TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kessler, Katharina
A1  - Hornemann, Silke
A1  - Rudovich, Natalia
A1  - Weber, Daniela
A1  - Grune, Tilman
A1  - Kramer, Achim
A1  - Pfeiffer, Andreas F. H.
A1  - Pivovarova-Ramich, Olga
T1  - Saliva samples as a tool to study the effect of meal timing on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers
JF  - Nutrients
N2  - Meal timing affects metabolic regulation in humans. Most studies use blood samples fortheir investigations. Saliva, although easily available and non-invasive, seems to be rarely used forchrononutritional studies. In this pilot study, we tested if saliva samples could be used to studythe effect of timing of carbohydrate and fat intake on metabolic rhythms. In this cross-over trial, 29 nonobese men were randomized to two isocaloric 4-week diets: (1) carbohydrate-rich meals until13:30 and high-fat meals between 16:30 and 22:00 or (2) the inverse order of meals. Stimulated salivasamples were collected every 4 h for 24 h at the end of each intervention, and levels of hormones andinflammatory biomarkers were assessed in saliva and blood. Cortisol, melatonin, resistin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 and MCP-1 demonstrated distinct diurnal variations, mirroring daytime reports inblood and showing significant correlations with blood levels. The rhythm patterns were similar forboth diets, indicating that timing of carbohydrate and fat intake has a minimal effect on metabolicand inflammatory biomarkers in saliva. Our study revealed that saliva is a promising tool for thenon-invasive assessment of metabolic rhythms in chrononutritional studies, but standardisation of sample collection is needed in out-of-lab studies.
KW  - meal timing
KW  - saliva
KW  - circadian clock
KW  - adiponectin
KW  - resistin
KW  - visfatin
KW  - insulin
KW  - melatonin
KW  - cortisol
KW  - cytokines
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020340
SN  - 2072-6643
IS  - 2
SP  - 1
EP  - 12
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -