TY  - GEN
A1  - Eldridge, Tilly
A1  - Łangowski, Łukasz
A1  - Stacey, Nicola
A1  - Jantzen, Friederike
A1  - Moubayidin, Laila
A1  - Sicard, Adrien
A1  - Southam, Paul
A1  - Kennaway, Richard
A1  - Lenhard, Michael
A1  - Coen, Enrico S.
A1  - Østergaard, Lars
T1  - Fruit shape diversity in the Brassicaceae is generated by varying patterns of anisotropy
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Fruits exhibit a vast array of different 3D shapes, from simple spheres and cylinders to more complex curved forms; however, the mechanism by which growth is oriented and coordinated to generate this diversity of forms is unclear. Here, we compare the growth patterns and orientations for two very different fruit shapes in the Brassicaceae: the heart-shaped Capsella rubella silicle and the near-cylindrical Arabidopsis thaliana silique. We show, through a combination of clonal and morphological analyses, that the different shapes involve different patterns of anisotropic growth during three phases. These experimental data can be accounted for by a tissue level model in which specified growth rates vary in space and time and are oriented by a proximodistal polarity field. The resulting tissue conflicts lead to deformation of the tissue as it grows. The model allows us to identify tissue-specific and temporally specific activities required to obtain the individual shapes. One such activity may be provided by the valve-identity gene FRUITFULL, which we show through comparative mutant analysis to modulate fruit shape during post-fertilisation growth of both species. Simple modulations of the model presented here can also broadly account for the variety of shapes in other Brassicaceae species, thus providing a simplified framework for fruit development and shape diversity.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 986 
KW  - Brassicaceae
KW  - Capsella
KW  - arabidopsis
KW  - fruit shape
KW  - modelling
KW  - anisotropic growth
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-438041
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 986
SP  - 3394
EP  - 3406
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sicard, Adrien
A1  - Kappel, Christian
A1  - Lee, Young Wha
A1  - Wozniak, Natalia Joanna
A1  - Marona, Cindy
A1  - Stinchcombe, John R.
A1  - Wright, Stephen I.
A1  - Lenhard, Michael
T1  - Standing genetic variation in a tissue-specific enhancer underlies
selfing-syndrome evolution in Capsella
JF  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
N2  - Mating system shifts recurrently drive specific changes in organ dimensions. The shift in mating system from out-breeding to selfing is one of the most frequent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants and is often associated with an organ-specific reduction in flower size. However, the evolutionary paths along which polygenic traits, such as size, evolve are poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how natural selection can specifically modulate the size of one organ despite the pleiotropic action of most known growth regulators. Here, we demonstrate that allelic variation in the intron of a general growth regulator contributed to the specific reduction of petal size after the transition to selfing in the genus Capsella. Variation within this intron affects an organ-specific enhancer that regulates the level of STERILE APETALA (SAP) protein in the developing petals. The resulting decrease in SAP activity leads to a shortening of the cell proliferation period and reduced number of petal cells. The absence of private polymorphisms at the causal region in the selfing species suggests that the small-petal allele was captured from standing genetic variation in the ancestral out-crossing population. Petal-size variation in the current out-crossing population indicates that several small-effect mutations have contributed to reduce petal-size. These data demonstrate how tissue-specific regulatory elements in pleiotropic genes contribute to organ-specific evolution. In addition, they provide a plausible evolutionary explanation for the rapid evolution of flower size after the out-breeding-to-selfing transition based on additive effects of segregating alleles.
KW  - morphological evolution
KW  - growth control
KW  - standing variation;
 organ-specific evolution
KW  - intronic cis-regulatory element
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613394113
SN  - 0027-8424
VL  - 113
SP  - 13911
EP  - 13916
PB  - National Acad. of Sciences
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jöst, Moritz
A1  - Hensel, Goetz
A1  - Kappel, Christian
A1  - Druka, Arnis
A1  - Sicard, Adrien
A1  - Hohmann, Uwe
A1  - Beier, Sebastian
A1  - Himmelbach, Axel
A1  - Waugh, Robbie
A1  - Kumlehn, Jochen
A1  - Stein, Nils
A1  - Lenhard, Michael
T1  - The INDETERMINATE DOMAIN Protein BROAD LEAF1 Limits Barley Leaf Width by Restricting Lateral Proliferation
JF  - Current biology
N2  - Variation in the size, shape, and positioning of leaves as the major photosynthetic organs strongly impacts crop yield, and optimizing these aspects is a central aim of cereal breeding [1, 2]. Leaf growth in grasses is driven by cell proliferation and cell expansion in a basal growth zone [3]. Although several factors influencing final leaf size and shape have been identified from rice and maize [4-14], what limits grass leaf growth in the longitudinal or transverse directions during leaf development remains poorly understood. To identify factors involved in this process, we characterized the barley mutant broad leaf1 (blf1). Mutants form wider but slightly shorter leaves due to changes in the numbers of longitudinal cell files and of cells along the leaf length. These differences arise during primordia outgrowth because of more cell divisions in the width direction increasing the number of cell files. Positional cloning, analysis of independent alleles, and transgenic complementation confirm that BLF1 encodes a presumed transcriptional regulator of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN family. In contrast to loss-of-function mutants, moderate overexpression of BLF1 decreases leaf width below wild-type levels. A functional BLF1-vYFP fusion protein expressed from the endogenous promoter shows a dynamic expression pattern in the shoot apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Thus, we propose that the BLF1 gene regulates barley leaf size by restricting cell proliferation in the leaf-width direction. Given the agronomic importance of canopy traits in cereals, identifying functionally different BLF1 alleles promises to allow for the generation of optimized cereal ideotypes.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.047
SN  - 0960-9822
SN  - 1879-0445
VL  - 26
SP  - 903
EP  - 909
PB  - Cell Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cuong Nguyen Huu, 
A1  - Kappel, Christian
A1  - Keller, Barbara
A1  - Sicard, Adrien
A1  - Takebayashi, Yumiko
A1  - Breuninger, Holger
A1  - Nowak, Michael D.
A1  - Bäurle, Isabel
A1  - Himmelbach, Axel
A1  - Burkart, Michael
A1  - Ebbing-Lohaus, Thomas
A1  - Sakakibara, Hitoshi
A1  - Altschmied, Lothar
A1  - Conti, Elena
A1  - Lenhard, Michael
T1  - Presence versus absence of CYP734A50 underlies the style-length dimorphism in primroses
JF  - eLife
N2  - Heterostyly is a wide-spread floral adaptation to promote outbreeding, yet its genetic basis and evolutionary origin remain poorly understood. In Primula (primroses), heterostyly is controlled by the S-locus supergene that determines the reciprocal arrangement of reproductive organs and incompatibility between the two morphs. However, the identities of the component genes remain unknown. Here, we identify the Primula CYP734A50 gene, encoding a putative brassinosteroid-degrading enzyme, as the G locus that determines the style-length dimorphism. CYP734A50 is only present on the short-styled S-morph haplotype, it is specifically expressed in S-morph styles, and its loss or inactivation leads to long styles. The gene arose by a duplication specific to the Primulaceae lineage and shows an accelerated rate of molecular evolution. Thus, our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the Primula style-length dimorphism and begin to shed light on the evolution of the S-locus as a prime model for a complex plant supergene.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17956
SN  - 2050-084X
VL  - 5
PB  - eLife Sciences Publications
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Eldridge, Tilly
A1  - Langowski, Lukasz
A1  - Stacey, Nicola
A1  - Jantzen, Friederike
A1  - Moubayidin, Laila
A1  - Sicard, Adrien
A1  - Southam, Paul
A1  - Kennaway, Richard
A1  - Lenhard, Michael
A1  - Coen, Enrico S.
A1  - Ostergaard, Lars
T1  - Fruit shape diversity in the Brassicaceae is generated by varying patterns of anisotropy
JF  - Development : Company of Biologists
N2  - Fruits exhibit a vast array of different 3D shapes, from simple spheres and cylinders to more complex curved forms; however, the mechanism by which growth is oriented and coordinated to generate this diversity of forms is unclear. Here, we compare the growth patterns and orientations for two very different fruit shapes in the Brassicaceae: the heart-shaped Capsella rubella silicle and the near-cylindrical Arabidopsis thaliana silique. We show, through a combination of clonal and morphological analyses, that the different shapes involve different patterns of anisotropic growth during three phases. These experimental data can be accounted for by a tissue level model in which specified growth rates vary in space and time and are oriented by a proximodistal polarity field. The resulting tissue conflicts lead to deformation of the tissue as it grows. The model allows us to identify tissue-specific and temporally specific activities required to obtain the individual shapes. One such activity may be provided by the valve-identity gene FRUITFULL, which we show through comparative mutant analysis to modulate fruit shape during post-fertilisation growth of both species. Simple modulations of the model presented here can also broadly account for the variety of shapes in other Brassicaceae species, thus providing a simplified framework for fruit development and shape diversity.
KW  - Brassicaceae
KW  - Capsella
KW  - Arabidopsis
KW  - Fruit shape
KW  - Modelling
KW  - Anisotropic growth
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.135327
SN  - 0950-1991
SN  - 1477-9129
VL  - 143
SP  - 3394
EP  - 3406
PB  - Company of Biologists Limited
CY  - Cambridge
ER  -