TY - JOUR A1 - von Websky, Karoline A1 - Hasan, Ahmed Abdallah Abdalrahman Mohamed A1 - Reichetzeder, Christoph A1 - Tsuprykov, Oleg A1 - Hocher, Berthold T1 - Impact of vitamin D on pregnancy-related disorders and on offspring outcome JF - The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology N2 - Observational studies from all over the world continue to find high prevalence rates of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in many populations, including pregnant women. Beyond its classical function as a regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism, vitamin D elicits numerous effects in the human body. Current evidence highlights a vital role of vitamin D in mammalian gestation. During pregnancy, adaptations in maternal vitamin D metabolism lead to a physiologic increase of vitamin D levels, mainly because of an increased renal production, although other potential sources like the placenta are being discussed. A sufficient supply of mother and child with calcium and vitamin D during pregnancy ensures a healthy bone development of the fetus, whereas lack of either of these nutrients can lead to the development of rickets in the child. Moreover, vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy has consistently been associated with adverse maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes. In multitudinous studies, low maternal vitamin D status was associated with a higher risk for pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and other gestational diseases. Likewise, several negative consequences for the fetus have been reported, including fetal growth restriction, increased risk of preterm birth and a changed susceptibility for later-life diseases. However, study results are diverging and causality has not been proven so far. Meta-analyses on the relationship between maternal vitamin D status and pregnancy outcomes revealed a wide heterogeneity of studied populations and the applied methodology in vitamin D assessment. Until today, clinical guidelines for supplementation cannot be based on high-quality evidence and it is not clear if the required intake for pregnant women differs from non-pregnant women. Long-term safety data of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women has not been established and overdosing of vitamin D might have unfavorable effects, especially in mothers and newborns with mutations of genes involved in vitamin D metabolism. Reliable data from large observational and interventional randomized control trials are urgently needed as a basis for any detailed and safe recommendations for supplementation in the general population and, most importantly, in pregnant women. This is of utmost importance, as ensuring a sufficient vitamin D-supply of mother and child implies a great potential for the prevention of birth complications and development of diseases. KW - Vitamin D deficiency KW - Free vitamin D KW - Vitamin D binding protein KW - Epigenetics KW - DNA methylation KW - Single nucleotide polymorphism KW - Preeclampsia KW - Gestational diabetes mellitus KW - Small for gestational age KW - Long term health Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.008 SN - 0960-0760 VL - 180 SP - 51 EP - 64 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Putra, Sulistyo E. Dwi A1 - Reichetzeder, Christoph A1 - Meixner, Martin A1 - Liere, Karsten A1 - Slowinski, Torsten A1 - Hocher, Berthold T1 - DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter in the placenta is associated with blood pressure regulation in human pregnancy JF - Journal of hypertension N2 - Background: Blood pressure (BP) regulation during pregnancy is influenced by hormones of placental origin. It was shown that the glucocorticoid system is altered in hypertensive pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia. Epigenetic mechanism might influence the activity of genes involved in placental hormone/hormone receptor synthesis/action during pregnancy. Method: In the current study, we analyzed the association of 50-C-phosphate-G-30 (CpG) site methylation of different glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter regions with BP during pregnancy. The study was performed as a nested case-control study (n = 80) out of 1045 mother/ child pairs from the Berlin Birth Cohort. Placental DNA was extracted and bisulfite converted. Nested PCR products from six NR3C1 proximal promoter regions [glucocorticoid receptor gene promotor region B (GR-1B), C (GR-1C), D (GR-1D), E (GR-1E), F (GR-1F), and H (GR-1H)] were analyzed by next generation sequencing. Results: NR3C1 promoter regions GR-1D and GR-1E had a much higher degree of DNA methylation as compared to GR-1B, GR-1F or GR-1H when analyzing the entire study population. Comparison of placental NR3C1 CpG site methylation among hypotensive, normotensive and hypertensive mothers revealed several differently methylated CpG sites in the GR-1F promoter region only. Both hypertension and hypotension were associated with increased DNA methylation of GR-1F CpG sites. These associations were independent of confounding factors, such as family history of hypertension, smoking status before pregnancy and prepregnancy BMI. Assessment of placental glucocorticoid receptor expression by western blot showed that observed DNA methylation differences were not associated with altered levels of placental glucocorticoid receptor expression. However, correlation matrices of all NR3C1 proximal promoter regions demonstrated different correlation patterns of intraregional and interregional DNA methylation in the three BP groups, putatively indicating altered transcriptional control of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence of an independent association between placental NR3C1 proximal promoter methylation and maternal BP. Furthermore, we observed different patterns of NR3C1 promoter methylation in normotensive, hypertensive and hypotensive pregnancy. KW - DNA methylation KW - epigenetics KW - glucocorticoid receptor KW - hypertension KW - hypotension KW - NR3C1 gene KW - placenta KW - pregnancy Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001450 SN - 0263-6352 SN - 1473-5598 VL - 35 SP - 2276 EP - 2286 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER -