TY - JOUR A1 - Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Mayer, Frank A1 - Scharhag, Jürgen T1 - How to test maximal oxygen uptake a study on timing and testing procedure of a supramaximal verification test JF - Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme N2 - On utilise de plus en plus les tests de verification pour confirmer l'atteinte du consommation d'oxygene maximale (VO(2 max)). Toutefois, le moment et les methodes d'evaluation varient d'un groupe de travail a l'autre. Les objectifs de cette etude sont de constater si on peut administrer un test de verification apres un test d'effort progressif ou s'il est preferable de le faire une autre journee et si on peut determiner le VO(2 max) tout de meme lors de la premiere seance chez des sujets ne repondant pas au critere de verification. Quarante sujets (age, 24 +/- 4 ans; VO(2 max), 50 +/- 7 mL center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1)) participent a un test d'effort progressif sur tapis roulant et, 10 min plus tard, a un test de verification (VerifDay1) a 110 % de la velocite maximale (v(max)). Le critere de verification est un VO(2) de pointe au VerifDay1 < 5,5 % a la valeur retenue au test d'effort progressif. Les sujets ne repondant pas au critere de verification passent un autre test de verification, mais a 115 % du VerifDay1', et ce, 10 min plus tard pour confirmer le VO(2) de pointe du VerifDay1 en tant que VO(2 max). Tous les autres sujets repassent le VerifDay1 a un jour different (VerifDay2). Six sujets sur quarante ne repondent pas au critere de verification. Chez quatre d'entre eux, on confirme l'atteinte du VO(2 max) au VerifDay1'. Le VO(2) de pointe au VerifDay1 est equivalent a celui du VerifDay2 (3722 +/- 991 mL center dot min(-1) comparativement a 3752 +/- 995 mL center dot min(-1), p = 0,56), mais le temps jusqu'a l'epuisement est significativement plus long au VerifDay2 (2:06 +/- 0:22 min:s comparativement a 2:42 +/- 0:38 min:s, p < 0,001, n = 34). Le VO(2) de pointe obtenu au test de verification ne semble pas conditionne par un test d'effort progressif maximal prealable. On peut donc realiser le test d'effort progressif et le test de verification lors de la meme seance d'evaluation. Chez presque tous les individus ne repondant pas au critere de verification, on peut determiner le VO(2 max) au moyen d'un autre test de verification plus intense. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-099 SN - 1715-5312 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 153 EP - 160 PB - NRC Research Press CY - Ottawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Frank A1 - Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Scharhag, Jürgen T1 - The intensity and effects of strength training in the elderly JF - Deutsches Ärzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health N2 - Background: The elderly need strength training more and more as they grow older to stay mobile for their everyday activities. The goal of training is to reduce the loss of muscle mass and the resulting loss of motor function. The dose-response relationship of training intensity to training effect has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: PubMed was selectively searched for articles that appeared in the past 5 years about the effects and dose-response relationship of strength training in the elderly. Results: Strength training in the elderly (> 60 years) increases muscle strength by increasing muscle mass, and by improving the recruitment of motor units, and increasing their firing rate. Muscle mass can be increased through training at an intensity corresponding to 60% to 85% of the individual maximum voluntary strength. Improving the rate of force development requires training at a higher intensity (above 85%), in the elderly just as in younger persons. It is now recommended that healthy old people should train 3 or 4 times weekly for the best results; persons with poor performance at the outset can achieve improvement even with less frequent training. Side effects are rare. Conclusion: Progressive strength training in the elderly is efficient, even with higher intensities, to reduce sarcopenia, and to retain motor function. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2011.0359 SN - 1866-0452 VL - 108 IS - 21 SP - 359 EP - U30 PB - Dt. Ärzte-Verl. CY - Cologne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Weber, Josefine A1 - Guzman, Annette de Guzman A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Physical activity levels to estimate the energy requirement of adolescent athletes JF - Pediatric exercise science N2 - Adequate energy intake in adolescent athletes is considered important. Total energy expenditure (TEE) can be calculated from resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL). However, validated PAL recommendations are available for adult athletes only. Purpose was to comprise physical activity data in adolescent athletes and to establish PAL recommendations for this population. In 64 competitive athletes (15.3 +/- 1.5yr, 20.5 +/- 2.0kg/m(2)) and 14 controls (15.1 +/- 1.1yr, 21 +/- 2.1kg/m(2)) TEE was calculated using 7-day activity protocols validated against doubly-labeled water. REE was estimated by Schofield-HW equation, and PAL was calculated as TEE:REE. Observed PAL in adolescent athletes (1.90 +/- 0.35) did not differ compared with controls (1.84 +/- 0.32, p = .582) and was lower than recommended for adult athletes by the WHO. In conclusion, applicability of PAL values recommended for adult athletes to estimate energy requirements in adolescent athletes must be questioned. Instead, a PAL range of 1.75-2.05 is suggested. Y1 - 2011 SN - 0899-8493 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 261 EP - 269 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Resting metabolic rate in elite rowers and canoeists difference between indirect calorimetry and prediction JF - Annals of nutrition & metabolism : journal of nutrition, metabolic diseases and dietetics ; an official journal of International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) N2 - Background: Athletes may differ in their resting metabolic rate (RMR) from the general population. However, to estimate the RMR in athletes, prediction equations that have not been validated in athletes are often used. The purpose of this study was therefore to verify the applicability of commonly used RMR predictions for use in athletes. Methods: The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 17 highly trained rowers and canoeists of the German national teams (BMI 24 +/- 2 kg/m(2), fat-free mass 69 +/- 15 kg). In addition, the RMR was predicted using Cunningham (CUN) and Harris-Benedict (HB) equations. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was calculated to test for differences between predicted and measured RMR (alpha = 0.05). The root mean square percentage error (RMSPE) was calculated and the Bland-Altman procedure was used to quantify the bias for each prediction. Results: Prediction equations significantly underestimated the RMR in males (p < 0.001). The RMSPE was calculated to be 18.4% (CUN) and 20.9% (HB) in the entire group. The bias was 133 kcal/24 h for CUN and 202 kcal/24 h for HB. Conclusions: Predictions significantly underestimate the RMR in male heavyweight endurance athletes but not in females. In athletes with a high fat-free mass, prediction equations might therefore not be applicable to estimate energy requirements. Instead, measurement of the resting energy expenditure or specific prediction equations might be needed for the individual heavyweight athlete. KW - Energy requirement KW - Calorimetry KW - Fat-free mass KW - Nutritional counseling KW - Athletes Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000330119 SN - 0250-6807 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 239 EP - 244 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Linne, Karsten A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - How much is too much? - a case report of nutritional supplement use of a high-performance athlete JF - The British journal of nutrition : an international journal devoted to the science of human and animal nutrition N2 - Although dietary nutrient intake is often adequate, nutritional supplement use is common among elite athletes. However, high-dose supplements or the use of multiple supplements may exceed the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of particular nutrients or even result in a daily intake above tolerable upper limits (UL). The present case report presents nutritional intake data and supplement use of a highly trained male swimmer competing at international level. Habitual energy and micronutrient intake were analysed by 3 d dietary reports. Supplement use and dosage were assessed, and total amount of nutrient supply was calculated. Micronutrient intake was evaluated based on RDA and UL as presented by the European Scientific Committee on Food, and maximum permitted levels in supplements (MPL) are given. The athlete's diet provided adequate micronutrient content well above RDA except for vitamin D. Simultaneous use of ten different supplements was reported, resulting in excess intake above tolerable UL for folate, vitamin E and Zn. Additionally, daily supplement dosage was considerably above MPL for nine micronutrients consumed as artificial products. Risks and possible side effects of exceeding UL by the athlete are discussed. Athletes with high energy intake may be at risk of exceeding UL of particular nutrients if multiple supplements are added. Therefore, dietary counselling of athletes should include assessment of habitual diet and nutritional supplement intake. Educating athletes to balance their diets instead of taking supplements might be prudent to prevent health risks that may occur with long-term excess nutrient intake. KW - Dietary supplements KW - Tolerable upper limits KW - Elite athletes KW - Vitamins KW - Minerals Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510005556 SN - 0007-1145 VL - 105 IS - 12 SP - 1724 EP - 1728 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baur, Heiner A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Hirschmüller, Anja A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Weber, Josefine A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Comparison in lower leg neuromuscular activity between runners with unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and healthy individuals JF - Journal of electromyography and kinesiology N2 - Neuromuscular control in functional situations and possible impairments due to Achilles tendinopathy are not well understood. Thirty controls (CO) and 30 runners with Achilles tendinopathy (AT) were tested on a treadmill at 3.33 m s(-1) (12 km h(-1)). Neuromuscular activity of the lower leg (tibialis anterior, peroneal, and gastrocnemius muscle) was measured by surface electromyography. Mean amplitude values (MAV) for the gait cycle phases preactivation, weight acceptance and push-off were calculated and normalised to the mean activity of the entire gait cycle. MAVs of the tibialis anterior did not differ between CO and AT in any gait cycle phase. The activation of the peroneal muscle was lower in AT in weight acceptance (p = 0.006), whereas no difference between CO and AT was found in preactivation (p = 0.71) and push-off (p = 0.83). Also, MAVs of the gastrocnemius muscle did not differ between AT and CO in preactivity (p = 0.71) but were reduced in AT during weight acceptance (p = 0.001) and push-off (p = 0.04). Achilles tendinopathy does not seem to alter pre-programmed neural control but might induce mechanical deficits of the lower extremity during weight bearing (joint stability). This should be addressed in the therapy process of AT. KW - Ankle joint KW - Electromyography KW - Overuse injury KW - Running gait Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.11.010 SN - 1050-6411 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 499 EP - 505 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER -