TY  - JOUR
A1  - Smith, Taylor
A1  - Zotta, Ruxandra-Maria
A1  - Boulton, Chris A.
A1  - Lenton, Timothy M.
A1  - Dorigo, Wouter
A1  - Boers, Niklas
T1  - Reliability of resilience estimation based on multi-instrument time series
JF  - Earth System Dynamics
N2  - Many widely used observational data sets are comprised of several overlapping instrument records. While data inter-calibration techniques often yield continuous and reliable data for trend analysis, less attention is generally paid to maintaining higher-order statistics such as variance and autocorrelation. A growing body of work uses these metrics to quantify the stability or resilience of a system under study and potentially to anticipate an approaching critical transition in the system. Exploring the degree to which changes in resilience indicators such as the variance or autocorrelation can be attributed to non-stationary characteristics of the measurement process – rather than actual changes in the dynamical properties of the system – is important in this context. In this work we use both synthetic and empirical data to explore how changes in the noise structure of a data set are propagated into the commonly used resilience metrics lag-one autocorrelation and variance. We focus on examples from remotely sensed vegetation indicators such as vegetation optical depth and the normalized difference vegetation index from different satellite sources. We find that time series resulting from mixing signals from sensors with varied uncertainties and covering overlapping time spans can lead to biases in inferred resilience changes. These biases are typically more pronounced when resilience metrics are aggregated (for example, by land-cover type or region), whereas estimates for individual time series remain reliable at reasonable sensor signal-to-noise ratios. Our work provides guidelines for the treatment and aggregation of multi-instrument data in studies of critical transitions and resilience.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-173-2023
SN  - 2190-4987
VL  - 14
SP  - 173
EP  - 183
PB  - Copernicus Publications
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zali, Zahra
A1  - Rein, Teresa
A1  - Krüger, Frank
A1  - Ohrnberger, Matthias
A1  - Scherbaum, Frank
T1  - Ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) noise reduction from horizontal and vertical components using harmonic–percussive separation algorithms
JF  - Solid earth
N2  - Records from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) are highly contaminated by noise, which is much stronger compared to data from most land stations, especially on the horizontal components. As a consequence, the high energy of the oceanic noise at frequencies below 1 Hz considerably complicates the analysis of the teleseismic earthquake signals recorded by OBSs.
Previous studies suggested different approaches to remove low-frequency noises from OBS recordings but mainly focused on the vertical component. The records of horizontal components, which are crucial for the application of many methods in passive seismological analysis of body and surface waves, could not be much improved in the teleseismic frequency band. Here we introduce a noise reduction method, which is derived from the harmonic–percussive separation algorithms used in Zali et al. (2021), in order to separate long-lasting narrowband signals from broadband transients in the OBS signal. This leads to significant noise reduction of OBS records on both the vertical and horizontal components and increases the earthquake signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without distortion of the broadband earthquake waveforms. This is demonstrated through tests with synthetic data. Both SNR and cross-correlation coefficients showed significant improvements for different realistic noise realizations. The application of denoised signals in surface wave analysis and receiver functions is discussed through tests with synthetic and real data.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-181-2023
SN  - 1869-9529
VL  - 14
IS  - 2
SP  - 181
EP  - 195
PB  - Coepernicus Publ.
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bhattacharyya, Biswajit
A1  - Balischewski, Christian
A1  - Sperlich, Eric
A1  - Günter, Christina
A1  - Mies, Stefan
A1  - Kelling, Alexandra
A1  - Taubert, Andreas
T1  - N-Butyl Pyridinium Diiodido Argentate(I)
BT  - A One-Dimensional Ag-I Network with Superior Solid-State Ionic Conductivity at Room Temperature
JF  - Advanced materials interfaces
N2  - A new solid-state material, N-butyl pyridinium diiodido argentate(I), is synthesized using a simple and effective one-pot approach. In the solid state, the compound exhibits 1D ([AgI2](-))(n) chains that are stabilized by the N-butyl pyridinium cation. The 1D structure is further manifested by the formation of long, needle-like crystals, as revealed from electron microscopy. As the general composition is derived from metal halide-based ionic liquids, the compound has a low melting point of 100-101 degrees C, as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. Most importantly, the compound has a conductivity of 10(-6) S cm(-1) at room temperature. At higher temperatures the conductivity increases and reaches to 10(-4 )S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. In contrast to AgI, however, the current material has a highly anisotropic 1D arrangement of the ionic domains. This provides direct and tuneable access to fast and anisotropic ionic conduction. The material is thus a significant step forward beyond current ion conductors and a highly promising prototype for the rational design of highly conductive ionic solid-state conductors for battery or solar cell applications.
KW  - AgI
KW  - ionic conductivity
KW  - Ionic liquids
KW  - thermal properties
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202202363
SN  - 2196-7350
VL  - 10
IS  - 12
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krassakis, Pavlos
A1  - Karavias, Andreas
A1  - Zygouri, Evangelia
A1  - Roumpos, Christos
A1  - Louloudis, Georgios
A1  - Pyrgaki, Konstantina
A1  - Koukouzas, Nikolaos
A1  - Kempka, Thomas
A1  - Karapanos, Dimitris
T1  - GIS-based assessment of hybrid pumped hydro storage as a potential solution for the clean energy transition
BT  - the case of the Kardia lignite mine, Western Greece
JF  - Sensors
N2  - Planned decommissioning of coal-fired plants in Europe requires innovative technical and economic strategies to support coal regions on their path towards a climate-resilient future. The repurposing of open pit mines into hybrid pumped hydro power storage (HPHS) of excess energy from the electric grid, and renewable sources will contribute to the EU Green Deal, increase the economic value, stabilize the regional job market and contribute to the EU energy supply security. This study aims to present a preliminary phase of a geospatial workflow used to evaluate land suitability by implementing a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique with an advanced geographic information system (GIS) in the context of an interdisciplinary feasibility study on HPHS in the Kardia lignite open pit mine (Western Macedonia, Greece). The introduced geospatial analysis is based on the utilization of the constraints and ranking criteria within the boundaries of the abandoned mine regarding specific topographic and proximity criteria. The applied criteria were selected from the literature, while for their weights, the experts' judgement was introduced by implementing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), in the framework of the ATLANTIS research program. According to the results, seven regions were recognized as suitable, with a potential energy storage capacity from 1.09 to 5.16 GWh. Particularly, the present study's results reveal that 9.27% (212,884 m(2)) of the area had a very low suitability, 15.83% (363,599 m(2)) had a low suitability, 23.99% (550,998 m(2)) had a moderate suitability, 24.99% (573,813 m(2)) had a high suitability, and 25.92% (595,125 m(2)) had a very high suitability for the construction of the upper reservoir. The proposed semi-automatic geospatial workflow introduces an innovative tool that can be applied to open pit mines globally to identify the optimum design for an HPHS system depending on the existing lower reservoir.
KW  - hybrid pumped hydro power storage
KW  - hydro power
KW  - hydro storage
KW  - GIS
KW  - Kardia mine
KW  - AHP
KW  - MCDM
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020593
SN  - 1424-8220
VL  - 23
IS  - 2
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Lena Katharina
A1  - Francke, Till
A1  - Grosse, Peter Martin
A1  - Mayer, Christoph
A1  - Bronstert, Axel
T1  - Reconstructing five decades of sediment export from two glacierized high-alpine catchments in Tyrol, Austria, using nonparametric regression
JF  - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS
N2  - Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature - QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km(2)) and Vernagt (11.4 km(2)), in the upper otztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach).Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance.Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of "peak sediment". We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1841-2023
SN  - 1027-5606
SN  - 1607-7938
VL  - 27
IS  - 9
SP  - 1841
EP  - 1863
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Timmerman, Martin Jan
A1  - Krmicek, Lukas
A1  - Krmíčková, Simona
A1  - Slama, Jiri
A1  - Sudo, Masafumi
A1  - Sobel, Edward
T1  - Tonian-Ediacaran evolution of the Brunovistulian microcontinent (Czech Republic) deciphered from LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages
JF  - Precambrian research
N2  - Granitoids of the Slavkov Domain of the Brunovistulian microcontinent (BVM) in the Czech Republic have Ediacaran U-Pb zircon crystallization ages with the dominant magmatic activity occurring between ca. 597 and 595 Ma. The ages overlap published ages for the adjacent Thaya Domain, showing that both domains formed coevally in the same subduction setting. The data support published models in which the Slavkov Domain formed as arc crust. The main stage of magmatism stopped after ca. 595-590 Ma and was quickly followed by cooling accompanied by intrusion of small volumes of rhyolite dykes at ca. 594 Ma. Slavkov Domain metasedimentary rocks are dominated by Cryogenian-Ediacaran detrital zircon populations and their protoliths were locally derived erosional products of Cryogenian to Ediacaran arc rocks of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Metasedi-mentary rocks from the NE part of the BVM contain younger, ca. 550 Ma zircons indicating that the BVM grew northeastward by accretion of progressively younger material derived from magmatic rocks with latest Ediacaran crystallization ages. In contrast to the Thaya and Slavkov domains, the Metavolcanic Zone that lies between them formed between ca. 740 and 725 Ma in the late Tonian to early Cryogenian. It predates the main stage magmatic activity in the BVM by 135 to 150 Ma and is probably a relic of older crust that formed during rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent. At ca. 552-551 Ma in the latest Ediacaran, parts of the BVM were exposed at the surface, during which time red, terrestrial siliciclastic sediments (Basal Clastics) were deposited. These largely had (very) proximal sources such as the main stage granitoids of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Clasts of (meta)sandstones contain much older zircon populations and provide evidence that Neoarchaean and Palaeo-, meso- and early Neoproterozoic crustal rocks were exposed in erosional position nearby.
KW  - Brunovistulicum
KW  - Cryogenian
KW  - Ediacaran
KW  - Basal Clastics
KW  - U -Pb dating
KW  - Ar
KW  - Ar dating
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.106981
SN  - 0301-9268
SN  - 1872-7433
VL  - 387
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stoltnow, Malte
A1  - Weis, Philipp
A1  - Korges, Maximilian
T1  - Hydrological controls on base metal precipitation and zoning at the porphyry-epithermal transition constrained by numerical modeling
JF  - Scientific reports
N2  - Ore precipitation in porphyry copper systems is generally characterized by metal zoning (Cu-Mo to Zn-Pb-Ag), which is suggested to be variably related to solubility decreases during fluid cooling, fluid-rock interactions, partitioning during fluid phase separation and mixing with external fluids. Here, we present new advances of a numerical process model by considering published constraints on the temperature- and salinity-dependent solubility of Cu, Pb and Zn in the ore fluid. We quantitatively investigate the roles of vapor-brine separation, halite saturation, initial metal contents, fluid mixing and remobilization as first-order controls of the physical hydrology on ore formation. The results show that the magmatic vapor and brine phases ascend with different residence times but as miscible fluid mixtures, with salinity increases generating metal-undersaturated bulk fluids. The release rates of magmatic fluids affect the location of the thermohaline fronts, leading to contrasting mechanisms for ore precipitation: higher rates result in halite saturation without significant metal zoning, lower rates produce zoned ore shells due to mixing with meteoric water. Varying metal contents can affect the order of the final metal precipitation sequence. Redissolution of precipitated metals results in zoned ore shell patterns in more peripheral locations and also decouples halite saturation from ore precipitation.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30572-5
SN  - 2045-2322
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sharma, Shubham
A1  - Hainzl, Sebastian
A1  - Zöller, Gert
T1  - Seismicity parameters dependence on main shock-induced co-seismic stress
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - The Gutenberg-Richter (GR) and the Omori-Utsu (OU) law describe the earthquakes' energy release and temporal clustering and are thus of great importance for seismic hazard assessment.  Motivated by experimental results, which indicate stress-dependent parameters, we consider a combined global data set of 127 main shock-aftershock sequences and perform a systematic study of the relationship between main shock-induced stress changes and associated seismicity patterns.  For this purpose, we calculate space-dependent Coulomb Stress (& UDelta;CFS) and alternative receiver-independent stress metrics in the surrounding of the main shocks. Our results indicate a clear positive correlation between the GR b-value and the induced stress, contrasting expectations from laboratory experiments and suggesting a crucial role of structural heterogeneity and strength variations.  Furthermore, we demonstrate that the aftershock productivity increases nonlinearly with stress, while the OU parameters c and p systematically decrease for increasing stress changes. Our partly unexpected findings can have an important impact on future estimations of the aftershock hazard.
KW  - earthquake hazards
KW  - earthquake interaction
KW  - forecasting and prediction
KW  - statistical seismology
KW  - b-value
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggad201
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 235
IS  - 1
SP  - 509
EP  - 517
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bereswill, Sarah
A1  - Gatz-Miller, Hannah
A1  - Su, Danyang
A1  - Tötzke, Christian
A1  - Kardjilov, Nikolay
A1  - Oswald, Sascha
A1  - Mayer, Klaus Ulrich
T1  - Coupling non-invasive imaging and reactive transport modeling to investigate water and oxygen dynamics in the root zone
JF  - Vadose zone journal
N2  - Oxygen (O-2) availability in soils is vital for plant growth and productivity. The transport and consumption of O-2 in the root zone is closely linked to soil moisture content, the spatial distribution of roots, as well as structure and heterogeneity of the surrounding soil. In this study, we measure three-dimensional root system architecture and the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture (& theta;) and O-2 concentrations in the root zone of maize (Zea mays) via non-invasive imaging, and then construct and parameterize a reactive transport model based on the experimental data. The combination of three non-invasive imaging methods allowed for a direct comparison of simulation results with observations at high spatial and temporal resolution. In three different modeling scenarios, we investigated how the results obtained for different levels of conceptual complexity in the model were able to match measured & theta; and O-2 concentration patterns. We found that the modeling scenario that considers heterogeneous soil structure and spatial variability of hydraulic parameters (permeability, porosity, and van Genuchten & alpha; and n), better reproduced the measured & theta; and O-2 patterns relative to a simple model with a homogenous soil domain. The results from our combined imaging and modeling analysis reveal that experimental O-2 and water dynamics can be reproduced quantitatively in a reactive transport model, and that O-2 and water dynamics are best characterized when conditions unique to the specific system beyond the distribution of roots, such as soil structure and its effect on water saturation and macroscopic gas transport pathways, are considered.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20268
SN  - 1539-1663
VL  - 22
IS  - 5
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Smith, Taylor
A1  - Boers, Niklas
T1  - Global vegetation resilience linked to water availability and variability
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Quantifying the resilience of vegetated ecosystems is key to constraining both present-day and future global impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Here we apply both empirical and theoretical resilience metrics to remotely-sensed vegetation data in order to examine the role of water availability and variability in controlling vegetation resilience at the global scale. We find a concise global relationship where vegetation resilience is greater in regions with higher water availability. We also reveal that resilience is lower in regions with more pronounced inter-annual precipitation variability, but find less concise relationships between vegetation resilience and intra-annual precipitation variability. Our results thus imply that the resilience of vegetation responds differently to water deficits at varying time scales. In view of projected increases in precipitation variability, our findings highlight the risk of ecosystem degradation under ongoing climate change. 

Vegetation dynamics depend on both the amount of precipitation and its variability over time. Here, the authors show that vegetation resilience is greater where water availability is higher and where precipitation is more stable from year to year.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36207-7
SN  - 2041-1723
VL  - 14
IS  - 1
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klose, Tim
A1  - Guillemoteau, Julien
A1  - Vignoli, Giulio
A1  - Walter, Judith
A1  - Herrmann, Andreas
A1  - Tronicke, Jens
T1  - Structurally constrained inversion by means of a Minimum Gradient Support regularizer: examples of FD-EMI data inversion constrained by GPR reflection data
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - Many geophysical inverse problems are known to be ill-posed and, thus, requiring some kind of regularization in order to provide a unique and stable solution. A possible approach to overcome the inversion ill-posedness consists in constraining the position of the model interfaces. For a grid-based parameterization, such a structurally constrained inversion can be implemented by adopting the usual smooth regularization scheme in which the local weight of the regularization is reduced where an interface is expected. By doing so, sharp contrasts are promoted at interface locations while standard smoothness constraints keep affecting the other regions of the model. In this work, we present a structurally constrained approach and test it on the inversion of frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (FD-EMI) data using a regularization approach based on the Minimum Gradient Support stabilizer, which is capable to promote sharp transitions everywhere in the model, i.e., also in areas where no structural a prioriinformation is available. Using 1D and 2D synthetic data examples, we compare the proposed approach to a structurally constrained smooth inversion as well as to more standard (i.e., not structurally constrained) smooth and sharp inversions. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach helps in finding a better and more reliable reconstruction of the subsurface electrical conductivity distribution, including its structural characteristics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that it allows to promote sharp parameter variations in areas where no structural information are available. Lastly, we apply our structurally constrained scheme to FD-EMI field data collected at a field site in Eastern Germany to image the thickness of peat deposits along two selected profiles. In this field example, we use collocated constant offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data to derive structural a priori information to constrain the inversion of the FD-EMI data. The results of this case study demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed approach.
KW  - Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM)
KW  - Inverse theory
KW  - Electrical properties
KW  - Ground penetrating radar
KW  - Frequency Domain Electromagnetics
KW  - Inversion
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggad041
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 233
IS  - 3
SP  - 1938
EP  - 1949
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tofelde, Stefanie
A1  - Bufe, Aaron
A1  - Turowski, Jens M.
T1  - Hillslope Sediment Supply Limits Alluvial Valley Width
JF  - AGU Advances
N2  - River-valley morphology preserves information on tectonic and climatic conditions that shape landscapes. Observations suggest that river discharge and valley-wall lithology are the main controls on valley width. Yet, current models based on these observations fail to explain the full range of cross-sectional valley shapes in nature, suggesting hitherto unquantified controls on valley width. In particular, current models cannot explain the existence of paired terrace sequences that form under cyclic climate forcing. Paired river terraces are staircases of abandoned floodplains on both valley sides, and hence preserve past valley widths. Their formation requires alternating phases of predominantly river incision and predominantly lateral planation, plus progressive valley narrowing. While cyclic Quaternary climate changes can explain shifts between incision and lateral erosion, the driving mechanism of valley narrowing is unknown. Here, we extract valley geometries from climatically formed, alluvial river-terrace sequences and show that across our dataset, the total cumulative terrace height (here: total valley height) explains 90%–99% of the variance in valley width at the terrace sites. This finding suggests that valley height, or a parameter that scales linearly with valley height, controls valley width in addition to river discharge and lithology. To explain this valley-width-height relationship, we reformulate existing valley-width models and suggest that, when adjusting to new boundary conditions, alluvial valleys evolve to a width at which sediment removal from valley walls matches lateral sediment supply from hillslope erosion. Such a hillslope-channel coupling is not captured in current valley-evolution models. Our model can explain the existence of paired terrace sequences under cyclic climate forcing and relates valley width to measurable field parameters. Therefore, it facilitates the reconstruction of past climatic and tectonic conditions from valley topography.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000641
SN  - 2576-604X
PB  - American Geophysical Union (AGU); Wiley
CY  - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Berner, Nadine
A1  - Trauth, Martin H.
A1  - Holschneider, Matthias
T1  - Bayesian inference about Plio-Pleistocene climate transitions in Africa
JF  - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal
N2  - During the last 5 Ma the Earth's ocean-atmosphere system passed through several major transitions, many of which are discussed as possible triggers for human evolution. A classic in this context is the possible influence of the closure of the Panama Strait, the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation, a stepwise increase in aridity in Africa, and the first appearance of the genus Homo about 2.5 - 2.7 Ma ago. Apart from the fact that the correlation between these events does not necessarily imply causality, many attempts to establish a relationship between climate and evolution fail due to the challenge of precisely localizing an a priori unknown number of changes potentially underlying complex climate records. The kernel-based Bayesian inference approach applied here allows inferring the location, generic shape, and temporal scale of multiple transitions in established records of Plio-Pleistocene African climate. By defining a transparent probabilistic analysis strategy, we are able to identify conjoint changes occurring across the investigated terrigenous dust records from Ocean Drilling Programme (ODP) sites in the Atlantic Ocean (ODP 659), Arabian (ODP 721/722) and Mediterranean Sea (ODP 967). The study indicates a two-step transition in the African climate proxy records at (2.35-2.10) Ma and (1.70 - 1.50) Ma, that may be associated with the reorganization of the Hadley-Walker Circulation. .
KW  - Plio-Pleistocene
KW  - Hadley-Walker Circulation
KW  - climate transition
KW  - Bayesian inference
KW  - time series analysis
KW  - ODP 659
KW  - ODP 721/722
KW  - ODP 967
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107287
SN  - 0277-3791
SN  - 1873-457X
VL  - 277
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Scholz, Carolin
A1  - Voigt, Christian C.
T1  - Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions
JF  - Conservation science and practice
N2  - Agricultural practice has led to landscape simplification and biodiversity decline, yet recently, energy-producing infrastructures, such as wind turbines, have been added to these simplified agroecosystems, turning them into multi-functional energy-agroecosystems. Here, we studied the trophic interactions of bats killed at wind turbines using a DNA metabarcoding approach to shed light on how turbine-related bat fatalities may possibly affect local habitats. Specifically, we identified insect DNA in the stomachs of common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) killed by wind turbines in Germany to infer in which habitats these bats hunted. Common noctule bats consumed a wide variety of insects from different habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, farmland, forests, and grasslands). Agricultural and silvicultural pest insects made up about 20% of insect species consumed by the studied bats. Our study suggests that the potential damage of wind energy production goes beyond the loss of bats and the decline of bat populations. Bat fatalities at wind turbines may lead to the loss of trophic interactions and ecosystem services provided by bats, which may add to the functional simplification and impaired crop production, respectively, in multi-functional ecosystems.
KW  - bat fatalities
KW  - biodiversity decline
KW  - food web
KW  - green-green dilemma
KW  - renewable energy
KW  - wind energy production
KW  - wind energy-biodiversity conflict
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12744
SN  - 2578-4854
VL  - 4
IS  - 7
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sudibyo, Maria R. P.
A1  - Eibl, Eva P. S.
A1  - Hainzl, Sebastian
A1  - Hersir, Gylfi Páll
T1  - Eruption Forecasting of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, Using Permutation Entropy
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - A volcanic eruption is usually preceded by seismic precursors, but their interpretation and use for forecasting the eruption onset time remain a challenge. A part of the eruptive processes in open conduits of volcanoes may be similar to those encountered in geysers. Since geysers erupt more often, they are useful sites for testing new forecasting methods. We tested the application of Permutation Entropy (PE) as a robust method to assess the complexity in seismic recordings of the Strokkur geyser, Iceland. Strokkur features several minute-long eruptive cycles, enabling us to verify in 63 recorded cycles whether PE behaves consistently from one eruption to the next one. We performed synthetic tests to understand the effect of different parameter settings in the PE calculation. Our application to Strokkur shows a distinct, repeating PE pattern consistent with previously identified phases in the eruptive cycle. We find a systematic increase in PE within the last 15 s before the eruption, indicating that an eruption will occur. We quantified the predictive power of PE, showing that PE performs better than seismic signal strength or quiescence when it comes to forecasting eruptions.
KW  - permutation entropy
KW  - forecasting
KW  - geyser
KW  - eruption
KW  - hydrothermal system;
KW  - volcano-seismology
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024840
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 127
IS  - 10
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rolph, Rebecca
A1  - Overduin, Pier Paul
A1  - Ravens, Thomas
A1  - Lantuit, Hugues
A1  - Langer, Moritz
T1  - ArcticBeach v1.0
BT  - a physics-based parameterization of pan-Arctic coastline erosion
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - In the Arctic, air temperatures are increasing and sea ice is declining, resulting in larger waves and a longer open water season, all of which intensify the thaw and erosion of ice-rich coasts. Climate change has been shown to increase the rate of Arctic coastal erosion, causing problems for Arctic cultural heritage, existing industrial, military, and civil infrastructure, as well as changes in nearshore biogeochemistry. Numerical models that reproduce historical and project future Arctic erosion rates are necessary to understand how further climate change will affect these problems, and no such model yet exists to simulate the physics of erosion on a pan-Arctic scale. We have coupled a bathystrophic storm surge model to a simplified physical erosion model of a permafrost coastline. This Arctic erosion model, called ArcticBeach v1.0, is a first step toward a physical parameterization of Arctic shoreline erosion for larger-scale models. It is forced by wind speed and direction, wave period and height, sea surface temperature, all of which are masked during times of sea ice cover near the coastline. Model tuning requires observed historical retreat rates (at least one value), as well as rough nearshore bathymetry. These parameters are already available on a pan-Arctic scale. The model is validated at three study sites at 1) Drew Point (DP), Alaska, 2) Mamontovy Khayata (MK), Siberia, and 3) Veslebogen Cliffs, Svalbard. Simulated cumulative retreat rates for DP and MK respectively (169 and 170 m) over the time periods studied at each site (2007-2016, and 1995-2018) are found to the same order of magnitude as observed cumulative retreat (172 and 120 m). The rocky Veslebogen cliffs have small observed cumulative retreat rates (0.05 m over 2014-2016), and our model was also able to reproduce this same order of magnitude of retreat (0.08 m). Given the large differences in geomorphology between the study sites, this study provides a proof-of-concept that ArcticBeach v1.0 can be applied on very different permafrost coastlines. ArcticBeach v1.0 provides a promising starting point to project retreat of Arctic shorelines, or to evaluate historical retreat in places that have had few observations.
KW  - permafrost
KW  - erosion
KW  - modelling
KW  - arctic
KW  - climate change
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.962208
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 10
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klein, Konstantin
A1  - Lantuit, Hugues
A1  - Rolph, Rebecca
T1  - Drivers of Turbidity and Its Seasonal Variability at Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (Western Canadian Arctic)
JF  - Water / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
N2  - The Arctic is greatly affected by climate change. Increasing air temperatures drive permafrost thaw and an increase in coastal erosion and river discharge. This results in a greater input of sediment and organic matter into nearshore waters, impacting ecosystems by reducing light transmission through the water column and altering biogeochemistry. This potentially results in impacts on the subsistence economy of local people as well as the climate due to the transformation of suspended organic matter into greenhouse gases. Even though the impacts of increased suspended sediment concentrations and turbidity in the Arctic nearshore zone are well-studied, the mechanisms underpinning this increase are largely unknown. Wave energy and tides drive the level of turbidity in the temperate and tropical parts of the world, and this is generally assumed to also be the case in the Arctic. However, the tidal range is considerably lower in the Arctic, and processes related to the occurrence of permafrost have the potential to greatly contribute to nearshore turbidity. In this study, we use high-resolution satellite imagery alongside in situ and ERA5 reanalysis data of ocean and climate variables in order to identify the drivers of nearshore turbidity, along with its seasonality in the nearshore waters of Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk, in the western Canadian Arctic. Nearshore turbidity correlates well to wind direction, wind speed, significant wave height, and wave period. Nearshore turbidity is superiorly correlated to wind speed at the Beaufort Shelf compared to in situ measurements at Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk, showing that nearshore turbidity, albeit being of limited spatial extent, is influenced by large-scale weather and ocean phenomenons. We show that, in contrast to the temperate and tropical ocean, freshly eroded material is the predominant driver of nearshore turbidity in the Arctic, rather than resuspension, which is caused by the vulnerability of permafrost coasts to thermo-erosion.
KW  - ocean color remote sensing
KW  - Arctic ocean
KW  - suspended sediment
KW  - Landsat
KW  - Sentinel 2
KW  - ERA5
KW  - nearshore zone
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111751
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 14
SP  - 1
EP  - 13
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel, Schweiz
ET  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Braun, Jean
T1  - Comparing the transport-limited and ξ-q models for sediment transport
JF  - Earth surface dynamics
N2  - Here I present a comparison between two of the most widely used reduced-complexity models for the representation of sediment transport and deposition processes, namely the transport-limited (or TL) model and the under-capacity (or xi-q) model more recently developed by Davy and Lague (2009). Using both models, I investigate the behavior of a sedimentary continental system of length L fed by a fixed sedimentary flux from a catchment of size A(0) in a nearby active orogen through which sediments transit to a fixed base level representing a large river, a lake or an ocean. This comparison shows that the two models share the same steady-state solution, for which I derive a simple 1D analytical expression that reproduces the major features of such sedimentary systems: a steep fan that connects to a shallower alluvial plain. The resulting fan geometry obeys basic observational constraints on fan size and slope with respect to the upstream drainage area, A(0). The solution is strongly dependent on the size of the system, L, in comparison to a distance L-0, which is determined by the size of A(0), and gives rise to two fundamentally different types of sedimentary systems: a constrained system where L < L-0 and open systems where L > L-0. I derive simple expressions that show the dependence of the system response time on the system characteristics, such as its length, the size of the upstream catchment area, the amplitude of the incoming sedimentary flux and the respective rate parameters (diffusivity or erodibility) for each of the two models. I show that the xi-q model predicts longer response times. I demonstrate that although the manner in which signals propagates through the sedimentary system differs greatly between the two models, they both predict that perturbations that last longer than the response time of the system can be recorded in the stratigraphy of the sedimentary system and in particular of the fan. Interestingly, the xi-q model predicts that all perturbations in the incoming sedimentary flux will be transmitted through the system, whereas the TL model predicts that rapid perturbations cannot. I finally discuss why and under which conditions these differences are important and propose observational ways to determine which of the two models is most appropriate to represent natural systems.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-301-2022
SN  - 2196-6311
SN  - 2196-632X
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
SP  - 301
EP  - 327
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mukherjee, Shreya
A1  - Adhikari, Avishek
A1  - Nicoli, Gautier
A1  - Vadlamani, Ravikant
T1  - Neoarchean (similar to 2.73-2.70 Ga) accretionary history of the eastern Dharwar Craton, India
BT  - Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd garnet geochronologic constraints from the Karimnagar granulite-facies supracrustal enclaves
JF  - Precambrian research
N2  - Cratonic mid-crustal plutons may contain supracrustal enclaves that preserve evidence of an earlier growth history. The Eastern Dharwar craton records Neoarchean two-stage accretionary sequential growth (2.70 and 2.55 Ga) and a chronology of their enclaves could refine orogenic models. To test whether the metamorphic history of their enclaves was related to any of these stages, phase equilibria modelling and combined Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology on garnet were conducted on metapsammite, now preserved as garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss. Phase equilibria modelling indicates peak metamorphic conditions, similar to 850 degrees C and similar to 8.5 kbar (M1a), were followed by near isothermal decompression to 5-6 kbar (M1b) and isobaric cooling to similar to 800 degrees C (M1c). The thermobaric gradient related to peak metamorphic conditions, similar to 30 degrees C kbar(-1), is typical of collisional orogens. Regression of the whole-rock and garnet, for sample S17b, yield Lu-Hf isochron ages of 2733 +/- 29 Ma, and for sample S18, 2724 +/- 13 Ma. A Lu-Hf weighted mean age for the porphyroblastic garnet suggests growth at 2725.5 +/- 11.9 Ma during the M1a-M1b stages. In contrast, the whole-rock sample S17b and the garnet fractions yield a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2696 +/- 10 Ma. From sample S18 the whole rock, garnet fractions, and orthopyroxene yield an isochron age of 2683 +/- 15 Ma. The garnet Sm-Nd weighted mean age at 2692.0 +/- 8.3 Ma constrains the M1b-M1c stages. We suggest that the protoliths to these supracrustal enclaves were deposited in an arc tectonic setting and underwent thickening followed by heating during peeled-back lithospheric convergence. Therefore, the earliest of the craton-forming accretionary stages is preserved as the similar to 2.73 Ga granulite-facies enclaves, marginally older than the 2.70-2.65 Ga cratonic greenstone volcanism. Tectonic exhumation of these mid-crustal granulite enclaves was in response to the late-Proterozoic (similar to 1.7 Ga) Bhopalpatnam orogeny.
KW  - Eastern Dharwar craton
KW  - Granulite enclaves
KW  - Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss
KW  - Lu-Hf
KW  - Sm-Nd
KW  - Geochronology
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106657
SN  - 0301-9268
VL  - 375
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tella, Timothy Oluwatobi
A1  - Winterleitner, Gerd
A1  - Mutti, Maria
T1  - Investigating the role of differential biotic production on carbonate geometries through stratigraphic forward modelling and sensitivity analysis
BT  - the Llucmajor example
JF  - Petroleum geoscience
N2  - The geometry of carbonate platforms reflects the interaction of several factors. However, the impact of carbonate-producing organisms has been poorly investigated so far. This study applies stratigraphic forward modelling (SFM) and sensitivity analysis to examine, referenced to the Miocene Llucmajor Platform, the effect of changes of dominant biotic production in the oligophotic and euphotic zones on platform geometry. Our results show that the complex interplay of carbonate production rates, bathymetry and variations in accommodation space control the platform geometry. The main driver of progradation is the oligophotic production of rhodalgal sediments during the lowstands. This study demonstrates that platform geometry and internal architecture varies significantly according to the interaction of the predominant carbonate-producing biotas. The input parameters for this study are based on well-understood Miocene carbonate biotas with characteristic euphotic, oligophotic and photo-independent carbonate production in which it is crucial that each carbonate-producing class is modelled explicitly within the simulation run and not averaged with a single carbonate production-depth profile. This is important in subsurface exploration studies based on stratigraphic forward models where the overall platform geometry may be approximated through calibration runs, and constrained by seismic surveys and wellbores. However, the internal architecture is likely to be oversimplified without an in-depth understanding of the target carbonate system and a transfer to forward modelling parameters.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2021-053
SN  - 1354-0793
SN  - 2041-496X
VL  - 28
IS  - 2
PB  - Geological Soc. Publ. House
CY  - Bath
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Li, Zhen
A1  - Spangenberg, Erik
A1  - Schicks, Judith Maria
A1  - Kempka, Thomas
T1  - Numerical simulation of hydrate formation in the LArge-Scale Reservoir Simulator (LARS)
JF  - Energies : open-access journal of related scientific research, technology development and studies in policy and management
N2  - The LArge-scale Reservoir Simulator (LARS) has been previously developed to study hydrate dissociation in hydrate-bearing systems under in-situ conditions. In the present study, a numerical framework of equations of state describing hydrate formation at equilibrium conditions has been elaborated and integrated with a numerical flow and transport simulator to investigate a multi-stage hydrate formation experiment undertaken in LARS. A verification of the implemented modeling framework has been carried out by benchmarking it against another established numerical code. Three-dimensional (3D) model calibration has been performed based on laboratory data available from temperature sensors, fluid sampling, and electrical resistivity tomography. The simulation results demonstrate that temperature profiles, spatial hydrate distribution, and bulk hydrate saturation are consistent with the observations. Furthermore, our numerical framework can be applied to calibrate geophysical measurements, optimize post-processing workflows for monitoring data, improve the design of hydrate formation experiments, and investigate the temporal evolution of sub-permafrost methane hydrate reservoirs.
KW  - methane hydrate
KW  - temperature sensor
KW  - electrical resistivity tomography
KW  - hydrate formation
KW  - numerical simulation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061974
SN  - 1996-1073
VL  - 15
IS  - 6
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Li, Zhen
A1  - Spangenberg, Erik
A1  - Schicks, Judith Maria
A1  - Kempka, Thomas
T1  - Numerical Simulation of Coastal Sub-Permafrost Gas Hydrate Formation in the Mackenzie Delta, Canadian Arctic
JF  - Energies
N2  - The Mackenzie Delta (MD) is a permafrost-bearing region along the coasts of the Canadian Arctic which exhibits high sub-permafrost gas hydrate (GH) reserves. The GH occurring at the Mallik site in the MD is dominated by thermogenic methane (CH4), which migrated from deep conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, very likely through the present fault systems. Therefore, it is assumed that fluid flow transports dissolved CH4 upward and out of the deeper overpressurized reservoirs via the existing polygonal fault system and then forms the GH accumulations in the Kugmallit-Mackenzie Bay Sequences. We investigate the feasibility of this mechanism with a thermo-hydraulic-chemical numerical model, representing a cross section of the Mallik site. We present the first simulations that consider permafrost formation and thawing, as well as the formation of GH accumulations sourced from the upward migrating CH4-rich formation fluid. The simulation results show that temperature distribution, as well as the thickness and base of the ice-bearing permafrost are consistent with corresponding field observations. The primary driver for the spatial GH distribution is the permeability of the host sediments. Thus, the hypothesis on GH formation by dissolved CH4 originating from deeper geological reservoirs is successfully validated. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the permafrost has been substantially heated to 0.8-1.3 degrees C, triggered by the global temperature increase of about 0.44 degrees C and further enhanced by the Arctic Amplification effect at the Mallik site from the early 1970s to the mid-2000s.
KW  - gas hydrate
KW  - permafrost
KW  - methane
KW  - faults
KW  - climate change
KW  - Mallik
KW  - numerical simulations
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15144986
SN  - 1996-1073
VL  - 15
IS  - 14
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Atmani, Farid
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Smith, Taylor
T1  - Measuring vegetation heights and their seasonal changes in the Western Namibian Savanna using spaceborne lidars
JF  - Remote sensing / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
N2  - The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) with its land and vegetation height data product (ATL08), and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) with its terrain elevation and height metrics data product (GEDI Level 2A) missions have great potential to globally map ground and canopy heights. Canopy height is a key factor in estimating above-ground biomass and its seasonal changes; these satellite missions can also improve estimated above-ground carbon stocks. This study presents a novel Sparse Vegetation Detection Algorithm (SVDA) which uses ICESat-2 (ATL03, geolocated photons) data to map tree and vegetation heights in a sparsely vegetated savanna ecosystem. The SVDA consists of three main steps: First, noise photons are filtered using the signal confidence flag from ATL03 data and local point statistics. Second, we classify ground photons based on photon height percentiles. Third, tree and grass photons are classified based on the number of neighbors. We validated tree heights with field measurements (n = 55), finding a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.82 m using SVDA, GEDI Level 2A (Geolocated Elevation and Height Metrics product): 1.33 m, and ATL08: 5.59 m. Our results indicate that the SVDA is effective in identifying canopy photons in savanna ecosystems, where ATL08 performs poorly. We further identify seasonal vegetation height changes with an emphasis on vegetation below 3 m; widespread height changes in this class from two wet-dry cycles show maximum seasonal changes of 1 m, possibly related to seasonal grass-height differences. Our study shows the difficulties of vegetation measurements in savanna ecosystems but provides the first estimates of seasonal biomass changes.
KW  - ICESat-2
KW  - GEDI
KW  - canopy height
KW  - lidar
KW  - savanna
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122928
SN  - 2072-4292
VL  - 14
IS  - 12
SP  - 1
EP  - 20
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel, Schweiz
ET  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Viltres, Renier
A1  - Nobile, Adriano
A1  - Vasyura-Bathke, Hannes
A1  - Trippanera, Daniele
A1  - Xu, Wenbin
A1  - Jónsson, Sigurjón
T1  - Transtensional rupture within a diffuse plate boundary zone during the 2020 M-w 6.4 Puerto Rico earthquake
JF  - Seismological research letters
N2  - On 7 January 2020, an M-w 6.4 earthquake occurred in the northeastern Caribbean, a few kilometers offshore of the island of Puerto Rico. It was the mainshock of a complex seismic sequence, characterized by a large number of energetic earthquakes illuminating an east-west elongated area along the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico. Deformation fields constrained by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Navigation Satellite System data indicate that the coseismic movements affected only the western part of the island. To assess the mainshock's source fault parameters, we combined the geodetically derived coseismic deformation with teleseismic waveforms using Bayesian inference. The results indicate a roughly east-west oriented fault, dipping northward and accommodating similar to 1.4 m of transtensional motion. Besides, the determined location and orientation parameters suggest an offshore continuation of the recently mapped North Boqueron Bay-Punta Montalva fault in southwest Puerto Rico. This highlights the existence of unmapped faults with moderate-to-large earthquake potential within the Puerto Rico region.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210261
SN  - 0895-0695
SN  - 1938-2057
VL  - 93
IS  - 2A
SP  - 567
EP  - 583
PB  - Seismological Society of America
CY  - Boulder, Colo.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Foerster, Verena
A1  - Asrat, Asfawossen
A1  - Ramsey, Christopher Bronk
A1  - Brown, Erik T.
A1  - Chapot, Melissa S.
A1  - Deino, Alan
A1  - Düsing, Walter
A1  - Grove, Matthew
A1  - Hahn, Annette
A1  - Junginger, Annett
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Lane, Christine S.
A1  - Opitz, Stephan
A1  - Noren, Anders
A1  - Roberts, Helen M.
A1  - Stockhecke, Mona
A1  - Tiedemann, Ralph
A1  - Vidal, Celine M.
A1  - Vogelsang, Ralf
A1  - Cohen, Andrew S.
A1  - Lamb, Henry F.
A1  - Schaebitz, Frank
A1  - Trauth, Martin H.
T1  - Pleistocene climate variability in eastern Africa influenced hominin evolution
JF  - Nature geoscience
N2  - Despite more than half a century of hominin fossil discoveries in eastern Africa, the regional environmental context of hominin evolution and dispersal is not well established due to the lack of continuous palaeoenvironmental records from one of the proven habitats of early human populations, particularly for the Pleistocene epoch. Here we present a 620,000-year environmental record from Chew Bahir, southern Ethiopia, which is proximal to key fossil sites. Our record documents the potential influence of different episodes of climatic variability on hominin biological and cultural transformation. The appearance of high anatomical diversity in hominin groups coincides with long-lasting and relatively stable humid conditions from similar to 620,000 to 275,000 years bp (episodes 1-6), interrupted by several abrupt and extreme hydroclimate perturbations. A pattern of pronounced climatic cyclicity transformed habitats during episodes 7-9 (similar to 275,000-60,000 years bp), a crucial phase encompassing the gradual transition from Acheulean to Middle Stone Age technologies, the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa and key human social and cultural innovations. Those accumulative innovations plus the alignment of humid pulses between northeastern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean during high-frequency climate oscillations of episodes 10-12 (similar to 60,000-10,000 years bp) could have facilitated the global dispersal of H. sapiens.
KW  - Evolutionary ecology
KW  - Limnology
KW  - Palaeoclimate
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01032-y
SN  - 1752-0894
SN  - 1752-0908
VL  - 15
IS  - 10
SP  - 805
EP  - 811
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Greenfield, Tim
A1  - Winder, Tom
A1  - Rawlinson, Nicholas
A1  - Maclennan, John
A1  - White, Robert S.
A1  - Ágústsdóttir, Thorbjörg
A1  - Bacon, Conor Andrew
A1  - Brandsdóttir, Bryndis
A1  - Eibl, Eva P. S.
A1  - Glastonbury-Southern, Esme
A1  - Gudnason, Egill Árni
A1  - Hersir, Gylfi Páll
A1  - Horálek, Josef
T1  - Deep long period seismicity preceding and during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland
JF  - Bulletin of volcanology : official journal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI)
N2  - We use a dense seismic network on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, to image a group of earthquakes at 10-12 km depth, 2 km north-east of 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption site. These deep earthquakes have a lower frequency content compared to earthquakes located in the upper, brittle crust and are similar to deep long period (DLP) seismicity observed at other volcanoes in Iceland and around the world. We observed several swarms of DLP earthquakes between the start of the study period (June 2020) and the initiation of the 3-week-long dyke intrusion that preceded the eruption in March 2021. During the eruption, DLP earthquake swarms returned 1 km SW of their original location during periods when the discharge rate or fountaining style of the eruption changed. The DLP seismicity is therefore likely to be linked to the magma plumbing system beneath Fagradalsfjall. However, the DLP seismicity occurred similar to 5 km shallower than where petrological modelling places the near-Moho magma storage region in which the Fagradalsfjall lava was stored. We suggest that the DLP seismicity was triggered by the exsolution of CO2-rich fluids or the movement of magma at a barrier to the transport of melt in the lower crust. Increased flux through the magma plumbing system during the eruption likely adds to the complexity of the melt migration process, thus causing further DLP seismicity, despite a contemporaneous magma channel to the surface.
KW  - deep long-period earthquakes
KW  - magma plumbing system
KW  - Iceland
KW  - Reykjanes
KW  - low-frequency
KW  - Fagradalsfjall
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01603-2
SN  - 0258-8900
SN  - 1432-0819
VL  - 84
IS  - 12
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Regmi, Shakil
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
T1  - The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation from 40 years of gauge data in the central Himalaya
JF  - Weather and climate extremes
N2  - The topography of the Himalaya exerts a substantial control on the spatial distribution of monsoonal rainfall, which is a vital water source for the regional economy and population. But the occurrence of short-lived and high-intensity precipitation results in socio-economic losses. This study relies on 40 years of daily data from 204 ground stations in Nepal to derive extreme precipitation thresholds, amounts, and days at the 95th percentile. We additionally determine the precipitation magnitude-frequency relation. We observe that extreme precipitation amounts follow an almost uniform band parallel to topographic contour lines in the southern Himalaya mountains in central and eastern Nepal but not in western Nepal. The relationship of extreme precipitation indices with topographic relief shows that extreme precipitation thresholds decrease with increasing elevation, but extreme precipitation days increase in higher elevation areas. Furthermore, stations above 1 km elevation exhibit a power-law relation in the rainfall magnitude-frequency framework. Stations at higher elevations generally have lower values of power-law exponents than low elevation areas. This suggests a fundamentally different behaviour of the rainfall distribution and an increased occurrence of extreme rainfall storms in the high elevation areas of Nepal.
KW  - Himalaya
KW  - Nepal
KW  - Indian summer monsoon
KW  - Precipitation
KW  - Extreme
KW  - precipitation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2022.100470
SN  - 2212-0947
VL  - 37
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Franz, Gerhard
A1  - Sudo, Masafumi
A1  - Khomenko, Vladimir
T1  - 40Ar/39Ar dating of a hydrothermal pegmatitic buddingtonite–muscovite assemblage from Volyn, Ukraine
JF  - European journal of mineralogy : EJM : an international journal on mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and related sciences
N2  - We determined Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of buddingtonite, occurring together with muscovite, with the laser-ablation method. This is the first attempt to date the NH4-feldspar buddingtonite, which is typical for sedimentary-diagenetic environments of sediments, rich in organic matter, or in hydrothermal environments, associated with volcanic geyser systems. The sample is a hydrothermal breccia, coming from the Paleoproterozoic pegmatite field of the Korosten Plutonic Complex, Volyn, Ukraine. A detailed characterization by optical methods, electron microprobe analyses, backscattered electron imaging, and IR analyses showed that the buddingtonite consists of euhedral-appearing platy crystals of tens of micrometers wide, 100 or more micrometers in length, which consist of fine-grained fibers of <= 1 mu m thickness. The crystals are sector and growth zoned in terms of K-NH4-H3O content. The content of K allows for an age determination with the Ar-40/Ar-39 method, as well as in the accompanying muscovite, intimately intergrown with the buddingtonite. The determinations on muscovite yielded an age of 1491 +/- 9 Ma, interpreted as the hydrothermal event forming the breccia. However, buddingtonite apparent ages yielded a range of 563 +/- 14 Ma down to 383 +/- 12 Ma, which are interpreted as reset ages due to Ar loss of the fibrous buddingtonite crystals during later heating. We conclude that buddingtonite is suited for Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations as a supplementary method, together with other methods and minerals; however, it requires a detailed mineralogical characterization, and the ages will likely represent minimum ages.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-7-2022
SN  - 0935-1221
SN  - 1617-4011
VL  - 34
IS  - 1
SP  - 7
EP  - 18
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Behrens, Karsten
A1  - Balischewski, Christian
A1  - Sperlich, Eric
A1  - Menski, Antonia Isabell
A1  - Balderas-Valadez, Ruth Fabiola
A1  - Pacholski, Claudia
A1  - Günter, Christina
A1  - Lubahn, Susanne
A1  - Kelling, Alexandra
A1  - Taubert, Andreas
T1  - Mixed chloridometallate(ii) ionic liquids with tunable color and optical response for potential ammonia sensors
JF  - RSC Advances
N2  - Eight d-metal-containing N-butylpyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) with the nominal composition (C4Py)2[Ni0.5M0.5Cl4] or (C4Py)2[Zn0.5M0.5Cl4] (M = Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn; C4Py = N-butylpyridinium) were synthesized, characterized, and investigated for their optical properties. Single crystal and powder X-ray analysis shows that the compounds are isostructural to existing examples based on other d-metal ions. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy measurements confirm that the metal/metal ratio is around 50 : 50. UV-Vis spectroscopy shows that the optical absorption can be tuned by selection of the constituent metals. Moreover, the compounds can act as an optical sensor for the detection of gases such as ammonia as demonstrated via a simple prototype setup.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05581c
SN  - 2046-2069
VL  - 12
SP  - 35072
EP  - 35082
PB  - RSC
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Balischewski, Christian
A1  - Bhattacharyya, Biswajit
A1  - Sperlich, Eric
A1  - Günter, Christina
A1  - Beqiraj, Alkit
A1  - Klamroth, Tillmann
A1  - Behrens, Karsten
A1  - Mies, Stefan
A1  - Kelling, Alexandra
A1  - Lubahn, Susanne
A1  - Holtzheimer, Lea
A1  - Nitschke, Anne
A1  - Taubert, Andreas
T1  - Tetrahalidometallate(II) ionic liquids with more than one metal
BT  - the effect of bromide versus chloride
JF  - Chemistry - a European journal
N2  - Fifteen N-butylpyridinium salts - five monometallic [C4Py](2)[MBr4] and ten bimetallic [C4Py](2)[(M0.5M0.5Br4)-M-a-Br-b] (M=Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) - were synthesized, and their structures and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All the compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 64 and 101 degrees C. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction show that all ILs are isostructural. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2 and 3 V. The conductivities at room temperature are between 10(-5) and 10(-6) S cm(-1). At elevated temperatures, the conductivities reach up to 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. The structures and properties of the current bromide-based ILs were also compared with those of previous examples using chloride ligands, which illustrated differences and similarities between the two groups of ILs.
KW  - electrochemistry
KW  - ionic liquids
KW  - metal-containing ionic liquids;
KW  - N-butylpyridinium bromide
KW  - tetrahalidometallates
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202201068
SN  - 1521-3765
VL  - 28
IS  - 64
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sieber, Melanie Jutta
A1  - Yaxley, Greg
A1  - Hermann, Jörg
T1  - COH-fluid induced metasomatism of peridotites in the forearc mantle
JF  - Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
N2  - Devolatilization of subducting lithologies liberates COH-fluids. These may become partially sequestered in peridotites in the slab and the overlying forearc mantle, affecting the cycling of volatiles and fluid mobile elements in subduction zones. Here we assess the magnitudes, timescales and mechanism of channelized injection of COH-fluids doped with Ca-aq(2+), Sr-aq(2+) and Ba-aq(2+) into the dry forearc mantle by performing piston cylinder experiments between 1-2.5 GPa and 600-700 degrees C. Cylindrical cores of natural spinel-bearing harzburgites were used as starting materials. Based on mineral assemblage and composition three reaction zones are distinguishable from the rim towards the core of primary olivine and orthopyroxene grains. Zone 1 contains carbonates + quartz +/- kyanite and zone 2 contains carbonates + talc +/- chlorite. Olivine is further replaced in zone 3 by either antigorite+ magnesite or magnesite +talc within or above antigorite stability, respectively. Orthopyroxene is replaced in zone 3 by talc + chlorite. Mineral assemblages and the compositions of secondary minerals depend on fluid composition and the replaced primary silicate. The extent of alteration depends on fluid CO2 content and fluid/rock-ratio, and is further promoted by fluid permeable reaction zones and reaction driven cracking. Our results show that COH-fluid induced metasomatism of the forearc mantle is self-perpetuating and efficient at sequestering Ca-aq(2+), Sr-aq(2+), Ba-aq(2+) and CO2aq into newly formed carbonates. This process is fast with 90% of the available C sequestered and nearly 50% of the initial minerals altered at 650 degrees C, 2 GPa within 55 h. The dissolution of primary silicates under high COH-fluid/rock-ratios, as in channelized fluid flow, enriches SiO2aq in the fluid, while CO2aq is sequestered into carbonates. In an open system, the remaining CO2-depleted, Si-enriched aqueous fluid may cause Si-metasomatism in the forearc further away from the injection of the COH-fluid into peridotite.
KW  - Carbonation
KW  - Deep carbon cycle
KW  - COH-fluid
KW  - Forearc
KW  - HP-experiments
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01905-w
SN  - 0010-7999
SN  - 1432-0967
VL  - 177
IS  - 4
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schifferle, Lukas
A1  - Lobanov, Sergey S.
T1  - Evolution of chemical bonding and spin-pairing energy in ferropericlase across Its spin transition
JF  - ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
N2  - The evolution of chemical bonding in ferropericlase, (Mg,Fe)O, with pressure may affect the physical and chemical properties of the Earth's lower mantle. Here, we report high-pressure optical absorption spectra of single-crystalline ferropericlase ((Mg0.87Fe0.13)O) up to 135 GPa. Combined with a re-evaluation of published partial fluorescence yield X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, we show that the covalency of the Fe-O bond increases with pressure, but the iron spin transition at 57-76.5 GPa reverses this trend. The qualitative crossover in chemical bonding suggests that the spin-pairing transition weakens the Fe-O bond in ferropericlase. We find, that the spin transition in ferropericlase is caused by both the increase of the ligand field-splitting energy and the decrease in the spin-pairing energy of high-spin Fe2+.
KW  - high-pressure
KW  - diamond anvil cell
KW  - covalency
KW  - bond strength
KW  - iron
KW  - spin
KW  - transition
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00014
SN  - 2472-3452
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
SP  - 788
EP  - 799
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Porȩba, Tomasz
A1  - Racioppi, Stefano
A1  - Garbarino, Gaston
A1  - Morgenroth, Wolfgang
A1  - Mezouar, Mohamed
T1  - Investigating the structural symmetrization of CsI3 at high pressures through combined X-ray diffraction experiments and theoretical analysis
JF  - Inorganic chemistry
N2  - ABSTRACT: Structural evolution of cesium triiodide at high pressures has been revealed by synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Cesium triiodide undergoes a first-order phase transition above 1.24(3) GPa from an orthorhombic to a trigonal system. This transition is coupled with severe reorganization of the polyiodide network from a layered to three-dimensional architecture. Quantum chemical calculations show that even though the two polymorphic phases are nearly isoenergetic under ambient conditions, the PV term is decisive in stabilizing the trigonal polymorph above the transition point. Phonon calculations using a non-local correlation functional that accounts for dispersion interactions confirm that this polymorph is dynamically unstable under ambient conditions. The high-pressure behavior of crystalline CsI3 can be correlated with other alkali metal trihalides, which undergo a similar sequence of structural changes upon load.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01690
SN  - 0020-1669
SN  - 1520-510X
VL  - 61
IS  - 28
SP  - 10977
EP  - 10985
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wutzler, Bianca
A1  - Hudson, Paul
A1  - Thieken, Annegret
T1  - Adaptation strategies of flood-damaged businesses in Germany
JF  - Frontiers in water
N2  - Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication.
KW  - risk management
KW  - climate change adaptation
KW  - floods
KW  - disaster risk
KW  - reduction
KW  - Germany
KW  - precaution
KW  - emergency management
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.932061
SN  - 2624-9375
VL  - 4
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vorogushyn, Sergiy
A1  - Apel, Heiko
A1  - Kemter, Matthias
A1  - Thieken, Annegret
T1  - Analyse der Hochwassergefährdung im Ahrtal unter Berücksichtigung historischer Hochwasser
T1  - Analysis of flood hazard in the Ahr Valley considering historical floods
JF  - Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung
N2  - The flood disaster in July 2021 in western Germany calls for a critical discussion on flood hazard assessment, revision of flood hazard maps and communication of extreme flood scenarios. In the presented work, extreme value analysis was carried out for annual maximum peak flow series at the Altenahr gauge on the river Ahr. We compared flood statistics with and without considering historical flood events. An estimate for the return period of the recent flood based on the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution considering historical floods ranges between about 2600 and above 58700 years (90% confidence interval) with a median of approximately 8600 years, whereas an estimate based on the 74-year long systematically recorded flow series would theoretically exceed 100 million years. Consideration of historical floods dramatically changes the flood quantiles that are used for the generation of official flood hazard maps. The fitting of the GEV to the time series with historical floods reveals, however, that the model potentially inadequately reflects the flood population. In this case, we might face a mixed sample, in which extreme floods result from very different processes compared to smaller floods. Hence, the probabilities of extreme floods could be much larger than those resulting from a single GEV model. The application of a process-based mixed flood distribution should be explored in future work. <br /> The comparison of the official HQextrem flood maps for the AhrValley with the inundation areas from July 2021 shows a striking discrepancy in the affected areas and calls for revision of design values used to define extreme flood scenarios. The hydrodynamic simulations of a 1000-year return period flood considering historical events and of the 1804 flood scenario compare much better to the flooded areas from July 2021, though both scenarios still underestimated the flood extent. <br /> Particular effects such as clogging of bridges and geomorphological changes of the river channel led to considerably larger flooded areas in July 2021 compared to the simulation results. Based on this analysis, we call for a consistent definition of HQextrem for flood hazard mapping in Germany, and suggest using high flood quantiles in the range of a 1,000-year flood. Flood maps should additionally include model-based reconstructions of the largest, reliably documented historical floods and/or synthetic worst-case scenarios. This would be an important step towards protecting potentially affected population and disaster management from surprises due to very rare and extreme flood events in future.
N2  - Die Hochwasserkatastrophe im Juli 2021 in Westdeutschland erfordert eine kritische Diskussion über die Abschätzung der Hochwassergefährdung, Aktualisierung von Hochwassergefahrenkarten und Kommunikation von extremen Hochwasserszenarien. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Extremwertstatistik für die jährlichen maximalen Spitzenabflüsse am Pegel Altenahr im Ahrtal mit und ohne Berücksichtigung historischer Hochwasser berechnet und verglichen. Die Schätzung der Wiederkehrperiode für das aktuelle Hochwasser mittels Generalisierter Extremwertverteilung (GEV) unter Berücksichtigung historischer Hochwasser schwankt zwischen etwa 2.600 und über 58.700 Jahren (90%-Konfidenzintervall) mit einem Median bei etwa 8.600 Jahren, wogegen die Schätzung, die nur auf der systematisch gemessenen Abflusszeitreihe von 74 Jahren basiert, theoretisch eine Wiederkehrperiode von über 100 Millionen Jahren ergeben würde. Die Berücksichtigung der historischen Hochwasser führt zu einer dramatischen Änderung der Hochwasserquan-
tile, die für eine Gefahrenkartierung zugrunde gelegt werden. Die Anpassung der GEV an die Zeitreihe mit historischen Hochwassern zeigt dennoch, dass das GEV-Modell möglicherweise die Grundgesamtheit der Hochwasser im Ahrtal nicht adäquat abbilden kann. Es könnte sich im vorliegenden Fall um eine gemischte Stichprobe handeln, in der die extremen Hochwasser im Vergleich zu kleineren Ereignissen durch besondere Prozesse hervorgerufen werden. Somit könnten die Wahrscheinlichkeiten von extremen Hochwassern deutlich größer sein, als aus dem GEV-Modell hervorgeht. Hier sollte in Zukunft die Anwendung einer prozessbasierten Mischverteilung
untersucht werden. Der Vergleich von amtlichen Gefahrenkarten zu Extremhochwassern (HQextrem) im Ahrtal mit den Überflutungsflächen vom Juli 2021
zeigt eine deutliche Diskrepanz in den betroffenen Gebieten und die Notwendigkeit, die Grundlagen zur Erstellung der Extremszenarien zu überdenken. Die hydrodynamisch-numerischen Simulationen von 1.000-jährlichen Hochwassern (HQ1000) unter Berücksichtigung historischer Ereignisse und des größten historischen Hochwassers 1804 können die Gefährdung des Juli-Hochwassers 2021 deutlich besser widerspiegeln, wenngleich auch diese beiden Szenarien die Überflutungsflächen unterschätzen. Besondere Effekte wie die Verklausung von Brücken und die geomorphologischen Änderungen im Flussschlauch führten zu noch größeren Überflutungs- flächen im Juli 2021, als die Simulationsergebnisse zeigten. Basierend auf dieser Analyse wird eine einheitliche Festlegung von HQextrem bei Hochwassergefahrenkartierungen in Deutschland vorgeschlagen, die sich an höheren Hochwasserquantilen im Bereich von HQ1000 orientiert. Zusätzlich sollen simulationsbasierte Rekonstruktionen von den größten verlässlich dokumentierten historischen Hochwassern und/oder synthetische Worst-Case-Szenarien in den Hochwassergefahrenkarten gesondert dargestellt werden. Damit wird ein wichtiger Beitrag geleistet, um die potenziell betroffene Bevölkerung und das Katastrophenmanagement vor Überraschungen durch sehr seltene und extreme Hochwasser in Zukunft besser zu schützen.
KW  - Extreme value statistics
KW  - historical floods
KW  - flood hazard mapping;
KW  - inundation simulation
KW  - Ahr River
KW  - Extremwertstatistik
KW  - historische Hochwasser
KW  - Gefahrenkarten
KW  - Überflutungssimulation
KW  - Ahr
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5675/HyWa_2022.5_2
SN  - 1439-1783
VL  - 66
IS  - 5
SP  - 244
EP  - 254
PB  - Bundesanst. für Gewässerkunde
CY  - Koblenz
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wilhelms, Andre
A1  - Börsig, Nicolas
A1  - Yang, Jingwei
A1  - Holbach, Andreas
A1  - Norra, Stefan
T1  - Insights into phytoplankton dynamics and water quality monitoring with the BIOFISH at the Elbe River, Germany
JF  - Water
N2  - Understanding the key factors influencing the water quality of large river systems forms an important basis for the assessment and protection of cross-regional ecosystems and the implementation of adapted water management concepts. However, identifying these factors requires in-depth comprehension of the unique environmental systems, which can only be achieved by detailed water quality monitoring.
Within the scope of the joint science and sports event "Elbschwimmstaffel" (swimming relay on the river Elbe) in June/July 2017 organized by the German Ministry of Education and Research, water quality data were acquired along a 550 km long stretch of the Elbe River in Germany. During the survey, eight physiochemical water quality parameters were recorded in high spatial and temporal resolution with the BIOFISH multisensor system. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to identify and delineate processes influencing the water quality. 
The BIOFISH dataset revealed that phytoplankton activity has a major impact on the water quality of the Elbe River in the summer months. The results suggest that phytoplankton biomass constitutes a substantial proportion of the suspended particles and that photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton is closely related to significant temporal changes in pH and oxygen saturation.
An evaluation of the BIOFISH data based on the combination of statistical analysis with weather and discharge data shows that the hydrological and meteorological history of the sampled water body was the main driver of phytoplankton dynamics. This study demonstrates the capacity of longitudinal river surveys with the BIOFISH or similar systems for water quality assessment, the identification of pollution sources and their utilization for online in situ monitoring of rivers.
KW  - water quality
KW  - phytoplankton
KW  - river dynamics
KW  - multisensor system
KW  - online
KW  - monitoring
KW  - high spatial resolution
KW  - multivariate statistics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132078
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 14
IS  - 13
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tawfik, Ahmed Y.
A1  - Ondrak, Robert
A1  - Winterleitner, Gerd
A1  - Mutti, Maria
T1  - Source rock evaluation and petroleum system modeling of the East Beni Suef Basin, north Eastern Desert, Egypt
JF  - Journal of African earth sciences
N2  - This study deals with the East Beni Suef Basin (Eastern Desert, Egypt) and aims to evaluate the source-generative potential, reconstruct the burial and thermal history, examine the most influential parameters on thermal maturity modeling, and improve on the models already published for the West Beni Suef to ultimately formulate a complete picture of the whole basin evolution.
Source rock evaluation was carried out based on TOC, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and visual kerogen petrography analyses. Three kerogen types (II, II/III, and III) are distinguished in the East Beni Suef Basin, where the Abu Roash "F" Member acts as the main source rock with good to excellent source potential, oil-prone mainly type II kerogen, and immature to marginal maturity levels. 
The burial history shows four depositional and erosional phases linked with the tectonic evolution of the basin. A hiatus (due to erosion or non-deposition) has occurred during the Late Eocene-Oligocene in the East Beni Suef Basin, while the West Beni Suef Basin has continued subsiding. 
Sedimentation began later (Middle to Late Albian) with lower rates in the East Beni Suef Basin compared with the West Beni Suef Basin (Early Albian). The Abu Roash "F" source rock exists in the early oil window with a present-day transformation ratio of about 19% and 21% in the East and West Beni Suef Basin, respectively, while the Lower Kharita source rock, which is only recorded in the West Beni Suef Basin, has reached the late oil window with a present-day transformation ratio of about 70%. 
The magnitude of erosion and heat flow have proportional and mutual effects on thermal maturity. 
We present three possible scenarios of basin modeling in the East Beni Suef Basin concerning the erosion from the Apollonia and Dabaa formations. 
Results of this work can serve as a basis for subsequent 2D and/or 3D basin modeling, which are highly recommended to further investigate the petroleum system evolution of the Beni Suef Basin.
KW  - source rock evaluation
KW  - Kerogen petrography
KW  - basin modeling
KW  - sensitivity
KW  - analysis
KW  - Beni Suef Basin
KW  - Egypt
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104575
SN  - 1464-343X
SN  - 1879-1956
VL  - 193
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Khurana, Swamini
A1  - Heße, Falk
A1  - Hildebrandt, Anke
A1  - Thullner, Martin
T1  - Predicting the impact of spatial heterogeneity on microbially mediated nutrient cycling in the subsurface
JF  - Biogeosciences
N2  - The subsurface is a temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous compartment of the Earth's critical zone, and biogeochemical transformations taking place in this compartment are crucial for the cycling of nutrients. 
The impact of spatial heterogeneity on such microbially mediated nutrient cycling is not well known, which imposes a severe challenge in the prediction of in situ biogeochemical transformation rates and further of nutrient loading contributed by the groundwater to the surface water bodies. 
Therefore, we used a numerical modelling approach to evaluate the sensitivity of groundwater microbial biomass distribution and nutrient cycling to spatial heterogeneity in different scenarios accounting for various residence times. 
The model results gave us an insight into domain characteristics with respect to the presence of oxic niches in predominantly anoxic zones and vice versa depending on the extent of spatial heterogeneity and the flow regime. 
The obtained results show that microbial abundance, distribution, and activity are sensitive to the applied flow regime and that the mobile (i.e. observable by groundwater sampling) fraction of microbial biomass is a varying, yet only a small, fraction of the total biomass in a domain. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity resulted in anaerobic niches in the domain and shifts in microbial biomass between active and inactive states. The lack of consideration of spatial heterogeneity, thus, can result in inaccurate estimation of microbial activity. In most cases this leads to an overestimation of nutrient removal (up to twice the actual amount) along a flow path. 
We conclude that the governing factors for evaluating this are the residence time of solutes and the Damkohler number (Da) of the biogeochemical reactions in the domain. We propose a relationship to scale the impact of spatial heterogeneity on nutrient removal governed by the logioDa. 
This relationship may be applied in upscaled descriptions of microbially mediated nutrient cycling dynamics in the subsurface thereby resulting in more accurate predictions of, for example, carbon and nitrogen cycling in groundwater over long periods at the catchment scale.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-665-2022
SN  - 1726-4170
SN  - 1726-4189
VL  - 19
IS  - 3
SP  - 665
EP  - 688
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rembe, Johannes
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Kley, Jonas
A1  - Terbishalieva, Baiansulu
A1  - Musiol, Antje
A1  - Chen, Jie
A1  - Zhou, Renjie
T1  - Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Geodynamic Implications of Permo-Triassic Back-Arc Basin Successions in the North Pamir, Central Asia
JF  - Lithosphere
N2  - The Permo-Triassic period marks the time interval between Hercynian (Variscan) orogenic events in the Tien Shan and the North Pamir, and the Cimmerian accretion of the Gondwana-derived Central and South Pamir to the southern margin of the Paleo-Asian continent. A well-preserved Permo-Triassic volcano-sedimentary sequence from the Chinese North Pamir yields important information on the geodynamic evolution of Asia’s pre-Cimmerian southern margin. The oldest volcanic rocks from that section are dated to the late Guadalupian epoch by a rhyolite and a dacitic dike that gave zircon U-Pb ages of ~260 Ma. Permian volcanism was largely pyroclastic and mafic to intermediate. Upsection, a massive ignimbritic crystal tuff in the Chinese Qimgan valley was dated to 244.1 +/- 1.1 Ma, a similar unit in the nearby Gez valley to 245 +/- 11 Ma, and an associated rhyolite to 233.4 +/- 1.1 Ma. Deposition of the locally ~200 m thick crystal tuff unit follows an unconformity and marks the onset of intense, mainly mafic to intermediate, calc-alkaline magmatic activity. Triassic volcanic activity in the North Pamir was coeval with the major phase of Cimmerian intrusive activity in the Karakul-Mazar arc-accretionary complex to the south, caused by northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys. It also coincided with the emplacement of basanitic and carbonatitic dikes and a thermal event in the South Tien Shan, to the north of our study area. Evidence for arc-related magmatic activity in a back-arc position provides strong arguments for back-arc extension or transtension and basin formation. This puts the Qimgan succession in line with a more than 1000 km long realm of extensional Triassic back-arc basins known from the North Pamir in the Kyrgyz Altyn Darya valley (Myntekin formation), the North Pamir of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and the Afghan Hindukush (Doab formation) and further west from the Paropamisus and Kopet Dag (Aghdarband, NE Iran).
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.2113/2022/7514691
SN  - 1947-4253
VL  - 2022
IS  - 1
PB  - GeoScienceWorld, Geological Society of America
CY  - Boulder, Colorado, USA
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Erbello Doelesso, Asfaw
A1  - Melnick, Daniel
A1  - Zeilinger, Gerold
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Pingel, Heiko
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Geomorphic expression of a tectonically active rift-transfer zone in southern Ethiopia
JF  - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology
N2  - The Gofa Province and the Chew Bahir Basin of southern Ethiopia constitute tectonically active regions, where the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift converges with the Northern Kenya Rift through a wide zone of extensional deformation with several north to northeast-trending, left-stepping en-e & PRIME;chelon basins. This sector of the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift is characterized by a semi-arid climate and a largely uniform lithology, and thus provides ideal conditions for studying the different parameters that define the tectonic and geomorphic features of this complex kinematic transfer zone. In this study, the degree of tectonic activity, spatiotemporal variations in extension, and the nature of kinematic linkage between different fault systems of the transfer zone are constrained by detailed quantitative geomorphic analysis of river catchments and focused field work. We analyzed fluvial and landscape morphometric characteristics in combination with structural, seismicity, and climatic data to better evaluate the tectono-geomorphic history of this transfer zone. Our data reveal significant north-south variations in the degree of extension from the Sawula Basin in the north (mature) to the Chew Bahir Basin in the south (juvenile). First, normalized channel-steepness indices and the spatial arrangement of knickpoints in footwall-draining streams suggest a gradual, southward shift in extensional deformation and recent tectonic activity. Second, based on 1-k(m) radius local relief and mean-hillslope maximum values that are consistent with ksn anomalies, we confirm strain localization within zones of fault interaction. Third, morphometric indices such as hypsometry, basin asymmetry factor, and valley floor width to valley height ratio also indicate a north to south gradient in tectonic activity, highlighting the importance of such a wide transfer zone with diffuse extension linking different rift segments during the break-up of continental crust.
KW  - rift transfer zone
KW  - Ethiopia rift
KW  - renya Rift
KW  - morphometric indices
KW  - knickpoints
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108162
SN  - 0169-555X
SN  - 1872-695X
VL  - 403
PB  - Elsevier Science
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Riedl, Simon
A1  - Melnick, Daniel
A1  - Njue, Lucy
A1  - Sudo, Masafumi
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Mid-Pleistocene to recent crustal extension in the inner graben of the Northern Kenya Rift
JF  - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
N2  - Magmatic continental rifts often constitute nascent plate boundaries, yet long-term extension rates and transient rate changes associated with these early stages of continental breakup remain difficult to determine. Here, we derive a time-averaged minimum extension rate for the inner graben of the Northern Kenya Rift (NKR) of the East African Rift System for the last 0.5 m.y. We use the TanDEM-X science digital elevation model to evaluate fault-scarp geometries and determine fault throws across the volcano-tectonic axis of the inner graben of the NKR. Along rift-perpendicular profiles, amounts of cumulative extension are determined, and by integrating four new Ar-40/Ar-39 radiometric dates for the Silali volcano into the existing geochronology of the faulted volcanic units, time-averaged extension rates are calculated. This study reveals that in the inner graben of the NKR, the long-term extension rate based on mid-Pleistocene to recent brittle deformation has minimum values of 1.0-1.6 mm yr(-1), locally with values up to 2.0 mm yr(-1). A comparison with the decadal, geodetically determined extension rate reveals that at least 65% of the extension must be accommodated within a narrow, 20-km-wide zone of the inner rift. In light of virtually inactive border faults of the NKR, we show that extension is focused in the region of the active volcano-tectonic axis in the inner graben, thus highlighting the maturing of continental rifting in the NKR.
KW  - extensional tectonics
KW  - Kenya Rift
KW  - TanDEM-X DEM
KW  - DEM analysis
KW  - geochronology
KW  - normal faults
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC010123
SN  - 1525-2027
VL  - 23
IS  - 3
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Böhnke, Denise
A1  - Krehl, Alice
A1  - Moermann, Kai
A1  - Volk, Rebekka
A1  - Lützkendorf, Thomas
A1  - Naber, Elias
A1  - Becker, Ronja
A1  - Norra, Stefan
T1  - Mapping urban green and its ecosystem services at microscale-a methodological approach for climate adaptation and biodiversity
JF  - Sustainability / Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
N2  - The current awareness of the high importance of urban green leads to a stronger need for tools to comprehensively represent urban green and its benefits. A common scientific approach is the development of urban ecosystem services (UES) based on remote sensing methods at the city or district level. Urban planning, however, requires fine-grained data that match local management practices. Hence, this study linked local biotope and tree mapping methods to the concept of ecosystem services. The methodology was tested in an inner-city district in SW Germany, comparing publicly accessible areas and non-accessible courtyards. The results provide area-specific [m(2)] information on the green inventory at the microscale, whereas derived stock and UES indicators form the basis for comparative analyses regarding climate adaptation and biodiversity. In the case study, there are ten times more micro-scale green spaces in private courtyards than in the public space, as well as twice as many trees. The approach transfers a scientific concept into municipal planning practice, enables the quantitative assessment of urban green at the microscale and illustrates the importance for green stock data in private areas to enhance decision support in urban development. Different aspects concerning data collection and data availability are critically discussed.
KW  - climate adaptation
KW  - urban green
KW  - mapping
KW  - ecosystem service cascade
KW  - model
KW  - surface type-function-concept
KW  - planning indicators
KW  - city district
KW  - level
KW  - urban planning practice
KW  - climate change
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159029
SN  - 2071-1050
VL  - 14
IS  - 15
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ribacki, Enrico
A1  - Trumbull, Robert B.
A1  - Lopez De Luchi, Monica Graciela
A1  - Altenberger, Uwe
T1  - The chemical and B-Isotope composition of Tourmaline from intra-granitic Pegmatites in the Las Chacras-Potrerillos Batholith, Argentina
JF  - The Canadian mineralogist : journal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada
N2  - The Devonian Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith comprises six nested monzonitic to granitic intrusions with metaluminous to weakly peraluminous composition and a Sr-Nd isotopic signature indicating a dominantly juvenile mantle-derived source. The chemically most evolved units in the southern batholith contain a large number of intra-granitic, pod-shaped tourmaline-bearing pegmatites. This study uses in situ chemical and boron isotopic analyses of tourmaline from nine of these pegmatites to discuss their relationship to the respective host intrusions and the implications of their B-isotope composition for the source and evolution of the magmas. The tourmalines reveal a diversity in element composition (e.g., FeO, MgO, TiO2, CaO, MnO, F) which distinguishes individual pegmatites from one another. However, all have a narrow 5 11 B range of -13.7 to -10.5%0 (n = 100) which indicates a relatively uniform magmatic system and similar temperature conditions during tourmaline crystallization. The average delta(11) B value of -11.7%0 is typical for S-type granites and is within the range reported for peraluminous granites. pegmatites, and metamorphic units of the Ordovician basement into which the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith intruded. The B-isotope evidence argues for a crustal boron source like that of the Ordovician basement, in contrast to the metaluminous to weakly peraluminous composition and juvenile initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios of the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith magmas. We propose that the boron was not derived from the magma source region but was incorporated from dehydration melting of elastic metasedimentary rocks higher up in the crustal column.
KW  - pegmatite
KW  - tourmaline
KW  - SIMS
KW  - B-isotopes
KW  - Las Chacras-Potrerillos
KW  - Sierra de San Luis
KW  - Argentina
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100036
SN  - 0008-4476
SN  - 1499-1276
VL  - 60
IS  - 1
SP  - 49
EP  - 66
PB  - Association of Canada
CY  - Ottawa
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rodriguez Piceda, Constanza
A1  - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena
A1  - Bott, Judith
A1  - Gomez Dacal, Maria Laura
A1  - Cacace, Mauro
A1  - Pons, Michael
A1  - Prezzi, Claudia
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Controls of the Lithospheric Thermal Field of an Ocean-Continent Subduction Zone
BT  - the Southern Central Andes
JF  - Lithosphere / Geological Society of America
N2  - In an ocean-continent subduction zone, the assessment of the lithospheric thermal state is essential to determine the controls of the deformation within the upper plate and the dip angle of the subducting lithosphere. In this study, we evaluate the degree of influence of both the configuration of the upper plate (i.e., thickness and composition of the rock units) and variations of the subduction angle on the lithospheric thermal field of the southern Central Andes (29 degrees-39 degrees S). Here, the subduction angle increases from subhorizontal (5 degrees) north of 33 degrees S to steep (similar to 30 degrees) in the south. We derived the 3D temperature and heat flow distribution of the lithosphere in the southern Central Andes considering conversion of S wave tomography to temperatures together with steady-state conductive thermal modeling. We found that the orogen is overall warmer than the forearc and the foreland and that the lithosphere of the northern part of the foreland appears colder than its southern counterpart. Sedimentary blanketing and the thickness of the radiogenic crust exert the main control on the shallow thermal field (<50km depth). Specific conditions are present where the oceanic slab is relatively shallow (<85 km depth) and the radiogenic crust is thin. This configuration results in relatively colder temperatures compared to regions where the radiogenic crust is thick and the slab is steep. At depths >50km, the temperatures of the overriding plate are mainly controlled by the mantle heat input and the subduction angle. The thermal field of the upper plate likely preserves the flat subduction angle and influences the spatial distribution of shortening.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.2113/2022/2237272
SN  - 1941-8264
SN  - 1947-4253
VL  - 2022
IS  - 1
PB  - GeoScienceWorld
CY  - McLean
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rodriguez Piceda, Constanza
A1  - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena
A1  - Cacace, Mauro
A1  - Bott, Judith
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Long-Term Lithospheric Strength and Upper-Plate Seismicity in the Southern Central Andes, 29 degrees-39 degrees S
JF  - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
N2  - We examined the relationship between the mechanical strength of the lithosphere and the distribution of seismicity within the overriding continental plate of the southern Central Andes (SCA, 29 degrees-39 degrees S), where the oceanic Nazca Plate changes its subduction angle between 33 degrees S and 35 degrees S, from subhorizontal in the north (<5 degrees) to steep in the south (similar to 30 degrees). We computed the long-term lithospheric strength based on an existing 3D model describing variations in thickness, density, and temperature of the main geological units forming the lithosphere of the SCA and adjacent forearc and foreland regions. The comparison between our results and seismicity within the overriding plate (upper-plate seismicity) shows that most of the events occur within the modeled brittle domain of the lithosphere. The depth where the deformation mode switches from brittle frictional to thermally activated ductile creep provides a conservative lower bound to the seismogenic zone in the overriding plate of the study area. We also found that the majority of upper-plate earthquakes occurs within the realm of first-order contrasts in integrated strength (12.7-13.3 log Pam in the Andean orogen vs. 13.5-13.9 log Pam in the forearc and the foreland). Specific conditions characterize the mechanically strong northern foreland of the Andes, where seismicity is likely explained by the effects of slab steepening.
KW  - subduction zone
KW  - Andes
KW  - rheology
KW  - seismicity
KW  - flat-slab
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC010171
SN  - 1525-2027
VL  - 23
IS  - 3
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mar, Kathleen A.
A1  - Unger, Charlotte
A1  - Walderdorff, Ludmila
A1  - Butler, Tim
T1  - Beyond CO2 equivalence
BT  - The impacts of methane on climate, ecosystems, and health
JF  - Environmental science & policy
N2  - In this article we review the physical and chemical properties of methane (CH4) relevant to impacts on climate, ecosystems, and air pollution, and examine the extent to which this is reflected in climate and air pollution governance. Although CH4 is governed under the UNFCCC climate regime, its treatment there is limited to the ways in which it acts as a "CO2 equivalent" climate forcer on a 100-year time frame. The UNFCCC framework neglects the impacts that CH4 has on near-term climate, as well its impacts on human health and ecosystems, which are primarily mediated by methane's role as a precursor to tropospheric ozone. Frameworks for air quality governance generally address tropospheric ozone as a pollutant, but do not regulate CH4 itself. Methane's climate and air quality impacts, together with its alarming rise in atmospheric concentrations in recent years, make it clear that mitigation of CH4 emissions needs to be accelerated globally. We examine challenges and opportunities for further progress on CH4 mitigation within the international governance landscapes for climate change and air pollution.
KW  - Methane
KW  - Climate governance
KW  - Air pollution
KW  - International policy
KW  - Short-lived climate pollutants
KW  - Global warming potential
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.03.027
SN  - 1462-9011
SN  - 1873-6416
VL  - 134
SP  - 127
EP  - 136
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stoltnow, Malte
A1  - Lüders, Volker
A1  - Graaf, Stefan de
A1  - Niedermann, Samuel
T1  - A geochemical study of the Sweet Home mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA
BT  - formation of deep hydrothermal vein-type molybdenum greisen and base metal mineralization
JF  - Mineralium deposita : international journal for geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of mineral deposits
N2  - Deep hydrothermal Mo, W, and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine (Detroit City portal) formed in response to magmatic activity during the Oligocene. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions trapped in greisen quartz and fluorite suggest that the early-stage mineralization at the Sweet Home mine precipitated from low- to medium-salinity (1.5-11.5 wt% equiv. NaCl), CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures between 360 and 415 degrees C and at depths of at least 3.5 km. Stable isotope and noble gas isotope data indicate that greisen formation and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine was related to fluids of different origins. Early magmatic fluids were the principal source for mantle-derived volatiles (CO2, H2S/SO2, noble gases), which subsequently mixed with significant amounts of heated meteoric water. Mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water is constrained by delta H-2(w)-delta O-18(w) relationships of fluid inclusions. The deep hydrothermal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine shows features similar to deep hydrothermal vein mineralization at Climax-type Mo deposits or on their periphery. This suggests that fluid migration and the deposition of ore and gangue minerals in the Sweet Home mine was triggered by a deep-seated magmatic intrusion. The findings of this study are in good agreement with the results of previous fluid inclusion studies of the mineralization of the Sweet Home mine and from Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits in the Colorado Mineral Belt.
KW  - Hydrothermal veins
KW  - Fluid inclusion geochemistry
KW  - Fluid mixing
KW  - Ore
KW  - deposition
KW  - Colorado mineral belt
KW  - Molybdenum mineralization
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01102-6
SN  - 0026-4598
SN  - 1432-1866
VL  - 57
IS  - 5
SP  - 801
EP  - 825
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Neuharth, Derek
A1  - Brune, Sascha
A1  - Wrona, Thilo
A1  - Glerum, Anne
A1  - Braun, Jean
A1  - Yuan, Xiaoping
T1  - Evolution of rift systems and their fault networks in response to surface processes
JF  - Tectonics
N2  - Continental rifting is responsible for the generation of major sedimentary basins, both during rift inception and during the formation of rifted continental margins. Geophysical and field studies revealed that rifts feature complex networks of normal faults but the factors controlling fault network properties and their evolution are still matter of debate. Here, we employ high-resolution 2D geodynamic models (ASPECT) including two-way coupling to a surface processes (SP) code (FastScape) to conduct 12 models of major rift types that are exposed to various degrees of erosion and sedimentation. We further present a novel quantitative fault analysis toolbox (Fatbox), which allows us to isolate fault growth patterns, the number of faults, and their length and displacement throughout rift history. Our analysis reveals that rift fault networks may evolve through five major phases: (a) distributed deformation and coalescence, (b) fault system growth, (c) fault system decline and basinward localization, (d) rift migration, and (e) breakup. These phases can be correlated to distinct rifted margin domains. Models of asymmetric rifting suggest rift migration is facilitated through both ductile and brittle deformation within a weak exhumation channel that rotates subhorizontally and remains active at low angles. In sedimentation-starved settings, this channel satisfies the conditions for serpentinization. We find that SP are not only able to enhance strain localization and to increase fault longevity but that they also reduce the total length of the fault system, prolong rift phases and delay continental breakup.
KW  - rifts
KW  - fault network
KW  - surface processes
KW  - geodynamics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC007166
SN  - 0278-7407
SN  - 1944-9194
VL  - 41
IS  - 3
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Singh, Manudeo
A1  - Sinha, Rajiv
A1  - Mishra, Arjit
A1  - Babu, Suresh
T1  - Wetlandscape (dis)connectivity and fragmentation in a large wetland (Haiderpur) in west Ganga plains, India
JF  - Earth surface processes and landforms : the journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group
N2  - Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems that require continuous monitoring and assessment of degradation status to design strategies for their sustainable management. While hydrology provides the primary functional control for the wetland ecosystem, the loss of landscape connectivity influences wetland degradation in a major way as it leads to fragmentation. This article aims to integrate hydrogeomorphic and ecological concepts for the assessment of degradation status and its causal factors for a large wetland in the western Ganga plains, India, the Haiderpur, using a wetlandscape approach. We have used a remote-sensing-based approach, which offers a powerful tool for assessing and linking cross-scale structures, functions, and controls in a wetlandscape. The Haiderpur, a Ramsar site since December 2021, is an artificial wetland located on the right bank of the Ganga River wherein the inflows are controlled by a barrage constructed on the Ganga River apart from smaller tributaries flowing in from the north. A novel aspect of this work is the integration of river dynamics and its connectivity to the wetlandscape to understand the spatiotemporal variability in the waterspread area in the wetland. In this work, we have developed an integrated wetlandscape assessment approach by evaluating wetland's geomorphic and hydrological connectivity status for the period 1993-2019 (25 years) across three different spatial scales - regional, catchment, and wetland. We have highlighted the ecological implications of connectivity and patch dynamics for developing sustainable wetland management plans.
KW  - floodplain wetlands
KW  - Ganga River
KW  - geomorphic connectivity
KW  - wetland
KW  - degradation
KW  - wetland hydrology
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5352
SN  - 0197-9337
SN  - 1096-9837
VL  - 47
IS  - 7
SP  - 1872
EP  - 1887
PB  - Wiley
CY  - New York, NY [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Armstrong, Michael R.
A1  - Radousky, Harry B.
A1  - Austin, Ryan A.
A1  - Tschauner, Oliver
A1  - Brown, Shaughnessy
A1  - Gleason, Arianna E.
A1  - Goldman, Nir
A1  - Granados, Eduardo
A1  - Grivickas, Paulius
A1  - Holtgrewe, Nicholas
A1  - Kroonblawd, Matthew P.
A1  - Lee, Hae Ja
A1  - Lobanov, Sergey
A1  - Nagler, Bob
A1  - Nam, Inhyuk
A1  - Prakapenka, Vitali
A1  - Prescher, Clemens
A1  - Reed, Evan J.
A1  - Stavrou, Elissaios
A1  - Walter, Peter
A1  - Goncharov, Alexander F.
A1  - Belof, Jonathan L.
T1  - Highly ordered graphite (HOPG) to hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite) phase transition observed on picosecond time scales using ultrafast x-ray diffraction
JF  - Journal of applied physics
N2  - The response of rapidly compressed highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) normal to its basal plane was investigated at a pressure of & SIM;80 GPa. Ultrafast x-ray diffraction using & SIM;100 fs pulses at the Materials Under Extreme Conditions sector of the Linac Coherent Light Source was used to probe the changes in crystal structure resulting from picosecond timescale compression at laser drive energies ranging from 2.5 to 250 mJ. A phase transformation from HOPG to a highly textured hexagonal diamond structure is observed at the highest energy, followed by relaxation to a still highly oriented, but distorted graphite structure following release. We observe the formation of a highly oriented lonsdaleite within 20 ps, subsequent to compression. This suggests that a diffusionless martensitic mechanism may play a fundamental role in phase transition, as speculated in an early work on this system, and more recent static studies of diamonds formed in impact events. Published by AIP Publishing.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0085297
SN  - 0021-8979
SN  - 1089-7550
VL  - 132
IS  - 5
PB  - AIP Publishing
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Procyk, Roman
A1  - Lovejoy, Shaun
A1  - Hébert, Raphaёl
T1  - The fractional energy balance equation for climate projections through 2100
JF  - Earth system dynamics / European Geosciences Union
N2  - We produce climate projections through the 21st century using the fractional energy balance equation (FEBE): a generalization of the standard energy balance equation (EBE). The FEBE can be derived from Budyko-Sellers models or phenomenologically through the application of the scaling symmetry to energy storage processes, easily implemented by changing the integer order of the storage (derivative) term in the EBE to a fractional value. 
The FEBE is defined by three parameters: a fundamental shape parameter, a timescale and an amplitude, corresponding to, respectively, the scaling exponent h, the relaxation time tau and the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Two additional parameters were needed for the forcing: an aerosol recalibration factor alpha to account for the large aerosol uncertainty and a volcanic intermittency correction exponent upsilon. A Bayesian framework based on historical temperatures and natural and anthropogenic forcing series was used for parameter estimation. Significantly, the error model was not ad hoc but rather predicted by the model itself: the internal variability response to white noise internal forcing. 
The 90 % credible interval (CI) of the exponent and relaxation time were h = [0.33, 0.44] (median = 0.38) and tau = [2.4, 7.0] (median = 4.7) years compared to the usual EBE h = 1, and literature values of tau typically in the range 2-8 years. Aerosol forcings were too strong, requiring a decrease by an average factor alpha = [0.2, 1.0] (median = 0.6); the volcanic intermittency correction exponent was upsilon = [0.15, 0.41] (median = 0.28) compared to standard values alpha = upsilon = 1. The overpowered aerosols support a revision of the global modern (2005) aerosol forcing 90 % CI to a narrower range [ -1.0, -0.2] W m(-2). The key parameter ECS in comparison to IPCC AR5 (and to the CMIP6 MME), the 90 % CI range is reduced from [1.5, 4.5] K ([2.0, 5.5] K) to [1.6, 2.4] K ([1.5, 2.2] K), with median value lowered from 3.0 K (3.7 K) to 2.0 K (1.8 K) Similarly we found for the transient climate response (TCR), the 90 % CI range shrinks from [1.0, 2.5] K ([1.2, 2.8] K) to [1.2, 1.8] K ([1.1, 1.6] K) and the median estimate decreases from 1.8 K (2.0 K) to 1.5 K (1.4 K). As often seen in other observational-based studies, the FEBE values for climate sensitivities are therefore somewhat lower but still consistent with those in IPCC AR5 and the CMIP6 MME. <br /> Using these parameters, we made projections to 2100 using both the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, and compared them to the corresponding CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi-model ensembles (MMEs). The FEBE historical reconstructions (1880-2020) closely follow observations, notably during the 1998-2014 slowdown ("hiatus"). We also reproduce the internal variability with the FEBE and statistically validate this against centennial-scale temperature observations. Overall, the FEBE projections were 10 %-15 % lower but due to their smaller uncertainties, their 90 % CIs lie completely within the GCM 90 % CIs. This agreement means that the FEBE validates the MME, and vice versa.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-81-2022
SN  - 2190-4979
SN  - 2190-4987
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
SP  - 81
EP  - 107
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rasigraf, Olivia
A1  - Wagner, Dirk
T1  - Landslides
BT  - an emerging model for ecosystem and soil chronosequence research
JF  - Earth science reviews : the international geological journal bridging the gap between research articles and textbooks
N2  - Erosion by landslides is a common phenomenon in mountain regions around the globe, affecting all climatic zones. Landslides facilitate bedrock weathering, pedogenesis and ecological succession, being key drivers of biodiversity. Landslide chronosequences have long been used for studies of vegetation succession in initial ecosystems, but they further offer ideal model systems for studies of soil development and microbial community succession. In this review we synthesize the state of knowledge on the role of landslides in ecosystems, their influence on element cycles and interactions with biota. Further, we discuss feedback mechanisms between global warming, landslide activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In the view of increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change, soils are becoming a critical resource. Due to their ubiquity, landslide chronosequences have the potential to provide critical insights into soil development under different climates and thereby contribute to future soil restoration efforts.
KW  - Landslides
KW  - Greenhouse gas emissions
KW  - Landslide chronosequences
KW  - Soil
KW  - microbial community
KW  - Erosion
KW  - Biodiversity
KW  - Microbial processes
KW  - Climate
KW  - change
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104064
SN  - 0012-8252
SN  - 1872-6828
VL  - 231
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bartholomäus, Alexander
A1  - Lipus, Daniel
A1  - Mitzscherling, Julia
A1  - MacLean, Joana
A1  - Wagner, Dirk
T1  - Draft Genome Sequence of Nocardioides alcanivorans NGK65(T), a Hexadecane-Degrading Bacterium
JF  - Microbiology Resource Announcements
N2  - The Gram-positive bacterium Nocardioides alcanivorans NGK65(T) was isolated from plastic-polluted soil and cultivated on medium with polyethylene as the single carbon source. Nanopore sequencing revealed the presence of candidate enzymes for the biodegradation of polyethylene. Here, we report the draft genome of this newly described member of the terrestrial plastisphere.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01213-21
SN  - 2576-098X
VL  - 11
IS  - 8
PB  - American Society for Microbiology
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Monhonval, Arthur
A1  - Strauss, Jens
A1  - Thomas, Maxime
A1  - Hirst, Catherine
A1  - Titeux, Hugues
A1  - Louis, Justin
A1  - Gilliot, Alexia
A1  - D'Aische, Eleonore du Bois
A1  - Pereira, Benoit
A1  - Vandeuren, Aubry
A1  - Grosse, Guido
A1  - Schirrmeister, Lutz
A1  - Jongejans, Loeka Laura
A1  - Ulrich, Mathias
A1  - Opfergelt, Sophie
T1  - Thermokarst processes increase the supply of stabilizing surfaces and elements (Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca) for mineral-organic carbon interactions
JF  - Permafrost and periglacial processes
N2  - The stabilizing properties of mineral-organic carbon (OC) interactions have been studied in many soil environments (temperate soils, podzol lateritic soils, and paddy soils). Recently, interest in their role in permafrost regions is increasing as permafrost was identified as a hotspot of change. In thawing ice-rich permafrost regions, such as the Yedoma domain, 327-466 Gt of frozen OC is buried in deep sediments. Interactions between minerals and OC are important because OC is located very near the mineral matrix. Mineral surfaces and elements could mitigate recent and future greenhouse gas emissions through physical and/or physicochemical protection of OC. The dynamic changes in redox and pH conditions associated with thermokarst lake formation and drainage trigger metal-oxide dissolution and precipitation, likely influencing OC stabilization and microbial mineralization. However, the influence of thermokarst processes on mineral-OC interactions remains poorly constrained. In this study, we aim to characterize Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca minerals and their potential protective role for OC. Total and selective extractions were used to assess the crystalline and amorphous oxides or complexed metal pools as well as the organic acids found within these pools. We analyzed four sediment cores from an ice-rich permafrost area in Central Yakutia, which were drilled (i) in undisturbed Yedoma uplands, (ii) beneath a recent lake formed within Yedoma deposits, (iii) in a drained thermokarst lake basin, and (iv) beneath a mature thermokarst lake from the early Holocene period. We find a decrease in the amount of reactive Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca in the deposits on lake formation (promoting reduction reactions), and this was largely balanced by an increase in the amount of reactive metals in the deposits on lake drainage (promoting oxidation reactions). We demonstrate an increase in the metal to C molar ratio on thermokarst process, which may indicate an increase in metal-C bindings and could provide a higher protective role against microbial mineralization of organic matter. Finally, we find that an increase in mineral-OC interactions corresponded to a decrease in CO2 and CH4 gas emissions on thermokarst process. Mineral-OC interactions could mitigate greenhouse gas production from permafrost thaw as soon as lake drainage occurs.
KW  - Arctic
KW  - organic carbon stabilization
KW  - permafrost
KW  - redox processes
KW  - thaw
KW  - Yedoma
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2162
SN  - 1045-6740
SN  - 1099-1530
VL  - 33
IS  - 4
SP  - 452
EP  - 469
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nomosatryo, Sulung
A1  - Tjallingii, Rik
A1  - Henny, Cynthia
A1  - Ridwansyah, Iwan
A1  - Wagner, Dirk
A1  - Tomás, Sara
A1  - Kallmeyer, Jens
T1  - Surface sediment composition and depositional environments in tropical Lake Sentani, Papua Province, Indonesia
JF  - Journal of Paleolimnology
N2  - Tropical Lake Sentani in the Indonesian Province Papua consists of four separate basins and is surrounded by a catchment with a very diverse geology. We characterized the surface sediment (upper 5 cm) of the lake's four sub-basins based on multivariate statistical analyses (principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering) of major element compositions obtained by X-ray fluorescence scanning. Three types of sediment are identified based on distinct compositional differences between rivers, shallow/proximal and deep/distal lake sediments. The different sediment types are mainly characterized by the correlation of elements associated with redox processes (S, Mn, Fe), carbonates (Ca), and detrital input (Ti, Al, Si, K) derived by river discharge. The relatively coarse-grained river sediments mainly derive form the mafic catchment geology and contribution of the limestone catchment geology is only limited. Correlation of redox sensitive and detrital elements are used to reveal oxidation conditions, and indicate oxic conditions in river samples and reducing conditions for lake sediments. Organic carbon (TOC) generally correlates with redox sensitive elements, although a correlation between TOC and individual elements change strongly between the three sediment types. Pyrite is the quantitatively dominant reduced sulfur mineral, monosulfides only reach appreciable concentrations in samples from rivers draining mafic and ultramafic catchments. Our study shows large spatial heterogeneity within the lake's sub-basins that is mainly caused by catchment geology and topography, river runoff as well as the bathymetry and the depth of the oxycline. We show that knowledge about lateral heterogeneity is crucial for understanding the geochemical and sedimentological variations recorded by these sediments. The highly variable conditions make Lake Sentani a natural laboratory, with its different sub-basins representing different depositional environments under identical tropical climate conditions.
KW  - Tropical lake
KW  - Lacustrine sediment
KW  - XRF analysis
KW  - Multivariate
KW  - statistics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-022-00259-4
SN  - 0921-2728
SN  - 1573-0417
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bufe, Aaron
A1  - Cook, Kristen L.
A1  - Galy, Albert
A1  - Wittmann, Hella
A1  - Hovius, Niels
T1  - The effect of lithology on the relationship between denudation rate and chemical weathering pathways
BT  - evidence from the eastern Tibetan Plateau
JF  - Earth surface dynamics
N2  - The denudation of rocks in mountain belts exposes a range of fresh minerals to the surface of the Earth that are chemically weathered by acidic and oxygenated fluids. The impact of the resulting coupling between denudation and weathering rates fundamentally depends on the types of minerals that are weathering. Whereas silicate weathering sequesters CO2, the combination of sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution emits CO2 to the atmosphere. Here, we combine the concentrations of dissolved major elements in stream waters with Be-10 basin-wide denudation rates from 35 small catchments in eastern Tibet to elucidate the importance of lithology in modulating the relationships between denudation rate, chemical weathering pathways, and CO2 consumption or release. Our catchments span 3 orders of magnitude in denudation rate in low-grade flysch, high-grade metapelites, and granitoid rocks. For each stream, we estimate the concentrations of solutes sourced from silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, and sulfide oxidation using a mixing model. We find that for all lithologies, cation concentrations from silicate weathering are largely independent of denudation rate, but solute concentrations from carbonates and, where present, sulfides increase with increasing denudation rate. With increasing denudation rates, weathering may therefore shift from consuming to releasing CO2 in both (meta)sedimentary and granitoid lithologies. For a given denudation rate, we report dissolved solid concentrations and inferred weathering fluxes in catchments underlain by (meta)sedimentary rock that are 2-10 times higher compared to catchments containing granitoid lithologies, even though climatic and topographic parameters do not vary systematically between these catchments. Thus, varying proportions of exposed (meta)sedimentary and igneous rocks during orogenesis could lead to changes in the sequestration and release of CO2 that are independent of denudation rate.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-513-2022
SN  - 2196-6311
SN  - 2196-632X
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
SP  - 513
EP  - 530
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Buter, Anuschka
A1  - Heckmann, Tobias
A1  - Filisetti, Lorenzo
A1  - Savi, Sara
A1  - Mao, Luca
A1  - Gems, Bernhard
A1  - Comiti, Francesco
T1  - Effects of catchment characteristics and hydro-meteorological scenarios on sediment connectivity in glacierised catchments
JF  - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology
N2  - In the past decade, sediment connectivity has become a widely recognized characteristic of a geomorphic system. However, the quantification of functional connectivity (i.e. connectivity which arises due to the actual occurrence of sediment transport processes) and its variation over space and time is still a challenge. In this context, this study assesses the effects of expected future phenomena in the context of climate change (i.e. glacier retreat, permafrost degradation or meteorological extreme events) on sediment transport dynamics in a glacierised Alpine basin. The study area is the Sulden river basin (drainage area 130 km(2)) in the Italian Alps, which is composed of two geomorphologically diverse sub-basins. Based on graph theory, we evaluated the spatio-temporal variations in functional connectivity in these two sub-basins. The graph-object, obtained by manually mapping sediment transport processes between landforms, was adapted to 6 different hydro-meteorological scenarios, which derive from combining base, heatwave and rainstorm conditions with snowmelt and glacier-melt periods. For each scenario and each sub-basin, the sediment transport network and related catchment characteristics were analysed. To compare the effects of the scenarios on functional connectivity, we introduced a connectivity degree, calculated based on the area of the landforms involved in sediment cascades. Results indicate that the area of the basin connected to its outlet in terms of sediment transport might feature a six-fold increase in case of rainstorm conditions compared to "average " meteorological conditions assumed for the base scenario. Furthermore, markedly different effects of climate change on sediment connectivity are expected between the two sub-catchments due to their contrasting morphological and lithological characteristics, in terms of relative importance of rainfall triggered colluvial processes vs temperature-driven proglacial fluvial dynamics.
KW  - Functional connectivity
KW  - Graph theory
KW  - Climate change
KW  - Geomorphic systems
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108128
SN  - 0169-555X
SN  - 1872-695X
VL  - 402
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Foong, Adrian
A1  - Pradhan, Prajal
A1  - Frör, Oliver
A1  - Kropp, Jürgen P.
T1  - Adjusting agricultural emissions for trade matters for climate change mitigation
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in food systems is becoming more challenging as food is increasingly consumed away from producer regions, highlighting the need to consider emissions embodied in trade in agricultural emissions accounting. 
To address this, our study explores recent trends in trade-adjusted agricultural emissions of food items at the global, regional, and national levels. 

We find that emissions are largely dependent on a country’s consumption patterns and their agricultural emission intensities relative to their trading partners’. 
The absolute differences between the production-based and trade-adjusted emissions accounting approaches are especially apparent for major agricultural exporters and importers and where large shares of emission-intensive items such as ruminant meat, milk products and rice are involved. 

In relative terms, some low-income and emerging and developing economies with consumption of high emission intensity food products show large differences between approaches. 
Similar trends are also found under various specifications that account for trade and re-exports differently. 
These findings could serve as an important element towards constructing national emissions reduction targets that consider trading partners, leading to more effective emissions reductions overall.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30607-x
SN  - 2041-1723
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
PB  - Nature Publishing Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Daskalopoulou, Kyriaki
A1  - D'Alessandro, Walter
A1  - Longo, Manfredi
A1  - Pecoraino, Giovannella
A1  - Calabrese, Sergio
T1  - Shallow sea gas manifestations in the Aegean Sea (Greece) as natural analogs to study ocean acidification
BT  - first catalog and geochemical characterization
JF  - Frontiers in Marine Science
N2  - The concepts of CO2 emission, global warming, climate change, and their environmental impacts are of utmost importance for the understanding and protection of the ecosystems. 
Among the natural sources of gases into the atmosphere, the contribution of geogenic sources plays a crucial role. However, while subaerial emissions are widely studied, submarine outgassing is not yet well understood. 

In this study, we review and catalog 122 literature and unpublished data of submarine emissions distributed in ten coastal areas of the Aegean Sea. This catalog includes descriptions of the degassing vents through in situ observations, their chemical and isotopic compositions, and flux estimations. 
Temperatures and pH data of surface seawaters in four areas affected by submarine degassing are also presented. 

This overview provides useful information to researchers studying the impact of enhanced seawater CO2 concentrations related either to increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere or leaking carbon capture and storage systems.
KW  - CO2 emissions
KW  - submarine gas vents
KW  - geogenic degassing
KW  - environmental
KW  - impact
KW  - Greek Islands
KW  - gas flux
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.775247
SN  - 2296-7745
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Müller, Daniela
A1  - Neugebauer, Ina
A1  - Ben Dor, Yoav
A1  - Enzel, Yehouda
A1  - Schwab, Markus Julius
A1  - Tjallingii, Rik
A1  - Brauer, Achim
T1  - Phases of stability during major hydroclimate change ending the Last Glacial in the Levant
JF  - Scientific reports
N2  - In-depth understanding of the reorganization of the hydrological cycle in response to global climate change is crucial in highly sensitive regions like the eastern Mediterranean, where water availability is a major factor for socioeconomic and political development. 
The sediments of Lake Lisan provide a unique record of hydroclimatic change during the last glacial to Holocene transition (ca. 24-11 ka) with its tremendous water level drop of similar to 240 m that finally led to its transition into the present hypersaline water body-the Dead Sea. 
Here we utilize high-resolution sedimentological analyses from the marginal terraces and deep lake to reconstruct an unprecedented seasonal record of the last millennia of Lake Lisan. Aragonite varve formation in intercalated intervals of our record demonstrates that a stepwise long-term lake level decline was interrupted by almost one millennium of rising or stable water level. 
Even periods of pronounced water level drops indicated by gypsum deposition were interrupted by decades of positive water budgets. 
Our results thus highlight that even during major climate change at the end of the last glacial, decadal to millennial periods of relatively stable or positive moisture supply occurred which could have been an important premise for human sedentism.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10217-9
SN  - 2045-2322
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
PB  - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ortiz, Gustavo
A1  - Saez, Mauro
A1  - Alvarado, Patricia
A1  - Rivas, Carolina
A1  - García, Víctor Hugo
A1  - Alonso, Ricardo
A1  - Zullo, Fernando Morales
T1  - Seismotectonic characterization of the 1948 (M-W 6.9) Anta earthquake Santa  Barbara System, central Andes broken foreland of northwestern Argentina
JF  - Journal of South American earth sciences
N2  - The region of the Andean back-arc of northwestern Argentina has been struck by several magnitude >= 6 crustal earthquakes since the first historically recorded event in 1692. One of these events corresponds to the Anta earthquake on 25 August 1948, with epicenter in the Santa Barbara System causing three deaths and severe damage in Salta and Jujuy provinces with maximum Modified Mercalli seismic intensities (MMI) of IX. We collected and digitized analog seismograms of this earthquake from worldwide seismic observatories in order to perform first-motion analysis and modeling of long-period teleseismic P-waveforms. Our results indicate a simple seismic source of M0 = 2.85 x 1019 N m consistent with a moment magnitude Mw = 6.9. We have also tested for the focal depth determining a shallow source at 8 km with a reverse focal mechanism solution with a minor dextral strike-slip component (strike 20 degrees, dip 30 degrees, rake 120 degrees) from the best fit of waveforms. Using magnitude size empirical relationships, the comparison of the obtained Mw 6.9 magnitude value and the ca. 10,000 km2 area of MMI >= IX from our seismic intensity map, which was obtained from newspaper and many historical reports, indicates a rupture length of 42 +/- 8 km for the Anta earthquake. We show our results in a 3D geological model around the epicentral area, which integrates modern seismicity, geological data, and information of a previously studied east-west cross section located a few kilometers south of the 1948 epicenter. The integration of all available information provides evidence of the re-activation of the Pie de la Sierra del Gallo fault during the 1948 Mw 6.9 shallow earthquake; this thrust fault bounds the Santa Barbara System along its western foothill.
KW  - Active tectonics
KW  - Analog historical seismograms
KW  - Andean back-arc;
KW  - Thick-skinned tectonics
KW  - Central Andes
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103822
SN  - 0895-9811
SN  - 1873-0647
VL  - 116
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krämer, Hauke Kai
A1  - Gelbrecht, Maximilian
A1  - Pavithran, Induja
A1  - Sujith, Ravindran
A1  - Marwan, Norbert
T1  - Optimal state space reconstruction via Monte Carlo decision tree search
JF  - Nonlinear Dynamics
N2  - A novel idea for an optimal time delay state space reconstruction from uni- and multivariate time series is presented. The entire embedding process is considered as a game, in which each move corresponds to an embedding cycle and is subject to an evaluation through an objective function. This way the embedding procedure can be modeled as a tree, in which each leaf holds a specific value of the objective function. By using a Monte Carlo ansatz, the proposed algorithm populates the tree with many leafs by computing different possible embedding paths and the final embedding is chosen as that particular path, which ends at the leaf with the lowest achieved value of the objective function. The method aims to prevent getting stuck in a local minimum of the objective function and can be used in a modular way, enabling practitioners to choose a statistic for possible delays in each embedding cycle as well as a suitable objective function themselves. The proposed method guarantees the optimization of the chosen objective function over the parameter space of the delay embedding as long as the tree is sampled sufficiently. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the classical time delay embedding methods using a variety of application examples. We compare recurrence plot-based statistics inferred from reconstructions of a Lorenz-96 system and highlight an improved forecast accuracy for map-like model data as well as for palaeoclimate isotope time series. Finally, we utilize state space reconstruction for the detection of causality and its strength between observables of a gas turbine type thermoacoustic combustor.
KW  - State space reconstruction
KW  - Embedding
KW  - Optimization
KW  - Time series analysis
KW  - Causality
KW  - Prediction
KW  - Recurrence analysis
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07280-2
SN  - 0924-090X
SN  - 1573-269X
VL  - 108
IS  - 2
SP  - 1525
EP  - 1545
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Svennevig, Kristian
A1  - Hermanns, Reginald L.
A1  - Keiding, Marie
A1  - Binder, Daniel
A1  - Citterio, Michele
A1  - Dahl-Jensen, Trine
A1  - Mertl, Stefan
A1  - Sørensen, Erik Vest
A1  - Voss, Peter Henrik
T1  - A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground-the June 2021 Assapaat landslibe, West Greenland
JF  - Landslides
N2  - A large landslide (frozen debris avalanche) occurred at Assapaat on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland on June 13, 2021, at 04:04 local time. We present a compilation of available data from field observations, photos, remote sensing, and seismic monitoring to describe the event. Analysis of these data in combination with an analysis of pre- and post-failure digital elevation models results in the first description of this type of landslide. The frozen debris avalanche initiated as a 6.9 * 10(6) m(3) failure of permafrozen talus slope and underlying colluvium and till at 600-880 m elevation. It entrained a large volume of permafrozen colluvium along its 2.4 km path in two subsequent entrainment phases accumulating a total volume between 18.3 * 10(6) and 25.9 * 10(6) m(3). About 3.9 * 10(6) m(3) is estimated to have entered the Vaigat strait; however, no tsunami was reported, or is evident in the field. This is probably because the second stage of entrainment along with a flattening of slope angle reduced the mobility of the frozen debris avalanche. We hypothesise that the initial talus slope failure is dynamically conditioned by warming of the ice matrix that binds the permafrozen talus slope. When the slope ice temperature rises to a critical level, its shear resistance is reduced, resulting in an unstable talus slope prone to failure. Likewise, we attribute the large-scale entrainment to increasing slope temperature and take the frozen debris avalanche as a strong sign that the permafrost in this region is increasingly at a critical state. Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic and frequent landslide events in the past decade in Western Greenland let us hypothesise that continued warming will lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of these types of landslides. Essential data for critical arctic slopes such as precipitation, snowmelt, and ground and surface temperature are still missing to further test this hypothesis. It is thus strongly required that research funds are made available to better predict the change of landslide threat in the Arctic.
KW  - Assapaat landslide
KW  - Slope temperature
KW  - Global warming
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7
SN  - 1612-510X
SN  - 1612-5118
VL  - 19
SP  - 2549
EP  - 2567
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stevanato, Luca
A1  - Baroni, Gabriele
A1  - Oswald, Sascha
A1  - Lunardon, Marcello
A1  - Mareš, Vratislav
A1  - Marinello, Francesco
A1  - Moretto, Sandra
A1  - Polo, Matteo
A1  - Sartori, Paolo
A1  - Schattan, Paul
A1  - Rühm, Werner
T1  - An alternative incoming correction for cosmic-ray neutron sensing observations using local muon measurement
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications.
KW  - CRNS
KW  - soil-moisture
KW  - neutrons
KW  - muons
KW  - cosmic-rays
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095383
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 49
IS  - 6
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jozi Najafabadi, Azam
A1  - Haberland, Christian
A1  - Le Breton, Eline
A1  - Handy, Mark R.
A1  - Verwater, Vincent F.
A1  - Heit, Benjamin
A1  - Weber, Michael
T1  - Constraints on crustal structure in the vicinity of the adriatic indenter (European Alps) from Vp and Vp/Vs local earthquake tomography
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - In this study, 3-D models of P-wave velocity (Vp) and P-wave and S-wave ratio (Vp/Vs) of the crust and upper mantle in the Eastern and eastern Southern Alps (northern Italy and southern Austria) were calculated using local earthquake tomography (LET). The data set includes high-quality arrival times from well-constrained hypocenters observed by the dense, temporary seismic networks of the AlpArray AASN and SWATH-D. The resolution of the LET was checked by synthetic tests and analysis of the model resolution matrix. The small inter-station spacing (average of similar to 15 km within the SWATH-D network) allowed us to image crustal structure at unprecedented resolution across a key part of the Alps. The derived P velocity model revealed a highly heterogeneous crustal structure in the target area. One of the main findings is that the lower crust is thickened, forming a bulge at 30-50 km depth just south of and beneath the Periadriatic Fault and the Tauern Window. This indicates that the lower crust decoupled both from its mantle substratum as well as from its upper crust. The Moho, taken to be the iso-velocity contour of Vp = 7.25 km/s, agrees with the Moho depth from previous studies in the European and Adriatic forelands. It is shallower on the Adriatic side than on the European side. This is interpreted to indicate that the European Plate is subducted beneath the Adriatic Plate in the Eastern and eastern Southern Alps.
KW  - European Alps
KW  - crustal structure
KW  - subduction
KW  - seismic tomography
KW  - body waves
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023160
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 127
IS  - 2
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ramachandran, Srikanthan
A1  - Rupakheti, Maheswar
A1  - Cherian, R.
A1  - Lawrence, Mark
T1  - Climate Benefits of Cleaner Energy Transitions in East and South Asia Through Black Carbon Reduction
JF  - Frontiers in environmental science
N2  - The state of air pollution has historically been tightly linked to how we produce and use energy. Air pollutant emissions over Asia are now changing rapidly due to cleaner energy transitions; however, magnitudes of benefits for climate and air quality remain poorly quantified. The associated risks involve adverse health impacts, reduced agricultural yields, reduced freshwater availability, contributions to climate change, and economic costs. We focus particularly on climate benefits of energy transitions by making first-time use of two decades of high quality observations of atmospheric loading of light-absorbing black carbon (BC) over Kanpur (South Asia) and Beijing (East Asia) and relating these observations to changing energy, emissions, and economic trends in India and China. Our analysis reveals that absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) due to BC has decreased substantially, by 40% over Kanpur and 60% over Beijing between 2001 and 2017, and thus became decoupled from regional economic growth. Furthermore, the resultant decrease in BC emissions and BC AAOD over Asia is regionally coherent and occurs primarily due to transitions into cleaner energies (both renewables and fossil fuels) and not due to the decrease in primary energy supply or decrease in use of fossil use and biofuels and waste. Model simulations show that BC aerosols alone contribute about half of the surface temperature change (warming) of the total forcing due to greenhouse gases, natural and internal variability, and aerosols, thus clearly revealing the climate benefits due to a reduction in BC emissions, which would significantly reduce global warming. However, this modeling study excludes responses from natural variability, circulation, and sea ice responses, which cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may mask signals from BC aerosols. Our findings show additional benefits for climate (beyond benefits of CO2 reduction) and for several other issues of sustainability over South and East Asia, provide motivation for ongoing cleaner energy production, and consumption transitions, especially when they are associated with reduced emissions of air pollutants. Such an analysis connecting the trends in energy transitions and aerosol absorption loading, unavailable so far, is crucial for simulating the aerosol climate impacts over Asia which is quite uncertain.
KW  - cleaner energy transitions
KW  - Asia
KW  - air pollution
KW  - black carbon
KW  - climate benefits
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.842319
SN  - 2296-665X
VL  - 10
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Macdonald, Elena
A1  - Merz, Bruno
A1  - Guse, Björn
A1  - Wietzke, Luzie
A1  - Ullrich, Sophie
A1  - Kemter, Matthias
A1  - Ahrens, Bodo
A1  - Vorogushyn, Sergiy
T1  - Event and catchment controls of heavy tail behavior of floods
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - In some catchments, the distribution of annual maximum streamflow shows heavy tail behavior, meaning the occurrence probability of extreme events is higher than if the upper tail decayed exponentially. Neglecting heavy tail behavior can lead to an underestimation of the likelihood of extreme floods and the associated risk. Partly contradictory results regarding the controls of heavy tail behavior exist in the literature and the knowledge is still very dispersed and limited. To better understand the drivers, we analyze the upper tail behavior and its controls for 480 catchments in Germany and Austria over a period of more than 50 years. The catchments span from quickly reacting mountain catchments to large lowland catchments, allowing for general conclusions. We compile a wide range of event and catchment characteristics and investigate their association with an indicator of the tail heaviness of flood distributions, namely the shape parameter of the GEV distribution. Following univariate analyses of these characteristics, along with an evaluation of different aggregations of event characteristics, multiple linear regression models, as well as random forests, are constructed. A novel slope indicator, which represents the relation between the return period of flood peaks and event characteristics, captures the controls of heavy tails best. Variables describing the catchment response are found to dominate the heavy tail behavior, followed by event precipitation, flood seasonality, and catchment size. The pre-event moisture state in a catchment has no relevant impact on the tail heaviness even though it does influence flood magnitudes.
KW  - heavy tail behavior
KW  - floods
KW  - event characteristics
KW  - catchment
KW  - characteristics
KW  - catchment response
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031260
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 58
IS  - 6
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dämpfling, Helge L. C.
A1  - Mielke, Christian
A1  - Koellner, Nicole
A1  - Lorenz, Melanie
A1  - Rogass, Christian
A1  - Altenberger, Uwe
A1  - Harlov, Daniel E.
A1  - Knoper, Michael
T1  - Automatic element and mineral detection in thin sections using hyperspectral transmittance imaging microscopy (HyperTIM)
JF  - European journal of mineralogy
N2  - In this study we present a novel method for the automatic detection of minerals and elements using hyperspectral transmittance imaging microscopy measurements of complete thin sections (HyperTIM). 
This is accomplished by using a hyperspectral camera system that operates in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range with a specifically designed sample holder, scanning setup, and a microscope lens. 

We utilize this method on a monazite ore thin section from Steenkampskraal (South Africa), which we analyzed for the rare earth element (REE)-bearing mineral monazite ((Ce,Nd,La)PO4), with high concentrations of Nd. The transmittance analyses with the hyperspectral VNIR camera can be used to identify REE minerals and Nd in thin sections. 

We propose a three-point band depth index, the Nd feature depth index (NdFD), and its related product the Nd band depth index (NdBDI), which enables automatic mineral detection and classification for the Nd-bearing monazites in thin sections. In combination with the average concentration of the relative Nd content, it permits a destruction-free, total concentration calculation for Nd across the entire thin section.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-275-2022
SN  - 0935-1221
SN  - 1617-4011
VL  - 34
IS  - 3
SP  - 275
EP  - 284
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fernandez-Palomino, Carlos Antonio
A1  - Hattermann, Fred
A1  - Krysanova, Valentina
A1  - Lobanova, Anastasia
A1  - Vega-Jacome, Fiorella
A1  - Lavado, Waldo
A1  - Santini, William
A1  - Aybar, Cesar
A1  - Bronstert, Axel
T1  - A novel high-resolution gridded precipitation dataset for peruvian and ecuadorian watersheds
BT  - development and hydrological evaluation
JF  - Journal of hydrometeorology
N2  - A novel approach for estimating precipitation patterns is developed here and applied to generate a new hydrologically corrected daily precipitation dataset, called RAIN4PE (Rain for Peru and Ecuador), at 0.1 degrees spatial resolution for the period 1981-2015 covering Peru and Ecuador. It is based on the application of 1) the random forest method to merge multisource precipitation estimates (gauge, satellite, and reanalysis) with terrain elevation, and 2) observed and modeled streamflow data to first detect biases and second further adjust gridded precipitation by inversely applying the simulated results of the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Hydrological results using RAIN4PE as input for the Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments were compared against the ones when feeding other uncorrected (CHIRP and ERA5) and gauge-corrected (CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO) precipitation datasets into the model. For that, SWAT was calibrated and validated at 72 river sections for each dataset using a range of performance metrics, including hydrograph goodness of fit and flow duration curve signatures. Results showed that gauge-corrected precipitation datasets outperformed uncorrected ones for streamflow simulation. However, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO showed limitations for streamflow simulation in several catchments draining into the Pacific Ocean and the Amazon River. RAIN4PE provided the best overall performance for streamflow simulation, including flow variability (low, high, and peak flows) and water budget closure. The overall good performance of RAIN4PE as input for hydrological modeling provides a valuable criterion of its applicability for robust countrywide hydrometeorological applications, including hydroclimatic extremes such as droughts and floods. Significance StatementWe developed a novel precipitation dataset RAIN4PE for Peru and Ecuador by merging multisource precipitation data (satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE was hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in watersheds with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. The results of a comprehensive hydrological evaluation showed that RAIN4PE outperformed state-of-the-art precipitation datasets such as CHIRP, ERA5, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO in terms of daily and monthly streamflow simulations, including extremely low and high flows in almost all Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments. This underlines the suitability of RAIN4PE for hydrometeorological applications in this region. Furthermore, our approach for the generation of RAIN4PE can be used in other data-scarce regions.
KW  - Amazon region
KW  - Complex terrain
KW  - South America
KW  - Streamflow
KW  - Precipitation
KW  - Hydrology
KW  - Water budget / balance
KW  - Inverse methods
KW  - Mountain meteorology
KW  - Machine learning
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0285.1
SN  - 1525-755X
SN  - 1525-7541
VL  - 23
IS  - 3
SP  - 309
EP  - 336
PB  - American Meteorological Soc.
CY  - Boston
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ben Nsir, Siwar
A1  - Jomaa, Seifeddine
A1  - Yildirim, Umit
A1  - Zhou, Xiangqian
A1  - D'Oria, Marco
A1  - Rode, Michael
A1  - Khlifi, Slaheddine
T1  - Assessment of climate change impact on discharge of the lakhmass catchment (Northwest Tunisia)
JF  - Water
N2  - The Mediterranean region is increasingly recognized as a climate change hotspot but is highly underrepresented in hydrological climate change studies. This study aims to investigate the climate change effects on the hydrology of Lakhmass catchment in Tunisia. Lakhmass catchment is a part of the Medium Valley of Medjerda in northwestern Tunisia that drains an area of 126 km(2). First, the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning light (HBV-light) model was calibrated and validated successfully at a daily time step to simulate discharge during the 1981-1986 period. The Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency and Percent bias (NSE, PBIAS) were (0.80, +2.0%) and (0.53, -9.5%) for calibration (September 1982-August 1984) and validation (September 1984-August 1986) periods, respectively. Second, HBV-light model was considered as a predictive tool to simulate discharge in a baseline period (1981-2009) and future projections using data (precipitation and temperature) from thirteen combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climatic Models (RCMs). We used two trajectories of Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Each RCP is divided into three projection periods: near-term (2010-2039), mid-term (2040-2069) and long-term (2070-2099). For both scenarios, a decrease in precipitation and discharge will be expected with an increase in air temperature and a reduction in precipitation with almost 5% for every +1 degrees C of global warming. By long-term (2070-2099) projection period, results suggested an increase in temperature with about 2.7 degrees C and 4 degrees C, and a decrease in precipitation of approximately 7.5% and 15% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This will likely result in a reduction of discharge of 12.5% and 36.6% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This situation calls for early climate change adaptation measures under a participatory approach, including multiple stakeholders and water users.
KW  - hydrological modeling
KW  - HBV-light model
KW  - Mediterranean
KW  - discharge
KW  - climate change
KW  - RCP4,5 and 8,5
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142242
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 14
IS  - 14
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - McCool, Weston C.
A1  - Codding, Brian F.
A1  - Vernon, Kenneth B.
A1  - Wilson, Kurt M.
A1  - Yaworsky, Peter M.
A1  - Marwan, Norbert
A1  - Kennett, Douglas J.
T1  - Climate change-induced population pressure drives high rates of lethal violence in the Prehispanic central Andes
JF  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America : PNAS
N2  - Understanding the influence of climate change and population pressure on human conflict remains a critically important topic in the social sciences. Long-term records that evaluate these dynamics across multiple centuries and outside the range of modern climatic variation are especially capable of elucidating the relative effect of-and the interaction between-climate and demography. This is crucial given that climate change may structure population growth and carrying capacity, while both climate and population influence per capita resource availability. This study couples paleoclimatic and demographic data with osteological evaluations of lethal trauma from 149 directly accelerator mass spectrometry C-14-dated individuals from the Nasca highland region of Peru. Multiple local and supraregional precipitation proxies are combined with a summed probability distribution of 149 C-14 dates to estimate population dynamics during a 700-y study window. Counter to previous findings, our analysis reveals a precipitous increase in violent deaths associated with a period of productive and stable climate, but volatile population dynamics. We conclude that favorable local climate conditions fostered population growth that put pressure on the marginal and highly circumscribed resource base, resulting in violent resource competition that manifested in over 450 y of internecine warfare. These findings help support a general theory of intergroup violence, indicating that relative resource scarcity-whether driven by reduced resource abundance or increased competition-can lead to violence in subsistence societies when the outcome is lower per capita resource availability.
KW  - climate change
KW  - population pressure
KW  - warfare
KW  - lethal violence
KW  - Andes
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117556119
SN  - 0027-8424
SN  - 1091-6490
VL  - 119
IS  - 17
PB  - National Acad. of Sciences
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gomez Zapata, Juan Camilo
A1  - Zafrir, Raquel
A1  - Pittore, Massimiliano
A1  - Merino, Yvonne
T1  - Towards a sensitivity analysis in seismic risk with probabilistic building exposure models
BT  - an application in Valparaiso, Chile using ancillary open-source data and parametric ground motions
JF  - ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
N2  - Efforts have been made in the past to enhance building exposure models on a regional scale with increasing spatial resolutions by integrating different data sources. This work follows a similar path and focuses on the downscaling of the existing SARA exposure model that was proposed for the residential building stock of the communes of Valparaiso and Vina del Mar (Chile). Although this model allowed great progress in harmonising building classes and characterising their differential physical vulnerabilities, it is now outdated, and in any case, it is spatially aggregated over large administrative units. Hence, to more accurately consider the impact of future earthquakes on these cities, it is necessary to employ more reliable exposure models. For such a purpose, we propose updating this existing model through a Bayesian approach by integrating ancillary data that has been made increasingly available from Volunteering Geo-Information (VGI) activities. Its spatial representation is also optimised in higher resolution aggregation units that avoid the inconvenience of having incomplete building-by-building footprints. A worst-case earthquake scenario is presented to calculate direct economic losses and highlight the degree of uncertainty imposed by exposure models in comparison with other parameters used to generate the seismic ground motions within a sensitivity analysis. This example study shows the great potential of using increasingly available VGI to update worldwide building exposure models as well as its importance in scenario-based seismic risk assessment.
KW  - exposure
KW  - buildings
KW  - Bayesian model
KW  - downscaling
KW  - OpenStreetMap
KW  - ground motion fields
KW  - sensitivity
KW  - earthquake
KW  - vulnerability
KW  - risk
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11020113
SN  - 2220-9964
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Melchert, Jan Olaf
A1  - Wischhöfer, Philipp
A1  - Knoblauch, Christian
A1  - Eckhardt, Tim
A1  - Liebner, Susanne
A1  - Rethemeyer, Janet
T1  - Sources of CO2 Produced in Freshly Thawed Pleistocene-Age Yedoma Permafrost
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - The release of greenhouse gases from the large organic carbon stock in permafrost deposits in the circumarctic regions may accelerate global warming upon thaw. The extent of this positive climate feedback is thought to be largely controlled by the microbial degradability of the organic matter preserved in these sediments. In addition, weathering and oxidation processes may release inorganic carbon preserved in permafrost sediments as CO2, which is generally not accounted for. We used C-13 and C-14 analysis and isotopic mass balances to differentiate and quantify organic and inorganic carbon released as CO2 in the field from an active retrogressive thaw slump of Pleistocene-age Yedoma and during a 1.5-years incubation experiment. The results reveal that the dominant source of the CO2 released from freshly thawed Yedoma exposed as thaw mound is Pleistocene-age organic matter (48-80%) and to a lesser extent modern organic substrate (3-34%). A significant portion of the CO2 originated from inorganic carbon in the Yedoma (17-26%). The mixing of young, active layer material with Yedoma at a site on the slump floor led to the preferential mineralization of this young organic carbon source. Admixtures of younger organic substrates in the Yedoma thaw mound were small and thus rapidly consumed as shown by lower contributions to the CO2 produced during few weeks of aerobic incubation at 4 degrees C corresponding to approximately one thaw season. Future CO2 fluxes from the freshly thawed Yedoma will contain higher proportions of ancient inorganic (22%) and organic carbon (61-78%) as suggested by the results at the end, after 1.5 years of incubation. The increasing contribution of inorganic carbon during the incubation is favored by the accumulation of organic acids from microbial organic matter degradation resulting in lower pH values and, in consequence, in inorganic carbon dissolution. Because part of the inorganic carbon pool is assumed to be of pedogenic origin, these emissions would ultimately not alter carbon budgets. The results of this study highlight the preferential degradation of younger organic substrates in freshly thawed Yedoma, if available, and a substantial release of CO2 from inorganic sources.
KW  - yedoma ice complex
KW  - permafost
KW  - carbon cycle
KW  - climat change
KW  - thermokarst
KW  - radiocarbon
KW  - greenhouse gas
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.737237
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 9
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - West, Charles
A1  - Rosolem, Rafael
A1  - MacDonald, Alan M.
A1  - Cuthbert, Mark O.
A1  - Wagener, Thorsten
T1  - Understanding process controls on groundwater recharge variability across Africa through recharge landscapes
JF  - Journal of hydrology
N2  - Groundwater is critical in supporting current and future reliable water supply throughout Africa. Although continental maps of groundwater storage and recharge have been developed, we currently lack a clear understanding on how the controls on groundwater recharge vary across the entire continent. Reviewing the existing literature, we synthesize information on reported groundwater recharge controls in Africa. We find that 15 out of 22 of these controls can be characterised using global datasets. We develop 11 descriptors of climatic, topographic, vegetation, soil and geologic properties using global datasets, to characterise groundwater recharge controls in Africa. These descriptors cluster Africa into 15 Recharge Landscape Units for which we expect recharge controls to be similar. Over 80% of the continents land area is organized by just nine of these units. We also find that aggregating the Units by similarity into four broader Recharge Landscapes (Desert, Dryland, Wet tropical and Wet tropical forest) provides a suitable level of landscape organisation to explain differences in ground-based long-term mean annual recharge and recharge ratio (annual recharge / annual precipitation) estimates. Furthermore, wetter Recharge Landscapes are more efficient in converting rainfall to recharge than drier Recharge Landscapes as well as having higher annual recharge rates. In Dryland Recharge Landscapes, we found that annual recharge rates largely varied according to mean annual precipitation, whereas recharge ratio estimates increase with increasing monthly variability in P-PET. However, we were unable to explain why ground based estimates of recharge signatures vary across other Recharge Landscapes, in which there are fewer ground based recharge estimates, using global datasets alone. Even in dryland regions, there is still considerable unexplained variability in the estimates of annual recharge and recharge ratio, stressing the limitations of global datasets for investigating ground-based information.
KW  - Groundwater recharge
KW  - Africa
KW  - Recharge controls
KW  - Ground-based estimates
KW  - Landscapes
KW  - Comparative hydrology
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127967
SN  - 0022-1694
SN  - 1879-2707
VL  - 612
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Merz, Bruno
A1  - Basso, Stefano
A1  - Fischer, Svenja
A1  - Lun, David
A1  - Bloeschl, Guenter
A1  - Merz, Ralf
A1  - Guse, Bjorn
A1  - Viglione, Alberto
A1  - Vorogushyn, Sergiy
A1  - Macdonald, Elena
A1  - Wietzke, Luzie
A1  - Schumann, Andreas
T1  - Understanding heavy tails of flood peak distributions
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - Statistical distributions of flood peak discharge often show heavy tail behavior, that is, extreme floods are more likely to occur than would be predicted by commonly used distributions that have exponential asymptotic behavior. 
This heavy tail behavior may surprise flood managers and citizens, as human intuition tends to expect light tail behavior, and the heaviness of the tails is very difficult to predict, which may lead to unnecessarily high flood damage. 
Despite its high importance, the literature on the heavy tail behavior of flood distributions is rather fragmented. 

In this review, we provide a coherent overview of the processes causing heavy flood tails and the implications for science and practice. 
Specifically, we propose nine hypotheses on the mechanisms causing heavy tails in flood peak distributions related to processes in the atmosphere, the catchment, and the river system. 
We then discuss to which extent the current knowledge supports or contradicts these hypotheses. 
We also discuss the statistical conditions for the emergence of heavy tail behavior based on derived distribution theory and relate them to the hypotheses and flood generation mechanisms. 

We review the degree to which the heaviness of the tails can be predicted from process knowledge and data. Finally, we recommend further research toward testing the hypotheses and improving the prediction of heavy tails.
KW  - extreme events
KW  - flood frequency
KW  - flood risk
KW  - upper tail
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030506
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 58
IS  - 6
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza
A1  - Rezapour, Mehdi
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
A1  - Heimann, Sebastian
A1  - Sudhaus, Henriette
A1  - Isken, Marius Paul
T1  - Insight into the 2017-2019 Lurestan arc seismic sequence (Zagros, Iran); complex earthquake interaction in the basement and sediments
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - Despite its high-seismogenic potential, the details of the seismogenic processes of Zagros Simply Folded Belt (SFB) remains debated. Three large earthquakes (M-w 7.3, 5.9 and 6.3) struck in the Lurestan arc of the Zagros SFB in 2017 and 2018. The sequence was recorded by seismic stations at regional, and teleseismic distances. Coseismic surface displacements, measured by Sentinel-1A/B satellites, provide additional data and a unique opportunity to study these earthquakes in detail. Here, we complement previous studies of the coseismic slip distribution of the 12 November 2017 M-w 7.3 Ezgeleh earthquake by a detailed analysis of its aftershocks, and we analysed the rupture process of the two interrelated earthquakes (25 August 2018 M-w 5.9 Tazehabad and the 25 November 2018 M-w 6.3 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquakes). We model the surface displacements obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements and seismic records. We conduct non-linear probabilistic optimizations based on joint InSAR and seismic data to obtain finite-fault rupture of these earthquakes. The Lurestan arc earthquakes were followed by a sustained aftershock activity, with 133 aftershocks exceeding M-n 4.0 until 30 December 2019. We rely on the permanent seismic networks of Iran and Iraq to relocate similar to 700 M-n 3 + events and estimate moment tensor solutions for 85 aftershocks down to M-w 4.0. The 2017 Ezgeleh earthquake has been considered to activate a low-angle (similar to 17 degrees) dextral-thrust fault at the depth of 10-20 km. However, most of its aftershocks have shallow centroid depths (8-12 km). The joint interpretation of finite source models, moment tensor and hypocentral location indicate that the 2018 Tazehabad and Sarpol-e Zahab earthquakes ruptured different strike-slip structures, providing evidence for the activation of the sinistral and dextral strike-slip faults, respectively. The deformation in the Lurestan arc is seismically accommodated by a complex fault system involving both thrust and strike-slip faults. Knowledge about the deformation characteristics is important for the understanding of crustal shortening, faulting and hazard and risk assessment in this region.
KW  - Joint Inversion
KW  - Waveform inversion
KW  - Earthquake source observations
KW  - Seismicity and tectonics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac057
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 230
IS  - 1
SP  - 114
EP  - 130
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Valenzuela-Malebran, Carla
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Lopez-Comino, José Ángel
A1  - Zeckra, Martin
A1  - Krüger, F.
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
T1  - Source mechanisms and rupture processes of the Jujuy seismic nest, Chile-Argentina border
JF  - Journal of South American earth sciences
N2  - The Altiplano-Puna plateau, in Central Andes, is the second-largest continental plateau on Earth, extending between 22 degrees and 27 degrees S at an average altitude of 4400 m. The Puna plateau has been formed in consequence of the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the continental South American plate, which has an average crustal thickness of 50 km at this location. A large seismicity cluster, the Jujuy cluster, is observed at depth of 150-250 km beneath the central region of the Puna plateau. The cluster is seismically very active, with hundreds of earthquakes reported and a peak magnitude MW 6.6 on 25th August 2006. The cluster is situated in one of three band of intermediate-depth focus seismicity, which extend parallel to the trench roughly North to South. It has been hypothesized that the Jujuy cluster could be a seismic nest, a compact seismogenic region characterized by a high stationary activity relative to its surroundings. In this study, we collected more than 40 years of data from different catalogs and proof that the cluster meets the three conditions of a seismic nest. Compared to other known intermediate depth nests at Hindu Kush (Afganisthan) or Bucaramanga (Colombia), the Jujuy nest presents an outstanding seismicity rate, with more than 100 M4+ earthquakes per year. We additionally performed a detailed analysis of the rupture process of some of the largest earthquakes in the nest, by means of moment tensor inversion and directivity analysis. We focused on the time period 2017-2018, where the seismic monitoring was the most extended. Our results show that earthquakes in the nest take place within the eastward subducting oceanic plate, but rupture along sub-horizontal planes dipping westward. We suggest that seismicity at Jujuy nest is controlled by dehydration processes, which are also responsible for the generation of fluids ascending to the crust beneath the Puna volcanic region. We use the rupture plane and nest geometry to provide a constraint to maximal expected magnitude, which we estimate as MW -6.7.
KW  - Seismic nest
KW  - Intermediate-deep earthquakes
KW  - Cluster analysis moment
KW  - tensor inversion
KW  - directivity analysis
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103887
SN  - 0895-9811
SN  - 1873-0647
VL  - 117
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kotha, Sreeram Reddy
A1  - Weatherill, Graeme
A1  - Bindi, Dino
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
T1  - Near-source magnitude scaling of spectral accelerations
BT  - analysis and update of Kotha et al. (2020) model
JF  - Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering
N2  - Ground-motion models (GMMs) are often used to predict the random distribution of Spectral accelerations (SAs) at a site due to a nearby earthquake. In probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment, large earthquakes occurring close to a site are considered as critical scenarios. GMMs are expected to predict realistic SAs with low within-model uncertainty (sigma(mu)) for such rare scenarios. However, the datasets used to regress GMMs are usually deficient of data from critical scenarios. The (Kotha et al., A Regionally Adaptable Ground-Motion Model for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Europe Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18:4091-4125, 2020) GMM developed from the Engineering strong motion (ESM) dataset was found to predict decreasing short-period SAs with increasing M-W >= M-h = 6.2, and with large sigma(mu) at near-source distances <= 30km. In this study, we updated the parametrisation of the GMM based on analyses of ESM and the Near source strong motion (NESS) datasets. With M-h = 5.7, we could rectify the M-W scaling issue, while also reducing sigma(mu). at M-W >= M-h. We then evaluated the GMM against NESS data, and found that the SAs from a few large, thrust-faulting events in California, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico are significantly higher than GMM median predictions. However, recordings from these events were mostly made on soft-soil geology, and contain anisotropic pulse-like effects. A more thorough non-ergodic treatment of NESS was not possible because most sites sampled unique events in very diverse tectonic environments. We provide an updated set of GMM coefficients,sigma(mu), and heteroscedastic variance models; while also cautioning against its application for M-W <= 4 in low-moderate seismicity regions without evaluating the homogeneity of M-W estimates between pan-European ESM and regional datasets.
KW  - Ground-motion model
KW  - Spectral accelerations
KW  - Magnitude scalin
KW  - Near-source saturation
KW  - Within-model uncertainty
KW  - Heteroscedastic
KW  - variability
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01308-5
SN  - 1570-761X
SN  - 1573-1456
VL  - 20
IS  - 3
SP  - 1343
EP  - 1370
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Allroggen, Niklas
A1  - Heincke, Bjorn H.
A1  - Koyan, Philipp
A1  - Wheeler, Walter
A1  - Ronning, Jan S.
T1  - 3D ground-penetrating radar attribute classification
BT  - a case study from a paleokarst breccia pipe in the Billefjorden area on Spitsbergen, Svalbard
JF  - Geophysics
N2  - Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a method that can provide detailed information about the near subsurface in sedimentary and carbonate environments. 
The classical interpretation of GPR data (e.g., based on manual feature selection) often is labor-intensive and limited by the experience of the intercally used for seismic interpretation, can provide faster, more repeatable, and less biased interpretations. We have recorded a 3D GPD data set collected across a paleokarst breccia pipe in the Billefjorden area on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. After performing advanced processing, we compare the results of a classical GPR interpretation to the results of an attribute-based classification. 

Our attribute classification incorporates a selection of dip and textural attributes as the input for a k-means clustering approach. Similar to the results of the classical interpretation, the resulting classes differentiate between undisturbed strata and breccias or fault zones. 
The classes also reveal details inside the breccia pipe that are not discerned in the classical fer that the intrapipe GPR facies result from subtle differences, such as breccia lithology, clast size, or pore-space filling.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2021-0651.1
SN  - 0016-8033
SN  - 1942-2156
VL  - 87
IS  - 4
SP  - WB19
EP  - WB30
PB  - Society of Exploration Geophysicists
CY  - Tulsa
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Peña, Carlos
A1  - Metzger, Sabrina
A1  - Heidbach, Oliver
A1  - Bedford, Jonathan
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Moreno, Marcos
A1  - Oncken, Onno
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
T1  - Role of poroelasticity during the early postseismic deformation of the 2010 Maule megathrust earthquake
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Megathrust earthquakes impose changes of differential stress and pore pressure in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system that are transiently relaxed during the postseismic period primarily due to afterslip, viscoelastic and poroelastic processes. 
Especially during the early postseismic phase, however, the relative contribution of these processes to the observed surface deformation is unclear. 
To investigate this, we use geodetic data collected in the first 48 days following the 2010 Maule earthquake and a poro-viscoelastic forward model combined with an afterslip inversion. 
This model approach fits the geodetic data 14% better than a pure elastic model. Particularly near the region of maximum coseismic slip, the predicted surface poroelastic uplift pattern explains well the observations. 
If poroelasticity is neglected, the spatial afterslip distribution is locally altered by up to +/- 40%. 
Moreover, we find that shallow crustal aftershocks mostly occur in regions of increased postseismic pore-pressure changes, indicating that both processes might be mechanically coupled.
KW  - Chilean subduction zone
KW  - poroelasticity
KW  - power-law rheology
KW  - afterslip inversion
KW  - InSAR
KW  - GNSS
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098144
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 49
IS  - 9
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken, NJ
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sarrazin, Fanny J.
A1  - Kumar, Rohini
A1  - Basu, Nandita B.
A1  - Musolff, Andreas
A1  - Weber, Michael
A1  - Van Meter, Kimberly J.
A1  - Attinger, Sabine
T1  - Characterizing catchment-scale nitrogen legacies and constraining their uncertainties
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - Improving nitrogen (N) status in European water bodies is a pressing issue. N levels depend not only on current but also past N inputs to the landscape, that have accumulated through time in legacy stores (e.g., soil, groundwater). 
Catchment-scale N models, that are commonly used to investigate in-stream N levels, rarely examine the magnitude and dynamics of legacy components. 

This study aims to gain a better understanding of the long-term fate of the N inputs and its uncertainties, using a legacy-driven N model (ELEMeNT) in Germany's largest national river basin (Weser; 38,450 km(2)) over the period 1960-2015. 
We estimate the nine model parameters based on a progressive constraining strategy, to assess the value of different observational data sets. 
We demonstrate that beyond in-stream N loading, soil N content and in-stream N concentration allow to reduce the equifinality in model parameterizations. 
We find that more than 50% of the N surplus denitrifies (1480-2210 kg ha(-1)) and the stream export amounts to around 18% (410-640 kg ha(-1)), leaving behind as much as around 230-780 kg ha(-1) of N in the (soil) source zone and 10-105 kg ha(-1) in the subsurface. 

A sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of different factors affecting the residual uncertainties in simulated N legacies, namely hydrologic travel time, denitrification rates, a coefficient characterizing the protection of organic N in source zone and N surplus input. 

Our study calls for proper consideration of uncertainties in N legacy characterization, and discusses possible avenues to further reduce the equifinality in water quality modeling.
KW  - nitrogen legacies
KW  - water quality modeling
KW  - equifinality
KW  - parameter
KW  - estimation
KW  - sensitivity analysis
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031587
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 58
IS  - 4
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zuhr, Alexandra M.
A1  - Dolman, Andrew M.
A1  - Ho, Sze Ling
A1  - Groeneveld, Jeroen
A1  - Loewemark, Ludvig
A1  - Grotheer, Hendrik
A1  - Su, Chih-Chieh
A1  - Laepple, Thomas
T1  - Age-heterogeneity in marine sediments revealed by three-dimensional high-resolution radiocarbon measurements
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - Marine sedimentary archives are routinely used to reconstruct past environmental changes. In many cases, bioturbation and sedimentary mixing affect the proxy time-series and the age-depth relationship. While idealized models of bioturbation exist, they usually assume homogeneous mixing, thus that a single sample is representative for the sediment layer it is sampled from. 

However, it is largely unknown to which extent this assumption holds for sediments used for paleoclimate reconstructions. 
To shed light on 
1) the age-depth relationship and its full uncertainty, 
2) the magnitude of mixing processes affecting the downcore proxy variations, and 
3) the representativity of the discrete sample for the sediment layer, we designed and performed a case study on South China Sea sediment material which was collected using a box corer and which covers the last glacial cycle. 

Using the radiocarbon content of foraminiferal tests as a tracer of time, we characterize the spatial age-heterogeneity of sediments in a three-dimensional setup. In total, 118 radiocarbon measurements were performed on defined small- and large-volume bulk samples ( similar to 200 specimens each) to investigate the horizontal heterogeneity of the sediment. Additionally, replicated measurements on small numbers of specimens (10 x 5 specimens) were performed to assess the heterogeneity within a sample volume. Visual assessment of X-ray images and a quantitative assessment of the mixing strength show typical mixing from bioturbation corresponding to around 10 cm mixing depth. 

Notably, our 3D radiocarbon distribution reveals that the horizontal heterogeneity (up to 1,250 years), contributing to the age uncertainty, is several times larger than the typically assumed radiocarbon based age-model error (single errors up to 250 years). Furthermore, the assumption of a perfectly bioturbated layer with no mixing underneath is not met. 

Our analysis further demonstrates that the age-heterogeneity might be a function of sample size; smaller samples might contain single features from the incomplete mixing and are thus less representative than larger samples. 
We provide suggestions for future studies, optimal sampling strategies for quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and realistic uncertainty in age models, as well as discuss possible implications for the interpretation of paleoclimate records.
KW  - paleoceanography
KW  - radiocarbon
KW  - age-heterogeneity
KW  - marine sediments
KW  - planktonic foraminifera
KW  - bioturbation
KW  - agemodeling
KW  - South China Sea
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.871902
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 10
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rodriguez, Victoria
A1  - Moskwa, Lisa-Marie
A1  - Oses, Romulo
A1  - Kühn, Peter
A1  - Riveras-Muñoz, Nicolás
A1  - Seguel, Oscar
A1  - Scholten, Thomas
A1  - Wagner, Dirk
T1  - Impact of climate and slope aspects on the composition of soil bacterial communities involved in pedogenetic processes along the chilean coastal cordillera
JF  - Microorganisms
N2  - Soil bacteria play a fundamental role in pedogenesis. However, knowledge about both the impact of climate and slope aspects on microbial communities and the consequences of these items in pedogenesis is lacking. Therefore, soil-bacterial communities from four sites and two different aspects along the climate gradient of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera were investigated. Using a combination of microbiological and physicochemical methods, soils that developed in arid, semi-arid, mediterranean, and humid climates were analyzed. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes were found to increase in abundance from arid to humid climates, while Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes decreased along the transect. Bacterial-community structure varied with climate and aspect and was influenced by pH, bulk density, plant-available phosphorus, clay, and total organic-matter content. Higher bacterial specialization was found in arid and humid climates and on the south-facing slope and was likely promoted by stable microclimatic conditions. The presence of specialists was associated with ecosystem-functional traits, which shifted from pioneers that accumulated organic matter in arid climates to organic decomposers in humid climates. These findings provide new perspectives on how climate and slope aspects influence the composition and functional capabilities of bacteria, with most of these capabilities being involved in pedogenetic processes.
KW  - bacterial-community structure
KW  - bacterial diversity
KW  - climate gradient
KW  - slope aspect
KW  - Chilean Coastal Cordillera
KW  - soil formation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050847
SN  - 2076-2607
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Illien, Luc
A1  - Sens-Schönfelder, Christoph
A1  - Andermann, Christoff
A1  - Marc, Odin
A1  - Cook, Kristen L.
A1  - Adhikari, Lok Bijaya
A1  - Hovius, Niels
T1  - Seismic velocity recovery in the subsurface
BT  - transient damage and groundwater drainage following the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - Shallow earthquakes frequently disturb the hydrological and mechanical state of the subsurface, with consequences for hazard and water management. Transient post-seismic hydrological behavior has been widely reported, suggesting that the recovery of material properties (relaxation) following ground shaking may impact groundwater fluctuations. However, the monitoring of seismic velocity variations associated with earthquake damage and hydrological variations are often done assuming that both effects are independent. In a field site prone to highly variable hydrological conditions, we disentangle the different forcing of the relative seismic velocity variations delta v retrieved from a small dense seismic array in Nepal in the aftermath of the 2015 M-w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake. We successfully model transient damage effects by introducing a universal relaxation function that contains a unique maximum relaxation timescale for the main shock and the aftershocks, independent of the ground shaking levels. Next, we remove the modeled velocity from the raw data and test whether the corresponding residuals agree with a background hydrological behavior we inferred from a previously calibrated groundwater model. The fitting of the delta v data with this model is improved when we introduce transient hydrological properties in the phase immediately following the main shock. This transient behavior, interpreted as an enhanced permeability in the shallow subsurface, lasts for similar to 6 months and is shorter than the damage relaxation (similar to 1 yr). Thus, we demonstrate the capability of seismic interferometry to deconvolve transient hydrological properties after earthquakes from non-linear mechanical recovery.
KW  - earthquake damage
KW  - earthquake hydrology
KW  - relaxation
KW  - Gorkha earthquake
KW  - seismic monitoring
KW  - ambient noise
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023402
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 127
IS  - 2
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Katzenberger, Anja
A1  - Levermann, Anders
A1  - Schewe, Jacob
A1  - Pongratz, Julia
T1  - Intensification of very wet monsoon seasons in India under global warming
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Rainfall-intense summer monsoon seasons on the Indian subcontinent that are exceeding long-term averages cause widespread floods and landslides. 

Here we show that the latest generation of coupled climate models robustly project an intensification of very rainfall-intense seasons (June-September). 
Under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP5-8.5, very wet monsoon seasons as observed in only 5 years in the period 1965-2015 are projected to occur 8 times more often in 2050-2100 in the multi-model average. 

Under SSP2-4.5, these seasons become only a factor of 6 times more frequent, showing that even modest efforts to mitigate climate change can have a strong impact on the frequency of very strong rainfall seasons. 

Besides, we find that the increasing risk of extreme seasonal rainfall is accompanied by a shift from days with light rainfall to days with moderate or heavy rainfall. Additionally, the number of wet days is projected to increase.
KW  - Indian monsoon
KW  - climate modeling
KW  - extreme seasons
KW  - climate change
KW  - CMIP6
KW  - India
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098856
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 49
IS  - 15
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dey, Somnath
A1  - Schönleber, Andreas
A1  - Smaalen, Sander van
A1  - Morgenroth, Wolfgang
A1  - Larsen, Finn Krebs
T1  - Incommensurate phase in Λ-cobalt (III) sepulchrate trinitrate governed by highly competitive N-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bond networks
JF  - Chemistry - a European journal
N2  - Phase transitions in molecular crystals are often determined by intermolecular interactions. The cage complex of [Co(C12H30N8)](3+) . 3 NO3- is reported to undergo a disorder-order phase transition at T-c1 approximate to 133 K upon cooling. Temperature-dependent neutron and synchrotron diffraction experiments revealed satellite reflections in addition to main reflections in the diffraction patterns below T-c1. The modulation wave vector varies as function of temperature and locks in at T-c3 approximate to 98 K. Here, we demonstrate that the crystal symmetry lowers from hexagonal to monoclinic in the incommensurately modulated phases in T-c1<T<T-c3. Distinctive levels of competitions: trade-off between longer N-H...O and shorter C-H...O hydrogen bonds; steric constraints to dense C-H...O bonds give rise to pronounced modulation of the basic structure. Severely frustrated crystal packing in the incommensurate phase is precursor to optimal balance of intermolecular interactions in the lock-in phase.
KW  - hydrogen bond
KW  - incommensurate modulation
KW  - phase transition
KW  - steric factors
KW  - twin domains
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202104151
SN  - 0947-6539
SN  - 1521-3765
VL  - 28
IS  - 13
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Siegmund, Nicole
A1  - Funk, Roger
A1  - Sommer, Michael
A1  - Avecilla, Fernando
A1  - Esteban Panebianco, Juan
A1  - Iturri, Laura Antonela
A1  - Buschiazzo, Daniel
T1  - Horizontal and vertical fluxes of particulate matter during wind erosion on arable land in the province La Pampa, Argentina
JF  - International journal of sediment research
N2  - A detailed analysis of horizontal and vertical particulate matter (PM) fluxes during wind erosion has been done, based on measurements of PM smaller than 10, 2.5, and 1.0 mu mm, at windward and leeward positions on a measuring field. The three fractions of PM measurement are differently influenced by the increasing wind and shear velocities of the wind. The measured concentrations of the coarser fractions of the fine dust, PM10, and PM2.5, increase with wind and shear velocity, whereas the PM1.0 concentrations show no clear correlation to the shear velocity. The share of PM2.5 on PM10 depends on the measurement height and wind speed and varies between 4 and 12 m/s at the 1 m height ranging from 25% to 7% (average 10%), and at the 4 m height from 39% to 23% (average 30%). Although general relationships between wind speed, PM concentration, and horizontal and vertical fluxes could be found, the contribution of the measuring field was very low, as balances of incoming and outgoing fluxes show. Consequently, the measured PM concentrations are determined from a variety of sources, such as traffic on unpaved roads, cattle drives, tillage operations, and wind erosion, and thus, represent all components of land use and landscape structure in the near and far surroundings of the measuring field. The current results may reflect factors from the landscape scale rather than the influence of field-related variables. The measuring devices used to monitor PM concentrations showed differences of up to 20%, which led to considerable deviations when determining total balances. Differences up to 67% between the calculated fluxes prove the necessity of a previous calibration of the devices used. (c) 2022 International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation/the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research.
KW  - PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations
KW  - Field measurements
KW  - Horizontal
KW  - flux
KW  - Vertical flux
KW  - PM balances
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2022.01.004
SN  - 1001-6279
SN  - 2589-7284
VL  - 37
IS  - 5
SP  - 539
EP  - 552
PB  - IRTCES
CY  - Beijing
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Trauth, Martin H.
A1  - Marwan, Norbert
T1  - Introduction-time series analysis for Earth, climate and life interactions
JF  - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107475
SN  - 0277-3791
SN  - 1873-457X
VL  - 284
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Agarwal, Ankit
A1  - Guntu, Ravikumar
A1  - Banerjee, Abhirup
A1  - Gadhawe, Mayuri Ashokrao
A1  - Marwan, Norbert
T1  - A complex network approach to study the extreme precipitation patterns in a river basin
JF  - Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science
N2  - The quantification of spatial propagation of extreme precipitation events is vital in water resources planning and disaster mitigation. However, quantifying these extreme events has always been challenging as many traditional methods are insufficient to capture the nonlinear interrelationships between extreme event time series. Therefore, it is crucial to develop suitable methods for analyzing the dynamics of extreme events over a river basin with a diverse climate and complicated topography. Over the last decade, complex network analysis emerged as a powerful tool to study the intricate spatiotemporal relationship between many variables in a compact way. In this study, we employ two nonlinear concepts of event synchronization and edit distance to investigate the extreme precipitation pattern in the Ganga river basin. We use the network degree to understand the spatial synchronization pattern of extreme rainfall and identify essential sites in the river basin with respect to potential prediction skills. The study also attempts to quantify the influence of precipitation seasonality and topography on extreme events. The findings of the study reveal that (1) the network degree is decreased in the southwest to northwest direction, (2) the timing of 50th percentile precipitation within a year influences the spatial distribution of degree, (3) the timing is inversely related to elevation, and (4) the lower elevation greatly influences connectivity of the sites. The study highlights that edit distance could be a promising alternative to analyze event-like data by incorporating event time and amplitude and constructing complex networks of climate extremes.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0072520
SN  - 1054-1500
SN  - 1089-7682
VL  - 32
IS  - 1
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Woodbury, NY
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kamjunke, Norbert
A1  - Beckers, Liza-Marie
A1  - Herzsprung, Peter
A1  - von Tümpling, Wolf
A1  - Lechtenfeld, Oliver
A1  - Tittel, Jörg
A1  - Risse-Buhl, Ute
A1  - Rode, Michael
A1  - Wachholz, Alexander
A1  - Kallies, Rene
A1  - Schulze, Tobias
A1  - Krauss, Martin
A1  - Brack, Werner
A1  - Comero, Sara
A1  - Gawlik, Bernd Manfred
A1  - Skejo, Hello
A1  - Tavazzi, Simona
A1  - Mariani, Giulio
A1  - Borchardt, Dietrich
A1  - Weitere, Markus
T1  - Lagrangian profiles of riverine autotrophy, organic matter transformation, and micropollutants at extreme drought
JF  - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man
N2  - On their way from inland to the ocean, flowing water bodies, their constituents and their biotic communities are ex-posed to complex transport and transformation processes. However, detailed process knowledge as revealed by La-grangian measurements adjusted to travel time is rare in large rivers, in particular at hydrological extremes. To fill this gap, we investigated autotrophic processes, heterotrophic carbon utilization, and micropollutant concentrations applying a Lagrangian sampling design in a 600 km section of the River Elbe (Germany) at historically low discharge. Under base flow conditions, we expect the maximum intensity of instream processes and of point source impacts. Phy-toplankton biomass and photosynthesis increased from upstream to downstream sites but maximum chlorophyll con-centration was lower than at mean discharge. Concentrations of dissolved macronutrients decreased to almost complete phosphate depletion and low nitrate values. The longitudinal increase of bacterial abundance and production was less pronounced than in wetter years and bacterial community composition changed downstream. Molecular analyses revealed a longitudinal increase of many DOM components due to microbial production, whereas saturated lipid-like DOM, unsaturated aromatics and polyphenols, and some CHOS surfactants declined. In decomposition exper-iments, DOM components with high O/C ratios and high masses decreased whereas those with low O/C ratios, low masses, and high nitrogen content increased at all sites. Radiocarbon age analyses showed that DOC was relatively old (890-1870 years B.P.), whereas the mineralized fraction was much younger suggesting predominant oxidation of algal lysis products and exudates particularly at downstream sites. Micropollutants determining toxicity for algae (terbuthylazine, terbutryn, isoproturon and lenacil), hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDTs showed higher concentrations from the middle towards the downstream part but calculated toxicity was not negatively correlated to phytoplankton. Overall, autotrophic and heterotrophic process rates and micropollutant concentrations increased from up-to down-stream reaches, but their magnitudes were not distinctly different to conditions at medium discharges.
KW  - Phytoplankton
KW  - Nutrients
KW  - Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
KW  - bacteria
KW  - Respiration
KW  - Micropollutants
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154243
SN  - 0048-9697
SN  - 1879-1026
VL  - 828
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nagakura, Toshiki
A1  - Schubert, Florian
A1  - Wagner, Dirk
A1  - Kallmeyer, Jens
T1  - Biological sulfate reduction in deep subseafloor sediment of Guaymas Basin
JF  - Frontiers in microbiology
N2  - Sulfate reduction is the quantitatively most important process to degrade organic matter in anoxic marine sediment and has been studied intensively in a variety of settings. Guaymas Basin, a young marginal ocean basin, offers the unique opportunity to study sulfate reduction in an environment characterized by organic-rich sediment, high sedimentation rates, and high geothermal gradients (100-958 degrees C km(-1)). We measured sulfate reduction rates (SRR) in samples taken during the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 385 using incubation experiments with radiolabeled (SO42-)-S-35 carried out at in situ pressure and temperature. The highest SRR (387 nmol cm(-3) d(-1)) was recorded in near-surface sediments from Site U1548C, which had the steepest geothermal gradient (958 degrees C km(-1)). At this site, SRR were generally over an order of magnitude higher than at similar depths at other sites (e.g., 387-157 nmol cm(-3) d(-1) at 1.9 mbsf from Site U1548C vs. 46-1.0 nmol cm(-3) d(-1) at 2.1 mbsf from Site U1552B). Site U1546D is characterized by a sill intrusion, but it had already reached thermal equilibrium and SRR were in the same range as nearby Site U1545C, which is minimally affected by sills. The wide temperature range observed at each drill site suggests major shifts in microbial community composition with very different temperature optima but awaits confirmation by molecular biological analyses. At the transition between the mesophilic and thermophilic range around 40 degrees C-60 degrees C, sulfate-reducing activity appears to be decreased, particularly in more oligotrophic settings, but shows a slight recovery at higher temperatures.
KW  - sulfate reduction
KW  - subsurface life
KW  - deep biosphere
KW  - thermophiles;
KW  - Guaymas Basin
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.845250
SN  - 1664-302X
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cesar Fernández, Guillermo
A1  - Lecomte, Karina
A1  - Vignoni, Paula
A1  - Soto-Rueda, Eliana Marcela
A1  - Coria, Silvia H.
A1  - Lirio, Juan Manuel
A1  - Mlewski, Estela Cecilia
T1  - Prokaryotic diversity and biogeochemical characteristics of benthic microbial ecosystems from James Ross Archipelago (West Antarctica)
JF  - Polar biology : current research and development in science and technology
N2  - The James Ross archipelago houses numerous lakes and ponds. In this region, a vast diatom and cyanobacterial variety has been reported; however, the prokaryotic diversity in microbial mats from these lakes remains poorly explored. 
Here, a high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene in microbial mats from Lake Bart-Roja in James Ross Island and lakes Pan Negro and North Pan Negro located in Vega Island was performed. Combined with mineralogical and environmental characteristics, we analyzed the diversity and structure of the microbial communities. Sequences assigned to Archaea were extremely low, while Bacteria domain prevailed with the abundance of Proteobacteria (mostly Betaproteobacteriales) followed by Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria. 
Local environmental conditions, such as conductivity and Eh, provided differential microbial assemblages that might have implications in the oligotrophic status of the lakes. Consequently, a clear segregation at the family level was observed. 
In this sense, the assigned diversity was related to taxa recognized as denitrifiers and sulfur oxidizers. Particularly, in Lake Pan Negro sulfur-reducing and methanogenic representatives were also found and positively correlate with alkalinity and water depth. 
Moreover, Deinococcus-Thermus was observed in Lake Bart-Roja, while Melainabacteria (Cyanobacteria)-poorly reported in Antarctic mats-was detected in Lake Pan Negro. Epsilonbacteraeota was exclusively found in this lake, suggesting new potential phylotypes. This study contributes to the understanding of the diversity, composition, and structure of Antarctic benthic microbial ecosystems and provides highly valuable information, which can be used as a proxy to evaluate environmental changes affecting Antarctic microbiota.
KW  - Antarctica
KW  - microbial mats
KW  - microbial diversity
KW  - 16S rRNA genes
KW  - James Ross archipelago
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02997-z
SN  - 0722-4060
SN  - 1432-2056
VL  - 45
IS  - 3
SP  - 405
EP  - 418
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Farrag, Mostafa
A1  - Brill, Fabio Alexander
A1  - Nguyen, Viet Dung
A1  - Sairam, Nivedita
A1  - Schröter, Kai
A1  - Kreibich, Heidi
A1  - Merz, Bruno
A1  - de Bruijn, Karin M.
A1  - Vorogushyn, Sergiy
T1  - On the role of floodplain storage and hydrodynamic interactions in flood risk estimation
JF  - Hydrological sciences journal = Journal des sciences hydrologiques
N2  - Hydrodynamic interactions, i.e. the floodplain storage effects caused by inundations upstream on flood wave propagation, inundation areas, and flood damage downstream, are important but often ignored in large-scale flood risk assessments. Although new methods considering these effects sometimes emerge, they are often limited to a small or meso scale. In this study, we investigate the role of hydrodynamic interactions and floodplain storage on flood hazard and risk in the German part of the Rhine basin. To do so, we compare a new continuous 1D routing scheme within a flood risk model chain to the piece-wise routing scheme, which largely neglects floodplain storage. The results show that floodplain storage is significant, lowers water levels and discharges, and reduces risks by over 50%. Therefore, for accurate risk assessments, a system approach must be adopted, and floodplain storage and hydrodynamic interactions must carefully be considered.
KW  - hydrodynamic interactions
KW  - derived flood risk analysis
KW  - flood modelling;
KW  - Rhine basin
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2030058
SN  - 0262-6667
SN  - 2150-3435
VL  - 67
IS  - 4
SP  - 508
EP  - 534
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ou, Qi
A1  - Daout, Simon
A1  - Weiss, Jonathan R.
A1  - Shen, Lin
A1  - Lazecky, Milan
A1  - Wright, Tim J.
A1  - Parsons, Barry E.
T1  - Large-Scale interseismic strain mapping of the NE Tibetan Plateau from Sentinel-1 Interferometry
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - The launches of the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar satellites in 2014 and 2016 started a new era of high-resolution velocity and strain rate mapping for the continents. However, multiple challenges exist in tying independently processed velocity data sets to a common reference frame and producing high-resolution strain rate fields. We analyze Sentinel-1 data acquired between 2014 and 2019 over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and develop new methods to derive east and vertical velocities with similar to 100 m resolution and similar to 1 mm/yr accuracy across an area of 440,000 km(2). By implementing a new method of combining horizontal gradients of filtered east and interpolated north velocities, we derive the first similar to 1 km resolution strain rate field for this tectonically active region. The strain rate fields show concentrated shear strain along the Haiyuan and East Kunlun Faults, and local contractional strain on fault junctions, within the Qilianshan thrusts, and around the Longyangxia Reservoir. The Laohushan-Jingtai creeping section of the Haiyuan Fault is highlighted in our data set by extremely rapid strain rates. Strain across unknown portions of the Haiyuan Fault system, including shear on the eastern extension of the Dabanshan Fault and contraction at the western flank of the Quwushan, highlight unmapped tectonic structures. In addition to the uplift across most of the lowlands, the vertical velocities also contain climatic, hydrological or anthropogenic-related deformation signals. We demonstrate the enhanced view of large-scale active tectonic processes provided by high-resolution velocities and strain rates derived from Sentinel-1 data and highlight associated wide-ranging research applications.
KW  - Sentinel-1 InSAR
KW  - interseismic strain rate
KW  - creep and unmapped faults;
KW  - hydrological uplift and subsidence
KW  - tectonic geodesy
KW  - surface velocity
KW  - mapping
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024176
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 127
IS  - 6
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gomez-Zapata, Juan Camilo
A1  - Pittore, Massimiliano
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
A1  - Lilienkamp, Henning
A1  - Shinde, Simantini
A1  - Aguirre, Paula
A1  - Santa Maria, Hernan
T1  - Epistemic uncertainty of probabilistic building exposure compositions in scenario-based earthquake loss models
JF  - Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
N2  - In seismic risk assessment, the sources of uncertainty associated with building exposure modelling have not received as much attention as other components related to hazard and vulnerability. Conventional practices such as assuming absolute portfolio compositions (i.e., proportions per building class) from expert-based assumptions over aggregated data crudely disregard the contribution of uncertainty of the exposure upon earthquake loss models. In this work, we introduce the concept that the degree of knowledge of a building stock can be described within a Bayesian probabilistic approach that integrates both expert-based prior distributions and data collection on individual buildings. We investigate the impact of the epistemic uncertainty in the portfolio composition on scenario-based earthquake loss models through an exposure-oriented logic tree arrangement based on synthetic building portfolios. For illustrative purposes, we consider the residential building stock of Valparaiso (Chile) subjected to seismic ground-shaking from one subduction earthquake. We have found that building class reconnaissance, either from prior assumptions by desktop studies with aggregated data (top-down approach), or from building-by-building data collection (bottom-up approach), plays a fundamental role in the statistical modelling of exposure. To model the vulnerability of such a heterogeneous building stock, we require that their associated set of structural fragility functions handle multiple spectral periods. Thereby, we also discuss the relevance and specific uncertainty upon generating either uncorrelated or spatially cross-correlated ground motion fields within this framework. We successively show how various epistemic uncertainties embedded within these probabilistic exposure models are differently propagated throughout the computed direct financial losses. This work calls for further efforts to redesign desktop exposure studies, while also highlighting the importance of exposure data collection with standardized and iterative approaches.
KW  - Epistemic uncertainty
KW  - Sensitivity analysis
KW  - Scheme
KW  - Faceted taxonomy
KW  - Probabilistic exposure modelling
KW  - Earthquake scenario
KW  - Data collection
KW  - Earthquake loss modelling
KW  - Spatially cross-correlated ground motion
KW  - fields
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01312-9
SN  - 1570-761X
SN  - 1573-1456
N1  - Update notice

Correction to: Epistemic uncertainty of probabilistic building exposure compositions in scenario-based earthquake loss models (Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, (2022), 20, 5, (2401-2438), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01312-9)

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 2439, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01340-z
VL  - 20
IS  - 5
SP  - 2401
EP  - 2438
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nguyen, Tam
A1  - Kumar, Rohini
A1  - Musolff, Andreas
A1  - Lutz, Stefanie R.
A1  - Sarrazin, Fanny
A1  - Attinger, Sabine
A1  - Fleckenstein, Jan H.
T1  - Disparate Seasonal Nitrate Export From Nested Heterogeneous Subcatchments Revealed With StorAge Selection Functions
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - Understanding catchment controls on catchment solute export is a prerequisite for water quality management. StorAge Selection (SAS) functions encapsulate essential information about catchment functioning in terms of discharge selection preference and solute export dynamics. However, they lack information on the spatial origin of solutes when applied at the catchment scale, thereby limiting our understanding of the internal (subcatchment) functioning. Here, we parameterized SAS functions in a spatially explicit way to understand the internal catchment responses and transport dynamics of reactive dissolved nitrate (N-NO3). The model was applied in a nested mesoscale catchment (457 km(2)), consisting of a mountainous partly forested, partly agricultural subcatchment, a middle-reach forested subcatchment, and a lowland agricultural subcatchment. The model captured flow and nitrate concentration dynamics not only at the catchment outlet but also at internal gauging stations. Results reveal disparate subsurface mixing dynamics and nitrate export among headwater and lowland subcatchments. The headwater subcatchment has high seasonal variation in subsurface mixing schemes and younger water in discharge, while the lowland subcatchment has less pronounced seasonality in subsurface mixing and much older water in discharge. Consequently, nitrate concentration in discharge from the headwater subcatchment shows strong seasonality, whereas that from the lowland subcatchment is stable in time. The temporally varying responses of headwater and lowland subcatchments alternate the dominant contribution to nitrate export in high and low-flow periods between subcatchments. Overall, our results demonstrate that the spatially explicit SAS modeling provides useful information about internal catchment functioning, helping to develop or evaluate spatial management practices.
KW  - catchment nitrate export
KW  - StorAge Selection function
KW  - travel time distribution
KW  - mesoscale heterogeneous catchment
KW  - subcatchment response
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030797
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 58
IS  - 3
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Platz, Anna
A1  - Weckmann, Ute
A1  - Pek, Josef
A1  - Kovacikova, Svetlana
A1  - Klanica, Radek
A1  - Mair, Johannes
A1  - Aleid, Basel
T1  - 3D imaging of the subsurface electrical resistivity structure in West Bohemia/Upper Palatinate covering mofettes and quaternary volcanic structures by using magnetotellurics
JF  - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth
N2  - The region of West Bohemia and Upper Palatinate belongs to the West Bohemian Massif. The study area is situated at the junction of three different Variscan tectonic units and hosts the ENE-WSW trending Ohre Rift as well as many different fault systems. The entire region is characterized by ongoing magmatic processes in the intra-continental lithospheric mantle expressed by a series of phenomena, including e.g. the occurrence of repeated earthquake swarms and massive degassing of mantle derived CO2 in form of mineral springs and mofettes. Ongoing active tectonics is mainly manifested by Cenozoic volcanism represented by different Quaternary volcanic structures. All these phenomena make the Ohre Rift a unique target area for European intra-continental geo-scientific research. With magnetotelluric (MT) measurements we image the subsurface distribution of the electrical resistivity and map possible fluid pathways. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion results by Munoz et al. (2018) reveal a conductive channel in the vicinity of the earthquake swarm region that extends from the lower crust to the surface forming a pathway for fluids into the region of the mofettes. A second conductive channel is present in the south of their model; however, their 2D inversions allow ambiguous interpretations of this feature. Therefore, we conducted a large 3D MT field experiment extending the study area towards the south. The 3D inversion result matches well with the known geology imaging different fluid/magma reservoirs at crust-mantle depth and mapping possible fluid pathways from the reservoirs to the surface feeding known mofettes and spas. A comparison of 3D and 2D inversion results suggests that the 2D inversion results are considerably characterized by 3D and off-profile structures. In this context, the new results advocate for the swarm earthquakes being located in the resistive host rock surrounding the conductive channels; a finding in line with observations e.g. at the San Andreas Fault, California.
KW  - Magnetotellurics
KW  - Ohre Rift
KW  - Conductive channel
KW  - Fluid/magma reservoir
KW  - Earthquake swarm
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229353
SN  - 0040-1951
SN  - 1879-3266
VL  - 833
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lilienkamp, Henning
A1  - von Specht, Sebastian
A1  - Weatherill, Graeme
A1  - Caire, Giuseppe
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
T1  - Ground-Motion modeling as an image processing task
BT  - introducing a neural network based, fully data-driven, and nonergodic
JF  - Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
N2  - We construct and examine the prototype of a deep learning-based ground-motion model (GMM) that is both fully data driven and nonergodic. We formulate ground-motion modeling as an image processing task, in which a specific type of neural network, the U-Net, relates continuous, horizontal maps of earthquake predictive parameters to sparse observations of a ground-motion intensity measure (IM). The processing of map-shaped data allows the natural incorporation of absolute earthquake source and observation site coordinates, and is, therefore, well suited to include site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects in a nonergodic GMM. Data-driven interpolation of the IM between observation points is an inherent feature of the U-Net and requires no a priori assumptions. We evaluate our model using both a synthetic dataset and a subset of observations from the KiK-net strong motion network in the Kanto basin in Japan. We find that the U-Net model is capable of learning the magnitude???distance scaling, as well as site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects from a strong motion dataset. The interpolation scheme is evaluated using a fivefold cross validation and is found to provide on average unbiased predictions. The magnitude???distance scaling as well as the site amplification of response spectral acceleration at a period of 1 s obtained for the Kanto basin are comparable to previous regional studies.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120220008
SN  - 0037-1106
SN  - 1943-3573
VL  - 112
IS  - 3
SP  - 1565
EP  - 1582
PB  - Seismological Society of America
CY  - Albany
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Türker, Elif
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
A1  - Pilz, Marco
A1  - Weatherill, Graeme
T1  - Analysis of the 2019 Mw 5.8 Silivri earthquake ground motions
BT  - evidence of systematic azimuthal variations associated with directivity effects
JF  - Seismological research letters
N2  - The main Marmara fault (MMF) extends for 150 km through the Sea of Marmara and forms the only portion of the North Anatolian fault zone that has not ruptured in a large event (Mw >7) for the last 250 yr. Accordingly, this portion is potentially a major source contributing to the seismic hazard of the Istanbul region. On 26 September 2019, a sequence of moderate-sized events started along the MMF only 20 km south of Istanbul and were widely felt by the population. The largest three events, 26 September Mw 5.8 (10:59 UTC), 26 September 2019 Mw 4.1 (11:26 UTC), and 20 January 2020 Mw 4.7 were recorded by numerous strong-motion seismic stations and the resulting ground motions were compared to the predicted means resulting from a set of the most recent ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The estimated residuals were used to investigate the spatial variation of ground motion across the Marmara region. Our results show a strong azimuthal trend in ground-motion residuals, which might indicate systematically repeating directivity effects toward the eastern Marmara region.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210168
SN  - 0895-0695
SN  - 1938-2057
VL  - 93
IS  - 2A
SP  - 693
EP  - 705
PB  - Seismological Society of America
CY  - Boulder, Colo.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, Tomáš
A1  - Hrubcova, Pavla
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
A1  - Woith, Heiko
A1  - Vylita, Tomáš
A1  - Ohrnberger, Matthias
A1  - Vlček, Josef
A1  - Horalek, Josef
A1  - Dedecek, Petr
A1  - Zimmer, Martin
A1  - Lipus, Martin P.
A1  - Pierdominici, Simona
A1  - Kallmeyer, Jens
A1  - Krüger, Frank
A1  - Hannemann, Katrin
A1  - Korn, Michael
A1  - Kaempf, Horst
A1  - Reinsch, Thomas
A1  - Klicpera, Jakub
A1  - Vollmer, Daniel
A1  - Daskalopoulou, Kyriaki
T1  - ICDP drilling of the Eger Rift observatory
BT  - magmatic fluids driving the earthquake swarms and deep biosphere
JF  - Scientific drilling : reports on deep earth sampling and monitoring
N2  - The new in situ geodynamic laboratory established in the framework of the ICDP Eger project aims to develop the most modern, comprehensive, multiparameter laboratory at depth for studying earthquake swarms, crustal fluid flow, mantle-derived CO2 and helium degassing, and processes of the deep biosphere. In order to reach a new level of high-frequency, near-source and multiparameter observation of earthquake swarms and related phenomena, such a laboratory comprises a set of shallow boreholes with high-frequency 3-D seismic arrays as well as modern continuous real-time fluid monitoring at depth and the study of the deep biosphere.

This laboratory is located in the western part of the Eger Rift at the border of the Czech Republic and Germany (in the West Bohemia–Vogtland geodynamic region) and comprises a set of five boreholes around the seismoactive zone. To date, all monitoring boreholes have been drilled. This includes the seismic monitoring boreholes S1, S2 and S3 in the crystalline units north and east of the major Nový Kostel seismogenic zone, borehole F3 in the Hartoušov mofette field and borehole S4 in the newly discovered Bažina maar near Libá. Supplementary borehole P1 is being prepared in the Neualbenreuth maar for paleoclimate and biological research. At each of these sites, a borehole broadband seismometer will be installed, and sites S1, S2 and S3 will also host a 3-D seismic array composed of a vertical geophone chain and surface seismic array. Seismic instrumenting has been completed in the S1 borehole and is in preparation in the remaining four monitoring boreholes. The continuous fluid monitoring site of Hartoušov includes three boreholes, F1, F2 and F3, and a pilot monitoring phase is underway. The laboratory also enables one to analyze microbial activity at CO2 mofettes and maar structures in the context of changes in habitats. The drillings into the maar volcanoes contribute to a better understanding of the Quaternary paleoclimate and volcanic activity.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-31-2022
SN  - 1816-8957
SN  - 1816-3459
VL  - 31
SP  - 31
EP  - 49
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  -