TY - JOUR A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - The impact of violent media on aggression JF - The Routledge International Handbook of Human Aggression : Current Issues and Perspectives Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-315-61877-7 SN - 978-1-138-66818-8 SP - 319 EP - 330 PB - Routledge CY - Abingdon ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Programme zur Konsumreduktion und kritischen Rezeption von Mediengewalt T2 - Handbuch Aggression, Gewalt und Kriminalität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8252-8580-7 SP - 474 EP - 476 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Schrijver, Lotte A1 - Vander Beken, Tom A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Keygnaert, Ines T1 - Prevalence of sexual violence in migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees in Europe BT - a critical interpretive synthesis of the evidence JF - International Journal of environmental research and public health N2 - (1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health problem, with negative socio-economic, physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. Migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees (MARs) are vulnerable to SV. Since many European countries are seeing high migratory pressure, the development of prevention strategies and care paths focusing on victimised MARs is highly needed. To this end, this study reviews evidence on the prevalence of SV among MAR groups in Europe and the challenges encountered in research on this topic. (2) Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 25 peer-reviewed academic studies and 22 relevant grey literature documents was conducted based on a socio-ecological model. (3) Results: Evidence shows that SV is highly frequent in MARs in Europe, yet comparison with other groups is still difficult. Methodologically and ethically sound representative studies comparing between populations are still lacking. Challenges in researching SV in MARs are located at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, societal, and policy levels. (4) Conclusions: Future research should start with a clear definition of the concerned population and acts of SV to generate comparable data. Participatory qualitative research approaches could be applied to better grasp the complexity of interplaying determinants of SV in MARs. KW - sexual violence KW - migrants KW - refugees KW - asylum seekers KW - applicants for international protection KW - Europe KW - prevalence Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091979 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 15 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in Chile BT - A Systematic Review JF - Trauma violence & abuse N2 - Sexual aggression is a major public health issue worldwide, but most knowledge is derived from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Little research has been conducted on the prevalence of sexual aggression in developing countries, including Chile. This article presents the first systematic review of the evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among women and men in Chile. Furthermore, it reports differences in prevalence rates in relation to victim and perpetrator characteristics and victim–perpetrator relationships. A total of N = 28 studies were identified by a three-stage literature search, including the screening of academic databases, publications of Chilean institutions, and reference lists. A great heterogeneity was found for prevalence rates of sexual victimization, ranging between 1.0% and 51.9% for women and 0.4% and 48.0% for men. Only four studies provided perpetration rates, which varied between 0.8% and 26.8% for men and 0.0% and 16.5% for women. No consistent evidence emerged for differences in victimization rates in relation to victims’ gender, age, and education. Perpetrators were more likely to be persons known to the victim. Conceptual and methodological differences between the studies are discussed as reasons for the great variability in prevalence rates, and recommendations are provided for a more harmonized and gender-inclusive approach for future research on sexual aggression in Chile. KW - sexual aggression KW - victimization KW - perpetration KW - Chile KW - review Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697307 SN - 1524-8380 SN - 1552-8324 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 229 EP - 244 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among Polish University Students BT - a Longitudinal Study JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research N2 - This two-wave study investigated predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a convenience sample of 318 Polish university students (214 women), considering males and females from the perspective of both victims and perpetrators. At T1, we assessed participants’ risky sexual scripts (defined as cognitive representations of consensual sexual interactions containing elements related to sexual aggression), risky sexual behavior, pornography use, religiosity, sexual self-esteem, and attitudes toward sexual coercion. These variables were used to predict sexual aggression perpetration and victimization reports obtained 12 months later (T2) for two time windows: (a) since the age of 15 until a year ago and (b) in the past year. As expected, risky sexual scripts were linked to risky sexual behavior and indirectly increased the likelihood of victimization in both time windows. Lower sexual self-esteem predicted sexual victimization since age 15, but not in the past 12 months. Pornography use and religiosity indirectly predicted victimization via risky scripts and behavior. Attitudes toward sexual coercion were a prospective predictor of sexual aggression perpetration. The results extend the international literature on sexual aggression and have implications for sexual education and sexual aggression prevention programs. KW - Youth sexual aggression KW - Sexual scripts KW - Pornography KW - Religiosity KW - Poland Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0823-2 SN - 0004-0002 SN - 1573-2800 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 493 EP - 505 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Predictors of sexual aggression perpetration among male and female college students BT - Cross-Cultural Evidence From Chile and Turkey JF - Sexual abuse : official journal of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA) N2 - This two-wave longitudinal study examined risky sexual scripts and sexual behavior regarding consensual sexual interactions, sexual self-esteem, initiation assertiveness, and religiosity as predictors of sexual aggression perpetration in a cross-cultural comparison of college students in Chile and Turkey. As predicted, risky sexual scripts were linked to higher odds of perpetration through more risky sexual behavior cross-sectionally in both the Chilean and the Turkish sample and indirectly predicted perpetration 12 months later. High sexual self-esteem increased the likelihood of perpetration via higher initiation assertiveness in the Turkish sample only. High religiosity reduced the odds of perpetration through less risky sexual scripts and less risky sexual behavior in both samples. In addition, high religiosity increased the probability of perpetration through lower sexual self-esteem in the Turkish sample. Implications of these findings and the role of cultural factors contributing to the differential functioning of religiosity and sexual self-esteem are discussed. KW - sexual aggression perpetration KW - risk factors KW - sexual scripts KW - Chile KW - Turkey Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218793632 SN - 1079-0632 SN - 1573-286X VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 318 EP - 343 PB - Sage CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Predicting Sexual Victimization Among College Students in Chile and Turkey: A Cross-Cultural Analysis JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research KW - Sexual victimization KW - Sexual scripts KW - Religiosity KW - Chile KW - Turkey Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1335-z SN - 0004-0002 SN - 1573-2800 VL - 48 IS - 8 SP - 2565 EP - 2580 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Schrijver, Lotte A1 - Fomenko, Elizaveta A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Roelens, Kristien A1 - Vander Beken, Tom A1 - Keygnaert, Ines T1 - Minority Identity, Othering-Based Stress, and Sexual Violence JF - International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH N2 - Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs to explore the relationship between minority identification and SV, to investigate whether belonging to multiple MGs moderates this relationship, and to explore OBS SV moderation for different MGs. Method: Through an online survey administered to a nationally representative sample in Belgium, data was collected from 4632 persons, of whom 21.01% self-identified as belonging to a MG (SI-Minority). SV prevalence was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on the WHO definition of SV. SI-Minority participants received an additional scale on OBS. Results: SI-Minority participants reported more SV victimization compared to the non-minorities. However, this increased risk was not moderated by minority identification but linked to the socio-demographic SV risk markers common to minority individuals. Multiple-minority participants were found more at risk of SV compared to single-minority respondents. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pan-/omnisexual, asexual, and other non-heterosexual (LGB+) participants were found more at risk than heterosexual participants. OBS was found to be significantly correlated to SV in sexual and gender minorities and in cultural minorities. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between minority identification, OBS, and SV. Studying both specific and common SV vulnerabilities and outcomes within specific societal subgroups and the general population may inform policy makers when allocating resources to those interventions with the largest societal impact. KW - sexual orientation KW - poverty KW - minority health KW - sexual and gender-based KW - violence KW - rape Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074221 SN - 1661-7827 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 19 IS - 7 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holl, Anna Katharina A1 - Kirsch, Fabian A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Longitudinal reciprocity between theory of mind and aggression in middle childhood JF - International Journal of Behavioral Development N2 - Theory of mind is one of the most important cognitive factors in social information-processing, and deficits in theory of mind have been linked to aggressive behavior in childhood. The present longitudinal study investigated reciprocal links between theory of mind and two forms of aggression – physical and relational – in middle childhood with three data waves over 3 years. Theory of mind was assessed by participants’ responses to cartoons, and physical and relational aggression were assessed through teacher reports in a community sample of 1657 children (mean age at Time 1: 8 years). Structural equation modeling analyses showed that theory of mind was a negative predictor of subsequent physical and relational aggression, both from Time 1 to Time 2 as well as from Time 2 to Time 3. Moreover, relational aggression was a negative predictor of theory of mind from Time 1 to Time 2. There were no significant gender or age differences in the tested pathways. The results suggest that reciprocal and negative longitudinal relations exist between children’s theory of mind and aggressive behavior. Our study extends current knowledge about the development of such relations across middle childhood. KW - Aggressive behavior KW - theory of mind KW - middle childhood KW - longitudinal study KW - relational aggression KW - physical aggression Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025417727875 SN - 0165-0254 SN - 1464-0651 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 257 EP - 266 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Lutz, Johannes A1 - Sylla, Isabel T1 - Lean back and relax BT - Reclined seating position buffers the effect of frustration on anger and aggression JF - European journal of social psychology N2 - Frustration is a powerful instigator of anger-based aggression. We hypothesized that the impact of a frustration on anger and aggressive behavior is reduced in a state of feeling relaxed, which is considered incompatible with the experience of anger. Seventy-nine participants received frustrating feedback either when sitting upright or sitting in a reclined position and were then given a chance to act aggressively toward the frustrator. Feelings of anger and relaxation were assessed before and after the frustration. Participants in the reclined position felt more relaxed than those sitting upright, which indirectly predicted less aggressive behavior via lower anger. The results are consistent with theories of incompatible states and embodiment and have implications for using body-related cues to mitigate anger-based aggression. KW - frustration KW - aggression KW - anger KW - incompatible states KW - seating KW - embodiment Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2363 SN - 0046-2772 SN - 1099-0992 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - 718 EP - 723 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Johannes A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Inducing sadness reduces anger-driven aggressive behavior BT - a situational approach to aggression control JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: The incompatible response hypothesis states that inducing incompatible emotional states mitigates the effect of situational risk factors on aggressive behavior. The current study extended this approach to situated aggression control to withdrawal-related negative emotions. We proposed that even a negative affective state can be incompatible with aggression if its basic motivational orientation counteracts the approach orientation underlying anger and aggression. Specifically, we predicted that although it is inherently negative, sadness may reduce anger-driven aggressive behavior. Method: An experiment was conducted (N = 149) in which half the participants were angered by means of a frustrating number-sequences task, whereas the other half were asked to engage in a similar but nonfrustrating task. To counteract anger-driven aggressive behavior, sadness was induced in half the participants by asking them to recall a sad personal episode. Participants in the no-sadness group recalled an affectively neutral episode. Finally, participants were asked to choose the difficulty level of the number sequences that would ostensibly be assigned to future participants, with the number of difficult sequences chosen indicating the strength of the aggressive response. Results: As predicted, the induction of sadness buffered anger-related aggressive behavior. Anger translated into aggression in the control condition but not in the sadness condition. The aggression-inhibiting effect of the experience of sadness was found to be driven by the compensating coactivation of anger and sadness. Conclusions: The results support the extension of the incompatible response hypothesis to withdrawal-related negative emotions and shed further light on the underlying processes. KW - aggressive behavior KW - sadness KW - anger KW - incompatible response KW - aggression control Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000167 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 358 EP - 366 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Gendered self-concept and the aggressive expression of driving anger BT - Positive Femininity Buffers Negative Masculinity JF - Sex roles N2 - The aggressive expression of driving anger is a risk factor for aggressive and dangerous driving behavior and is associated with a greater risk of accident involvement. The present study related positive and negative facets of a masculine and feminine self-concept to aggressive and adaptive forms of anger expression while driving. A sample of 417 drivers (194 women, 46.5%) in Germany completed the Positive-Negative Sex Role Inventory (PN-SRI) as a measure of positive and negative masculinity and femininity and the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) as a measure of driving anger expression. Aggressive forms of expressing driving anger were unrelated to gender but differed significantly in relation to gendered self-concept. Negative but not positive masculinity was found to predict higher aggressive and lower adaptive anger expression. No main effects of positive or negative femininity were found. However, the link between negative masculinity and aggressive anger expression was buffered by positive femininity: Negative masculinity was unrelated to aggressive anger expression when accompanied by positive femininity. Adaptive anger expression showed negative links with negative masculinity and positive links with positive masculinity. The findings held for both men and women and support the theoretical distinction between positive and negative facets of the gendered self-concept. The implications for the conceptualization of both gendered self-concept and anger expression on the road are discussed. KW - Gendered self-concept KW - Driving anger KW - Masculinity KW - Femininity KW - Aggression Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0853-9 SN - 0360-0025 SN - 1573-2762 VL - 79 IS - 1-2 SP - 98 EP - 108 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Janis A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Differential risk profiles for reactive and proactive aggression BT - a longitudinal latent profile analysis JF - Social psychology N2 - This two-wave longitudinal study identified configurations of social rejection, affiliation with aggressive peers, and academic failure and examined their predictivity for reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 1,479 children and adolescents aged between 9 and 19 years. Latent profile analysis yielded three configurations of risk factors, made up of a non-risk group, a risk group scoring high on measures of social rejection (SR), and a risk group scoring high on measures of affiliation with aggressive peers and academic failure (APAF). Latent path analysis revealed that, as predicted, only membership in the SR group at T1 predicted reactive aggression at T2 17 months later. By contrast, only membership in the APAF group at T1 predicted proactive aggression at T2. KW - reactive/proactive aggression KW - social rejection KW - aggressive peers KW - academic failure KW - childhood KW - adolescence KW - Germany Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000298 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 71 EP - 84 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Janis Moritz A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Catching aggression from one's peers BT - a longitudinal and multilevel analysis JF - Social and personality psychology compass N2 - Exposure to peer aggression is a major risk factor for the development of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, peer aggression has the propensity to spread and affect individuals who were not exposed to the original source of aggression. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that peer aggression is in many regards similar to a contagious disease. By presenting a program of research based on longitudinal and multilevel studies, we provide evidence for the contagious quality of aggressive behavior, show that individuals vary in their susceptibility to peer aggression, and describe group‐level characteristics that moderate the influence of peer aggression. We discuss mechanisms that may explain how individuals catch aggressive behavior from their peers and how the effects on the development of individuals' aggressive behavior unfold over time. Further, we examine processes that may increase the risk of being exposed to peers' aggressive behavior. We conclude with discussing implications for future studies on the contagious nature of peer aggression. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12433 SN - 1751-9004 VL - 13 IS - 2 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Sanchez, Monica A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Moya, Miguel A1 - Megías, Jesús L T1 - Alcohol-Related Victim Behavior and Rape Myth Acceptance as Predictors of Victim Blame in Sexual Assault Cases JF - Violence Against Women N2 - Two studies analyzed the influence of victim behavior, drink type, and observer rape myth acceptance (RMA) on attributions of blame to victims of sexual assault. In Study 1, people higher in RMA blamed the victim more when she accepted rather than rejected the aggressor’s invitation to buy her a drink. In Study 2, we analyzed if the effects depended on who offered the invitation for a drink (a friend or aggressor). RMA was more closely related to victim blame when she accepted (vs. rejected) the offer of a drink from the aggressor. In both studies, drink type (alcoholic vs. nonalcoholic) did not interact with the other variables. KW - victim blame KW - alcohol KW - rape myth acceptance Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217727372 SN - 1077-8012 SN - 1552-8448 VL - 24 IS - 9 SP - 1052 EP - 1069 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonache, Helena A1 - Gonzalez-Mendez, Rosaura A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Adult attachment styles, destructive conflict resolution, and the experience of intimate partner violence JF - Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence N2 - Although there is ample evidence linking insecure attachment styles and intimate partner violence (IPV), little is known about the psychological processes underlying this association, especially from the victim’s perspective. The present study examined how attachment styles relate to the experience of sexual and psychological abuse, directly or indirectly through destructive conflict resolution strategies, both self-reported and attributed to their opposite-sex romantic partner. In an online survey, 216 Spanish undergraduates completed measures of adult attachment style, engagement and withdrawal conflict resolution styles shown by self and partner, and victimization by an intimate partner in the form of sexual coercion and psychological abuse. As predicted, anxious and avoidant attachment styles were directly related to both forms of victimization. Also, an indirect path from anxious attachment to IPV victimization was detected via destructive conflict resolution strategies. Specifically, anxiously attached participants reported a higher use of conflict engagement by themselves and by their partners. In addition, engagement reported by the self and perceived in the partner was linked to an increased probability of experiencing sexual coercion and psychological abuse. Avoidant attachment was linked to higher withdrawal in conflict situations, but the paths from withdrawal to perceived partner engagement, sexual coercion, and psychological abuse were non-significant. No gender differences in the associations were found. The discussion highlights the role of anxious attachment in understanding escalating patterns of destructive conflict resolution strategies, which may increase the vulnerability to IPV victimization. KW - attachment styles KW - conflict resolution KW - intimate partner violence KW - psychological abuse KW - sexual coercion Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516640776 SN - 0886-2605 SN - 1552-6518 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 287 EP - 309 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER -