TY - JOUR A1 - Salamat, Mona A1 - Zare, Mehdi A1 - Holschneider, Matthias A1 - Zöller, Gert T1 - Calculation of Confidence Intervals for the Maximum Magnitude of Earthquakes in Different Seismotectonic Zones of Iran JF - Pure and applied geophysics N2 - The problem of estimating the maximum possible earthquake magnitude m(max) has attracted growing attention in recent years. Due to sparse data, the role of uncertainties becomes crucial. In this work, we determine the uncertainties related to the maximum magnitude in terms of confidence intervals. Using an earthquake catalog of Iran, m(max) is estimated for different predefined levels of confidence in six seismotectonic zones. Assuming the doubly truncated Gutenberg-Richter distribution as a statistical model for earthquake magnitudes, confidence intervals for the maximum possible magnitude of earthquakes are calculated in each zone. While the lower limit of the confidence interval is the magnitude of the maximum observed event, the upper limit is calculated from the catalog and the statistical model. For this aim, we use the original catalog which no declustering methods applied on as well as a declustered version of the catalog. Based on the study by Holschneider et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 101(4): 1649-1659, 2011), the confidence interval for m(max) is frequently unbounded, especially if high levels of confidence are required. In this case, no information is gained from the data. Therefore, we elaborate for which settings finite confidence levels are obtained. In this work, Iran is divided into six seismotectonic zones, namely Alborz, Azerbaijan, Zagros, Makran, Kopet Dagh, Central Iran. Although calculations of the confidence interval in Central Iran and Zagros seismotectonic zones are relatively acceptable for meaningful levels of confidence, results in Kopet Dagh, Alborz, Azerbaijan and Makran are not that much promising. The results indicate that estimating mmax from an earthquake catalog for reasonable levels of confidence alone is almost impossible. KW - Maximum magnitude of earthquake KW - Level of confidence KW - Confidence interval Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1418-5 SN - 0033-4553 SN - 1420-9136 VL - 174 SP - 763 EP - 777 PB - Springer CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreibich, Heidi A1 - Botto, Anna A1 - Merz, Bruno A1 - Schröter, Kai T1 - Probabilistic, Multivariable Flood Loss Modeling on the Mesoscale with BT-FLEMO JF - Risk analysis N2 - Flood loss modeling is an important component for risk analyses and decision support in flood risk management. Commonly, flood loss models describe complex damaging processes by simple, deterministic approaches like depth-damage functions and are associated with large uncertainty. To improve flood loss estimation and to provide quantitative information about the uncertainty associated with loss modeling, a probabilistic, multivariable Bagging decision Tree Flood Loss Estimation MOdel (BT-FLEMO) for residential buildings was developed. The application of BT-FLEMO provides a probability distribution of estimated losses to residential buildings per municipality. BT-FLEMO was applied and validated at the mesoscale in 19 municipalities that were affected during the 2002 flood by the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Validation was undertaken on the one hand via a comparison with six deterministic loss models, including both depth-damage functions and multivariable models. On the other hand, the results were compared with official loss data. BT-FLEMO outperforms deterministic, univariable, and multivariable models with regard to model accuracy, although the prediction uncertainty remains high. An important advantage of BT-FLEMO is the quantification of prediction uncertainty. The probability distribution of loss estimates by BT-FLEMO well represents the variation range of loss estimates of the other models in the case study. KW - Damage modeling KW - multiparameter KW - probabilistic KW - uncertainty KW - validation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12650 SN - 0272-4332 SN - 1539-6924 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 774 EP - 787 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xiong, Chao A1 - Stolle, Claudia A1 - Lühr, Hermann A1 - Park, Jaeheung A1 - Fejer, Bela G. A1 - Kervalishvili, Guram N. T1 - Scale analysis of equatorial plasma irregularities derived from Swarm constellation T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In this study, we investigated the scale sizes of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) using measurements from the Swarm satellites during its early mission and final constellation phases. We found that with longitudinal separation between Swarm satellites larger than 0.4°, no significant correlation was found any more. This result suggests that EPI structures include plasma density scale sizes less than 44 km in the zonal direction. During the Swarm earlier mission phase, clearly better EPI correlations are obtained in the northern hemisphere, implying more fragmented irregularities in the southern hemisphere where the ambient magnetic field is low. The previously reported inverted-C shell structure of EPIs is generally confirmed by the Swarm observations in the northern hemisphere, but with various tilt angles. From the Swarm spacecrafts with zonal separations of about 150 km, we conclude that larger zonal scale sizes of irregularities exist during the early evening hours (around 1900 LT). T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1112 KW - Equatorial plasma irregularities KW - ionospheric scale lengths KW - Swarm constellation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431842 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1112 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolfes, Manfred ED - Budke, Alexandra ED - Kuckuck, Miriam T1 - Sicherheit, Kriminalität und Raum BT - Überlegungen zu politischen (bildenden) Potenzialenräumlicher Präventionspraktiken im Geographieunterricht JF - Politische Bildung im Geographieunterricht Y1 - 2016 UR - https://elibrary.steiner-verlag.de/book/99.105010/9783515113250 SN - 978-3-515-11321-2 SN - 978-3-515-11325-0 SP - 129 EP - 140 PB - Steiner CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Budke, Alexandra A1 - Kuckuck, Miriam A1 - Wienecke, Maik ED - Budke, Alexandra ED - Kuckuck, Miriam T1 - Realisierungen der Politischen Bildung im Geographieunterricht BT - Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie mit Geographielehrkräften JF - Politische Bildung im Geographieunterricht Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-515-11325-0 SN - 978-3-515-11321-2 SP - 155 EP - 165 PB - Steiner CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lopez, Pilar A1 - López-Tarazón, José Andrés A1 - Casas-Ruiz, Joan P. A1 - Pompeo, Marcelo A1 - Ordonez, Jaime A1 - Munoz, Isabel T1 - Sediment size distribution and composition in a reservoir affected by severe water level fluctuations JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - The reservoir sediments are important sinks for organic carbon (OC), the OC burial being dependent on two opposite processes, deposition and mineralization. Hence factors such as severe water level fluctuations are expected to influence the rate of OC accumulation as they may affect both deposition and mineralization. The Barasona Reservoir has been historically threatened by siltation, whilst the use of water for irrigation involves a drastic decrease of the water level. In this context, we have studied the physical and chemical characteristics (grain size, major and minor elemental compositions, organic and inorganic carbon, and nitrogen) of the recent sediments of the Barasona Reservoir and the relationships among them in order to: a) elucidate the main processes governing OC accumulation, b) evaluate the rate of OC mineralization and c) approach the effect of drought on the sediment characteristics in this system. Our results indicated that Barasona sediments were dominated by fine silts (>60%) and clays (>20%), the mean particle size decreasing from tail to dam. Desiccation increased particle sorting and size distribution became bimodal, but no effect on average size was observed. Attending to the composition, Barasona sediments were very homogeneous with low concentrations of nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (<12 g kg(-1) dw and <0.6 g kg(-1) dw, respectively) and high concentration of OC (approximate to 36 kg(-1) dw). TN was negatively related to dry weight Sediment mixing due to drastic changes in water level may have favoured the observed homogeneity of Barasona sediments affecting carbon, major ions and grain size. The high amount of OC deposited in Barasona sediment suggested that the adsorption of OC onto fine particles was more important than in boreal lakes. The rate of oxygen consumption by wet sediment ranged from 2.26 to 3.15 mg O-2 m(-2) day(-1), values close to those compiled for Mediterranean running waters. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Sediment KW - Grain-size KW - Organic carbon KW - Respiration rate KW - Barasona reservoir KW - Drought Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.033 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 540 SP - 158 EP - 167 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - López-Tarazón, José Andrés A1 - Lopez, Pilar A1 - Lobera, Gemma A1 - Batalla Villanueva, Ramon J. T1 - Suspended sediment, carbon and nitrogen transport in a regulated Pyrenean river JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - Regulation alters the characteristics of riversty transforming parts of them into lakes, affecting their hydrology and also the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and dynamics. Reservoirs have proven to be very effective retaining particulate materials, thereby avoiding the downstream transport of suspended sediment and the chemical substances associated with it (e.g. Carbon, C or Nitrogen, N). The study of fluvial transport of C and N is of great interest since river load represents a major link to the global C and N cycles. Moreover, reservoirs are the most important sinks for organic carbon among inland waters and have a potential significance as nitrogen sinks. In this respect, this paper investigates the effects of a Pyrenean reservoir on the runoff, suspended sediment, C and N derived from the highly active Esera and Isabena rivets. Key findings indicate that the reservoir causes a considerable impact on the Esera-Isabena river fluxes, reducing them dramatically as almost all the inputs are retained within the reservoir. Despite the very dry study year (2011-2012), it can be calculated that almost 300,000 t of suspended sediment were deposited into the Barasona Reservoir, from which more than 16,000 were C (i.e. 2200 t as organic C) and 222 t were N. These values may not be seen as remarkable in a wider global context but, assuming that around 30 hm(3) of sediment are currently stored in the reservoir, figures would increase up to ca. 2.6 x 10(6) t of C (i.e. 360,000 t of organic C) and 35,000 t of N. Nevertheless, these values are indicative and should be treated with caution as there is incomplete understanding of all the processes which affect C and N. Further investigation to establish a more complete picture of C and N yields and budgets by monitoring the different processes involved is essential. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Suspended sediment KW - Carbon KW - Nitrogen KW - Temporal dynamics KW - Barasona Reservoir KW - River Esera KW - Ebro basin Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.132 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 540 SP - 133 EP - 143 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lobera, G. A1 - Batalla Villanueva, Ramon J. A1 - Vericat, D. A1 - López-Tarazón, José Andrés A1 - Tena, A. T1 - Sediment transport in two mediterranean regulated rivers JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - Mediterranean climate is characterized by highly irregular rainfall patterns with marked differences between wet and dry seasons which lead to highly variable hydrological fluvial regimes. As a result, and in order to ensure water availability and reduce its temporal variability, a high number of large dams were built during the 20th century (more than 3500 located in Mediterranean rivers). Dams modify the flow regime but also interrupt the continuity of sediment transfer along the river network, thereby changing its functioning as an ecosystem. Within this context, the present paper aims to assess the suspended sediment loads and dynamics of two climatically contrasting Mediterranean regulated rivers (i.e. the Esera and Siurana) during a 2-yr period. Key findings indicate that floods were responsible for 92% of the total suspended sediment load in the River Siurana, while this percentage falls to 70% for the Esera, indicating the importance of baseflows on sediment transport in this river. This fact is related to the high sediment availability, with the Esera acting as a non-supply-limited catchment due to the high productivity of the sources (i.e. badlands). In contrast, the Siurana can be considered a supply-limited system due to its low geomorphic activity and reduced sediment availability, with suspended sediment concentration remaining low even for high magnitude flood events. Reservoirs in both rivers reduce sediment load up to 90%, although total runoff is only reduced in the case of the River Esera. A remarkable fact is the change of the hydrological character of the River Lem downstream for the dam, shifting from a humid mountainous river regime to a quasi-invariable pattern, whereas the Siurana experiences the opposite effect, changing from a flashy Mediterranean river to a more constant flow regime below the dam. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Suspended sediment transport KW - Sediment load KW - Flow regime KW - Barasona Reservoir KW - Siurana Reservoir KW - Ebro basin KW - Mediterranean Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.018 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 540 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caus, Esmeralda A1 - Frijia, Gianluca A1 - Parente, Mariano A1 - Robles-Salcedo, Raquel A1 - Villalonga, Raquel T1 - Constraining the age of the last marine sediments in the late Cretaceous of central south Pyrenees (NE Spain): Insights from larger benthic foraminifera and strontium isotope stratigraphy JF - Cretaceous research N2 - The uppermost Cretaceous (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian) marine deposits of the central south Pyrenees host a rich larger benthic foraminiferal fauna and several rudist-rich levels. These marine deposits are directly overlain by the continental facies of the Aren and Tremp Formations, which are famous for their fossil dinosaur remains. Larger benthic foraminiferal distribution documents an important faunal turnover in all the carbonate platform environments within the photic zone, from open marine to littoral areas. Biostratigraphy indicates that this turnover occurred close to the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary. This is also confirmed by strontium isotope stratigraphy which indicates an earliest Maastrichtian age for the appearance of the larger benthic foraminiferal assemblage constituted by Lepidorbitoides socialis, Clypeorbis mammillata, Wannierina cataluniensis, Orbitoides gruenbachensis, Siderolites aff. calcitrapoides, Fascispira colomi, Omphalocyclus macroporus and Laffiteina mengaudi. In particular, a numerical age of 71 Ma is obtained for the Hippurites radiosus level, just a few meters below the first continental deposits of the Aren sensu stricto Formation. The youngest marine sediments of the central south Pyrenees are early Maastrichtian in age. This is also an important constraint for the age of the end-Cretaceous dinosaur fossil localities of the Tremp basin. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Larger benthic foraminifera KW - Strontium isotope stratigraphy KW - Late Cretaceous KW - Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary KW - Tremp basin KW - Pyrenees KW - NE Spain Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.05.012 SN - 0195-6671 SN - 1095-998X VL - 57 SP - 402 EP - 413 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlagintweit, Felix A1 - Frijia, Gianluca A1 - Parente, Mariano T1 - Sarmentofascis zamparelliae n. sp., a new demosponge from the lower Campanian of southern Italy JF - Cretaceous research N2 - A new coralline sponge, exhibiting typical "stromatoporoid" bodyplan, is described as Sarmentofascis zamparelliae n. sp. from the lower Campanian of the southern Apennines, Italy. It is differentiated from Sarmentofascis cretacea (Turnsek) (Hauterivian of Montenegro) and Sarmentofascis chabrieri Termier, Termier and Vachard (Santonian of France) above all by its slender arborescent skeleton, exhibiting longitudinally distributed astrorhizae-like canals. S. zamparelliae n. sp. is the youngest representative of the genus and is reported from a period exhibiting a distinct decline of "stromatoporoid" sponges. With its clinogonal microstructure and occurrence in inner platform stromatoporoid-foraminiferan floatstones it can be considered a Late Cretaceous environmental analog to the Late Jurassic Cladocoropsis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Sponges KW - Systematics KW - Sarmentofascis KW - Cladocoropsis KW - Upper Cretaceous Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.018 SN - 0195-6671 SN - 1095-998X VL - 57 SP - 157 EP - 164 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER -