TY  - JOUR
A1  - Paganelli, Maria Pia
A1  - Schumacher, Reinhard
T1  - The vigorous and doux soldier
BT  - David Hume’s military defence of commerce
JF  - History of European ideas
N2  - If war is an inevitable condition of human nature, as David Hume suggests, then what type of societies can best protect us from defeat and conquest? For David Hume, commerce decreases the relative cost of war and promotes technological military advances as well as martial spirit. Commerce therefore makes a country militarily stronger and better equipped to protect itself against attacks than any other kind of society. Hume does not assume commerce would yield a peaceful world nor that commercial societies would be militarily weak, as many contemporary scholars have argued. On the contrary, for him, military might is a beneficial consequence of commerce.
KW  - Trade and conflict
KW  - commercial peace
KW  - David Hume
KW  - doux commerce
KW  - cost of war
KW  - martial spirit
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2018.1509225
SN  - 0191-6599
SN  - 1873-541X
VL  - 44
IS  - 8
SP  - 1141
EP  - 1152
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Paganelli, Maria Pia
A1  - Schumacher, Reinhard
T1  - Do not take peace for granted
BT  - Adam Smith’s warning on the relation between commerce and war
JF  - Cambridge journal of economics
N2  - Is trade a promoter of peace? Adam Smith, one of the earliest defenders of trade, worries that commerce may instigate some perverse incentives, encouraging wars. The wealth that commerce generates decreases the relative cost of wars, increases the ability to finance wars through debts, which decreases their perceived cost, and increases the willingness of commercial interests to use wars to extend their markets, increasing the number and prolonging the length of wars. Smith, therefore, cannot assume that trade would yield a peaceful world. While defending and promoting trade, Smith warns us not to take peace for granted.
KW  - Commercial peace
KW  - Adam Smith
KW  - Doux commerce
KW  - Perceived cost versus actual cost of war
KW  - Special interests
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey040
SN  - 0309-166X
SN  - 1464-3545
VL  - 43
IS  - 3
SP  - 785
EP  - 797
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Scheall, Scott
A1  - Schumacher, Reinhard
T1  - Karl Menger as Son of Carl Menger
JF  - History of political economy
N2  - Relatively little is known about the relationship between Carl Menger, founder of the Austrian school of economics, and his son, Karl Menger, the mathematician, geometer, logician, and philosopher of science, whose mathematical colloquium at the University of Vienna was essential for the development of mathematical economics. Based on Karl Menger’s diaries and correspondence, the present paper considers the development and struggles of the young Karl Menger, focusing on the years 1919–23, when Vienna was a vanquished city. We discuss the various relations within the Menger family and their significance for Karl Menger’s intellectual development. Additionally, we consider his acquaintances with economists such as Knut Wicksell, David Davidson, and Eli Heckscher as well as the younger Menger’s work in economics. We shed new light on his editorship of the second edition of his father’s Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7202512
SN  - 0018-2702
SN  - 1527-1919
VL  - 50
IS  - 4
SP  - 649
EP  - 678
PB  - Duke Univ. Press
CY  - Durham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schumacher, Reinhard
T1  - Rezension zu: Dale, Gareth: Karl Polanyi: a life on the left. - New York: Columbia University Press, 2016. - xii, 381 S. - ISBN: 978-0-231-17608-8
JF  - Journal of the history of economic thought
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1053837217000220
SN  - 1053-8372
SN  - 1469-9656
VL  - 40
IS  - 2
SP  - 296
EP  - 298
PB  - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY  - New York
ER  -