. Das Resultat, dass bei geeigneter Präparation der Polymer-Vinazen-Schicht vergleichbare Ergebnisse erzielt werden können, ist ein bedeutender Schritt hin zu effizienteren Polymersolarzellen. KW - Nanostruktur KW - Polymer-Solarzelle KW - Effizienz KW - Morphologie KW - Polymer solar cells KW - nanostructure KW - efficiency KW - morphology Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29054 ER - TY - THES A1 - Trommer, Jochen T1 - Distributed optimality N2 - In dieser Dissertation schlage ich eine Synthese (Distributed Optimality, DO) von Optimalitätstheorie und einem derivationellen, morphologischem Asatz, Distributed Morphology (DM; Halle & Marantz, 1993) vor. Durch die Integration von OT in DM wird es möglich, Phänomene, die in DM durch sprachspezifische Regeln oder Merkmale von lexikalischen Einträge erfasst werden, auf die Interaktion von verletzbaren, universellen Constraints zurückzuführen. Andererseits leistet auch DM zwei substantielle Beiträge zu DO, Lokalität und Impoverishment. Lokalität erlaubt eine formal einfache Interpretation von DO, während sich Impoverishment als unverzichtbar erweist, um Kongruenz-Morphologie adäquat zu beschreiben. Die empirische Grundlage der Arbeit sind die komplexen Kongruenzsysteme von genetisch unterschiedlichen Sprachen. Der theoretische Schwerpunkt liegt in zwei Bereichen: Erstens, sogenannte Direkt/Invers-Markierung, für die gezeigt wird, dass eine Behandlung durch Constraints über Merkmalsrealisierung am angemessensten ist. Zweitens, die Effekte von Abfolge-Constraints, die den Satus von Affixen als Präfixe und Suffixe sowie ihre relative Reihenfolge regeln. Eine konkrete Typologie für die Abfolge von Kongruenz-Affixen auf der Basis von OT-Constraints wird vorgeschlagen. N2 - In this thesis I propose a synthesis (Distributed Optimality, DO) between Optimality Theory (OT, Prince & Smolensky, 1993) and a morphological framework in a genuine derivational tradition, namely Distributed Morphology (DM) as developed by Halle & Marantz (1993). By carrying over the apparatus of OT to DM, phenomena which are captured in DM by language-specific rules or features of lexical entries, are given a more principled account in the terms of ranked universal constraints. On the other hand, also the DM part makes two contributions, namely strong locality and impoverishment. The first gives rise to a simple formal interpretation of DO, while the latter is shown to be indispensable in any theoretically satisfying account of agreement morphology. The empirical basis of the work is given by the complex agreement morphology of genetically different languages. Theoretical focus is mainly on two areas: First, so-called direction marking which is shown to be preferably treated in terms of constraints on feature realization. Second, the effects of precedence constraints which are claimed to regulate the status of agreement affixes as prefixes or suffixes and their respective order. A universal typology for the order of agreement categories by means of OT-constraints is proposed. KW - Morphologie KW - Optimalitätstheorie KW - Flexion KW - Optimalitätstheorie KW - Affixabfolge KW - morphology KW - Optimality Theory KW - inflection KW - Distributed Morphology KW - affix order Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001377 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kukula, Hildegard T1 - Lineare und verzweigte Blockcopolymere aus Polypeptiden und synthetischen Polymeren N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und den Eigenschaften von linearen und verzweigten amphiphilen Polypeptid-Blockcopolymeren. Die Frage nach dem Einfluss der Topologie und Konformation der Blockcopolymere auf die supramolekularen und kolloidalen Eigenschaften bildete einen wichtigen Aspekt bei den Untersuchungen. Die Blockcopolymere wurden nach einem mehrstufigen Reaktionsschema durch Kombination von anionischer und ringöffnender Polymerisation von Aminosäuren-N-Carboxyanhydriden (NCA) synthetisiert. Die Untersuchung der Polypeptid-Blockcopolymere hinsichtlich ihres Aggregationsverhaltens in fester Phase sowie in verdünnter wässriger Lösung erfolgte mittels Streumethoden (SAXS, WAXS, DLS) sowie abbildender Methoden (TEM). Durch Einsatz der Blockcopolymere als polymere Stabilisatoren in der Emulsionspolymerisation wurden Oberflächen funktionalisierte Latizes erhalten. Als Beispiel für eine pharmazeutische Anwendung wurden bioverträgliche Polypeptid-Blockcopolymere als Wirkstoff-Trägersysteme in der Krebstherapie eingesetzt. N2 - This work describes the synthesis and characterization of linear and branched polypeptide block copolymers having amphiphilic character. The studies focused on the impact of the block copolymers' conformation and architecture on the supramolecular and colloidal properties. The polypeptide block copolymers were prepared in a multi-step process involving the anionic synthesis of (poly)amino-functional polymers (polystyrene and polybutadiene) which where used as macroinitiators for the ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA) of protected a-aminoacids. Supramolecular structures of the block copolymers in the solid state as well as in diluted aqueous solution were investigated using scattering (SAXS, WAXS, DLS) and microscopic (TEM) methods. Both linear and branched polypeptide block copolymers were used as polymeric stabilizers in the emulsion polymerization of styrene to yield polypeptide-decorated latexes. Biocompatible block copolymers were used as drug-delivery systems in lymphatic cancer therapy. KW - amphiphile Blockcopolymere KW - Polypeptide KW - N-Carboxyanhydrid KW - NCA KW - polymerer Stabilisator KW - Morphologie KW - Vesikel KW - amphiphilic block copolymer KW - polypeptide KW - N-carboxyanhydride KW - NCA KW - polymeric stabilizer KW - morphology KW - vesicles Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000040 ER -