TY - JOUR A1 - van der Meij, Marijn W. A1 - Reimann, Tony A1 - Vornehm, V. K. A1 - Temme, Arnaud J. A. M. A1 - Wallinga, Jakob A1 - van Beek, Roy A1 - Sommer, Michael T1 - Reconstructing rates and patterns of colluvial soil redistribution in agrarian (hummocky) landscapes JF - Earth surface processes and landforms : the journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group N2 - Humans have triggered or accelerated erosion processes since prehistoric times through agricultural practices. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is widely used to quantify phases and rates of the corresponding landscape change, by measuring the last moment of daylight exposure of sediments. However, natural and anthropogenic mixing processes, such as bioturbation and tillage, complicate the use of OSL as grains of different depositional ages become mixed, and grains become exposed to light even long after the depositional event of interest. Instead, OSL determines the stabilization age, indicating when sediments were buried below the active mixing zone. These stabilization ages can cause systematic underestimation when calculating deposition rates. Our focus is on colluvial deposition in a kettle hole in the Uckermark region, northeastern Germany. We took 32 samples from five locations in the colluvium filling the kettle hole to study both spatial and temporal patterns in colluviation. We combined OSL dating with advanced age modelling to determine the stabilization age of colluvial sediments. These ages were combined with an archaeological reconstruction of historical ploughing depths to derive the levels of the soil surface at the moment of stabilization; the deposition depths, which were then used to calculate unbiased deposition rates. We identified two phases of colluvial deposition. The oldest deposits (similar to 5 ka) were located at the fringe of the kettle hole and accumulated relatively slowly, whereas the youngest deposits (<0.3 ka) rapidly filled the central kettle hole with rates of two orders of magnitude higher. We suggest that the latter phase is related to artificial drainage, facilitating accessibility in the central depression for agricultural practices. Our results show the need for numerical dating techniques that take archaeological and soil-geomorphological information into account to identify spatiotemporal patterns of landscape change, and to correctly interpret landscape dynamics in anthropogenically influenced hilly landscapes. (c) 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. KW - geochronology KW - OSL KW - tillage KW - erosion KW - kettle hole KW - hummocky KW - landscape evolution Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4671 SN - 0197-9337 SN - 1096-9837 VL - 44 IS - 12 SP - 2408 EP - 2422 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, Megan A. A1 - Licht, Alexis A1 - Campbell, C. A1 - Ocakoglu, F. A1 - Taylor, Marc Hollis A1 - Burch, L. A1 - Ugrai, Tamas A1 - Kaya, M. A1 - Kurtoglu, B. A1 - Coster, P. M. C. A1 - Metais, Mustafa Yücel A1 - Beard, Kenneth Christopher T1 - Collision Chronology Along the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone: Insights From the Saricakaya Basin, Western Anatolia JF - Tectonics N2 - Debate persists concerning the timing and geodynamics of intercontinental collision, style of syncollisional deformation, and development of topography and fold-and-thrust belts along the >1,700-km-long Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ) in Turkey. Resolving this debate is a necessary precursor to evaluating the integrity of convergent margin models and kinematic, topographic, and biogeographic reconstructions of the Mediterranean domain. Geodynamic models argue either for a synchronous or diachronous collision during either the Late Cretaceous and/or Eocene, followed by Eocene slab breakoff and postcollisional magmatism. We investigate the collision chronology in western Anatolia as recorded in the sedimentary archives of the 90-km-long Saricakaya Basin perched at shallow structural levels along the IAESZ. Based on new zircon U-Pb geochronology and depositional environment and sedimentary provenance results, we demonstrate that the Saricakaya Basin is an Eocene sedimentary basin with sediment sourced from both the IAESZ and Sogut Thrust fault to the south and north, respectively, and formed primarily by flexural loading from north-south shortening along the syncollisional Sogut Thrust. Our results refine the timing of collision between the Anatolides and Pontide terranes in western Anatolia to Maastrichtian-Middle Paleocene and Early Eocene crustal shortening and basin formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate contemporaneous collision, deformation, and magmatism across the IAESZ, supporting synchronous collision models. We show that regional postcollisional magmatism can be explained by renewed underthrusting instead of slab breakoff. This new IAESZ chronology provides additional constraints for kinematic, geodynamic, and biogeographic reconstructions of the Mediterranean domain. KW - Anatolia KW - geochronology KW - collision KW - Eocene KW - detrital zircons Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005683 SN - 0278-7407 SN - 1944-9194 VL - 38 IS - 10 SP - 3652 EP - 3674 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Lefebvre, Marie G. T1 - Two stages of skarn formation - two tin enrichments T1 - Zwei Stufen der Skarn-Bildung - zwei Phasen der Zinnmobilisierung BT - the Hämmerlein polymetallic skarn deposit, western Erzgebirge, Germany BT - die polymetallische Skarnablagerung Hämmerlein, West Erzgebirge, Deutschland N2 - Skarn deposits are found on every continents and were formed at different times from Precambrian to Tertiary. Typically, the formation of a skarn is induced by a granitic intrusion in carbonates-rich sedimentary rocks. During contact metamorphism, fluids derived from the granite interact with the sedimentary host rocks, which results in the formation of calc-silicate minerals at the expense of carbonates. Those newly formed minerals generally develop in a metamorphic zoned aureole with garnet in the proximal and pyroxene in the distal zone. Ore elements contained in magmatic fluids are precipitated due to the change in fluid composition. The temperature decrease of the entire system, due to the cooling of magmatic fluids and the entering of meteoric water, allows retrogression of some prograde minerals. The Hämmerlein skarn deposit has a multi-stage history with a skarn formation during regional metamorphism and a retrogression of primary skarn minerals during the granitic intrusion. Tin was mobilized during both events. The 340 Ma old tin-bearing skarn minerals show that tin was present in sediments before the granite intrusion, and that the first Sn enrichment occurred during the skarn formation by regional metamorphism fluids. In a second step at ca. 320 Ma, tin-bearing fluids were produced with the intrusion of the Eibenstock granite. Tin, which has been added by the granite and remobilized from skarn calc-silicates, precipitated as cassiterite. Compared to clay or marl, the skarn is enriched in Sn, W, In, Zn, and Cu. These metals have been supplied during both regional metamorphism and granite emplacement. In addition, the several isotopic and chemical data of skarn samples show that the granite selectively added elements such as Sn, and that there was no visible granitic contribution to the sedimentary signature of the skarn The example of Hämmerlein shows that it is possible to form a tin-rich skarn without associated granite when tin has already been transported from tin-bearing sediments during regional metamorphism by aqueous metamorphic fluids. These skarns are economically not interesting if tin is only contained in the skarn minerals. Later alteration of the skarn (the heat and fluid source is not necessarily a granite), however, can lead to the formation of secondary cassiterite (SnO2), with which the skarn can become economically highly interesting. N2 - Skarn-Lagerstätten befinden sich auf allen Kontinenten und wurden zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten vom Präkambrium bis zum Tertiär gebildet. Typischerweise wird die Bildung eines Skarns durch die Intrusion eines Granits in karbonatreiche Sedimentgesteine induziert. Während der Kontaktmetamorphose reagieren die Fluide aus dem Granit mit dem sedimentären Wirtgestein, was zur Bildung von Kalksilikaten auf Kosten von Karbonaten führt. Diese neu gebildeten Minerale entwickeln sich im Allgemeinen in einer metamorph zonierten Aureole mit Granat im proximalen und Pyroxen im distalen Bereich. Erzelemente die in magmatischen Fluiden enthalten sind werden aufgrund der veränderten Fluidzusammensetzung ausgefällt. Die Temperaturabsenkung des gesamten Systems, hervorgerufen durch die Abkühlung von magmatischen Fluiden sowie durch das Eindringen meteorischen Wassers, führen zu teilweisen oder vollständigen Umwandlung prograder Minerale. Die Skarn-Lagerstätte Hämmerlein hat eine mehrstufige Geschichte mit Skarnsbildung während der regionalen Metamorphose und Retrogression der primären Skarn-Minerale während der Intrusion von Graniten. Zinn wurde während beiden Ereignissen mobilisiert. Die 340 Ma alten zinnhaltigen Skarnminerale zeigen, dass Zinn in Sedimenten bereits vor dem Graniteintrag vorhanden war, und dass die erste Sn-Anreicherung während der Bildung des Skarns durch Fluide der Regionalmetamorphose stattfand. In einem zweiten Schritt um 320 Ma wurden Zinn-haltige Fluide durch die Intrusion des Eibenstockgranits freigesetzt. Diese Fluide überprägten den Skarn. Das freisetzen und das neu zugefügte Zinn ist in Kassiterit gebunden und führten dem System zusätzliches Zinn zu, wobei Zinn aus den Skarn-Kalksilikaten remobilisiert wurde. Im Vergleich zu Tonstein oder Mergel sind die Skarn mit Sn, W, In, Zn, und Cu angereichet. Diese Metalle sind während der Regionalmetamorphose und der Granitplatznahme zu unterschiedlichen Teilen zugeführt worden. Darüber hinaus zeigen die verschiedenen isotopen und chemischen Daten der Skarn-Proben, dass der Granit selektiv einige Elemente wie Sn hinzugefügt, und dass es keinen sichtbar granitischen Beitrag zur sedimentären Signatur des Skarns gab. Das Beispiel Hämmerlein zeigt, dass es möglich ist einen zinnreichen Skarn ohne zugehörigen Granit zu bilden, wenn Zinn von zinnhaltigen Sedimenten während einer Regionalmetamorphose mit wässrigen metamorphen Fluiden transportiert worden ist. Diese Skarne sind wirtschaftlich uninterssant wenn das Zinn nur in den Skarn-Mineralen enthalten ist. Spätere Umwandlung des Skarns (die Quelle der Wärme und Fluiden ist nicht unbedingt ein Granit) kann jedoch zur Bildung von sekundärem Kassiterite (SnO2) führen, womit der Skarn plötzlich wirtschaftlich hoch interessant sein kann. KW - Hämmerlein KW - skarn KW - tin KW - ore deposit KW - geochronology KW - lithium KW - boron KW - Hämmerlein KW - Skarn KW - Zinn KW - Lagerstätte KW - Geochronologie KW - Lithium KW - Bor Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427178 ER -