TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krahe, Charlotte
A1  - Springer, Anne
A1  - Weinman, John A.
A1  - Fotopoulou, Aikaterini
T1  - The social modulation of pain - others as predictive signals of salience ; a systematic review
JF  - Frontiers in human neuroscienc
N2  - Several studies in cognitive neuroscience have investigated the cognitive and affective modulation of pain. By contrast, fewer studies have focused on the social modulation of pain, despite a plethora of relevant clinical findings. Here we present the first review of experimental studies addressing how interpersonal factors, such as the presence, behavior, and spatial proximity of an observer, modulate pain. Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 26 studies on experimentally induced pain that manipulated different interpersonal variables and measured behavioral, physiological, and neural pain-related responses. We observed that the modulation of pain by interpersonal factors depended on (1) the degree to which the social partners were active or were perceived by the participants to possess possibility for action; (2) the degree to which participants could perceive the specific intentions of the social partners; (3) the type of pre-existing relationship between the social partner and the person in pain, and lastly, (4) individual differences in relating to others and coping styles. Based on these findings, we propose that the modulation of pain by social factors can be fruitfully understood in relation to a recent predictive coding model, the free energy framework, particularly as applied to interoception and social cognition. Specifically, we argue that interpersonal interactions during pain may function as social, predictive signals of contextual threat or safety and as such influence the salience of noxious stimuli. The perception of such interpersonal interactions may in turn depend on (a) prior beliefs about interpersonal relating and (b) the certainty or precision by which an interpersonal interaction may predict environmental threat or safety.
KW  - pain
KW  - social modulation
KW  - social support
KW  - empathy
KW  - predictive coding
KW  - attachment
KW  - review
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00386
SN  - 1662-5161
VL  - 7
IS  - 29
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Becher, Matthias A.
A1  - Osborne, Juliet L.
A1  - Thorbek, Pernille
A1  - Kennedy, Peter J.
A1  - Grimm, Volker
T1  - Towards a systems approach for understanding honeybee decline - a stocktaking and synthesis of existing models
JF  - Journal of applied ecology : an official journal of the British Ecological Society
N2  - 1. The health of managed and wild honeybee colonies appears to have declined substantially in Europe and the United States over the last decade. Sustainability of honeybee colonies is important not only for honey production, but also for pollination of crops and wild plants alongside other insect pollinators. A combination of causal factors, including parasites, pathogens, land use changes and pesticide usage, are cited as responsible for the increased colony mortality. 2. However, despite detailed knowledge of the behaviour of honeybees and their colonies, there are no suitable tools to explore the resilience mechanisms of this complex system under stress. Empirically testing all combinations of stressors in a systematic fashion is not feasible. We therefore suggest a cross-level systems approach, based on mechanistic modelling, to investigate the impacts of (and interactions between) colony and land management. 3. We review existing honeybee models that are relevant to examining the effects of different stressors on colony growth and survival. Most of these models describe honeybee colony dynamics, foraging behaviour or honeybee - varroa mite - virus interactions. 4. We found that many, but not all, processes within honeybee colonies, epidemiology and foraging are well understood and described in the models, but there is no model that couples in-hive dynamics and pathology with foraging dynamics in realistic landscapes. 5. Synthesis and applications. We describe how a new integrated model could be built to simulate multifactorial impacts on the honeybee colony system, using building blocks from the reviewed models. The development of such a tool would not only highlight empirical research priorities but also provide an important forecasting tool for policy makers and beekeepers, and we list examples of relevant applications to bee disease and landscape management decisions.
KW  - Apis mellifera
KW  - colony decline
KW  - feedbacks
KW  - integrated model
KW  - multiple stressors
KW  - predictive systems ecology
KW  - review
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12112
SN  - 0021-8901
VL  - 50
IS  - 4
SP  - 868
EP  - 880
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -