TY - JOUR A1 - Flores Suárez, Rosaura A1 - Ganesan, Lakshmi Meena A1 - Wirges, Werner A1 - Gerhard, Reimund A1 - Mellinger, Axel T1 - Imaging liquid crystals dispersed in a ferroelectric polymer matrix by means of thermal-pulse tomography N2 - A new arrangement of the optical elements in a Thermal-Pulse-Tomography (TPT) setup allows to scan micrometer structures in composite and heterogeneous samples such as polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). The non-destructive TPT technique allows the determination of three-dimensional profiles of polarization and space charge in dielectrics. The samples under study were 12 mu m thick films of a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene P(VDF- TrFE) (65/35) with embedded liquid-crystal droplets. The poling process was performed in direct contact well above the coercive field of the copolymer. The 3D map obtained from scanning with a 10 mu m wide spot shows elliptically shaped areas with liquid-crystal droplets. Considering the droplets as oblate spheroids, their major axis lies in the x-y plane, while their minor axis in the z direction measures 0.5 mu m or more. This result is in good agreement with scanning electron micrographs. It is believed that the major axis is overestimated due to imaging of liquid-crystal clusters. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=94 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2010.5539683 SN - 1070-9878 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fix, Dmitri T1 - Lokalkorrosion auf Aluminium: Nicht-invasive in-situ-Observation von Lochkorrosion Y1 - 2010 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Filimon, Marlena A1 - Kopf, Ilona A1 - Ballout, Fuad A1 - Schmidt, Dietrich A. A1 - Bruendermann, Erik A1 - Rühe, Jürgen A1 - Santer, Svetlana A1 - Havenith, Martina T1 - Smart polymer surfaces : mapping chemical landscapes on the nanometre scale N2 - We show that Scattering Infrared Near-field Microscopy (SNIM) allows chemical mapping of polymer monolayers that can serve as designed nanostructured surfaces with specific surface chemistry properties on a nm scale. Using s- SNIM a minimum volume of 100 nm x 100 nm x 15 nm is sufficient for a recording of a "chemical'' IR signature which corresponds to an enhancement of at least four orders of magnitudes compared to conventional FT-IR microscopy. We could prove that even in cases where it is essentially difficult to distinguish between distinct polymer compositions based solely on topography, nanophase separated polymers can be clearly distinguished according to their characteristic near-field IR response. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/sm/index.asp U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/C0sm00098a SN - 1744-683X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fang, Peng A1 - Qiu, Xunlin A1 - Wirges, Werner A1 - Gerhard, Reimund A1 - Zirkel, Larissa T1 - Polyethylene-naphthalate (PEN) ferroelectrets : cellular structure, piezoelectricity and thermal stability N2 - Cellular polyethylene-naphthalate (PEN) ferroelectrets are useful as soft and flexible electromechanical transducer materials. Improved cellular PEN foams are prepared by means of a "voiding + inflation + stretching" process and investigated with respect to their structure and their applications-relevant properties. It is found that most of the cellular voids have heights below 8 mu m. The polymer walls do not allow sufficient gas exchange between the voids and the ambient atmosphere, when the cellular films are exposed to atmospheric pressures between a millibar and a few bars. As expected for ferroelectrets, a threshold voltage for charging is observed: A reasonable piezoelectric coefficient d(33) is only found when the charging voltage is higher than 4 kV. Furthermore, d(33) increases with charging voltage and reaches saturation at approximately 8 kV. Annealing after charging or charging at elevated temperatures may enhance the thermal stability of the PEN ferroelectrets. The d(33) of properly annealed samples is stable up to the respective annealing temperatures, but the annealing process reduces the piezoelectric activity of charged ferroelectret films to some extent. Samples charged at suitable elevated temperatures show much better thermal stability than those charged at room temperature, but the charging temperature should be limited to values below the material's glass-transition temperature T-g. Furthermore, the relevant elastic modulus c(33) of PEN ferroelectrets may decrease upon thermal treatment. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=94 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2010.5539678 SN - 1070-9878 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fang, Peng T1 - Preparation and investigation of polymer-foam films and polymer-layer systems for ferroelectrets T1 - Präparation und Untersuchung von Polymerschaumfolien und Polymerschichtsystemen für Ferroelektrete N2 - Piezoelectric materials are very useful for applications in sensors and actuators. In addition to traditional ferroelectric ceramics and ferroelectric polymers, ferroelectrets have recently become a new group of piezoelectrics. Ferroelectrets are functional polymer systems for electromechanical transduction, with elastically heterogeneous cellular structures and internal quasi-permanent dipole moments. The piezoelectricity of ferroelectrets stems from linear changes of the dipole moments in response to external mechanical or electrical stress. Over the past two decades, polypropylene (PP) foams have been investigated with the aim of ferroelectret applications, and some products are already on the market. PP-foam ferroelectrets may exhibit piezoelectric d33 coefficients of 600 pC/N and more. Their operating temperature can, however, not be much higher than 60 °C. Recently developed polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC) foam ferroelectrets show slightly better d33 thermal stabilities, but usually at the price of smaller d33 values. Therefore, the main aim of this work is the development of new thermally stable ferroelectrets with appreciable piezoelectricity. Physical foaming is a promising technique for generating polymer foams from solid films without any pollution or impurity. Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2) are usually employed as foaming agents due to their good solubility in several polymers. Polyethylene propylene (PEN) is a polyester with slightly better properties than PET. A “voiding + inflation + stretching” process has been specifically developed to prepare PEN foams. Solid PEN films are saturated with supercritical CO2 at high pressure and then thermally voided at high temperatures. Controlled inflation (Gas-Diffusion Expansion or GDE) is applied in order to adjust the void dimensions. Additional biaxial stretching decreases the void heights, since it is known lens-shaped voids lead to lower elastic moduli and therefore also to stronger piezoelectricity. Both, contact and corona charging are suitable for the electric charging of PEN foams. The light emission from the dielectric-barrier discharges (DBDs) can be clearly observed. Corona charging in a gas of high dielectric strength such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) results in higher gas-breakdown strength in the voids and therefore increases the piezoelectricity. PEN foams can exhibit piezoelectric d33 coefficients as high as 500 pC/N. Dielectric-resonance spectra show elastic moduli c33 of 1 − 12 MPa, anti-resonance frequencies of 0.2 − 0.8 MHz, and electromechanical coupling factors of 0.016 − 0.069. As expected, it is found that PEN foams show better thermal stability than PP and PET. Samples charged at room temperature can be utilized up to 80 − 100 °C. Annealing after charging or charging at elevated temperatures may improve thermal stabilities. Samples charged at suitable elevated temperatures show working temperatures as high as 110 − 120 °C. Acoustic measurements at frequencies of 2 Hz − 20 kHz show that PEN foams can be well applied in this frequency range. Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymers are fluoropolymers with very good physical, chemical and electrical properties. The charge-storage ability of solid FEP films can be significantly improved by adding boron nitride (BN) filler particles. FEP foams are prepared by means of a one-step procedure consisting of CO2 saturation and subsequent in-situ high-temperature voiding. Piezoelectric d33 coefficients up to 40 pC/N are measured on such FEP foams. Mechanical fatigue tests show that the as-prepared PEN and FEP foams are mechanically stable for long periods of time. Although polymer-foam ferroelectrets have a high application potential, their piezoelectric properties strongly depend on the cellular morphology, i.e. on size, shape, and distribution of the voids. On the other hand, controlled preparation of optimized cellular structures is still a technical challenge. Consequently, new ferroelectrets based on polymer-layer system (sandwiches) have been prepared from FEP. By sandwiching an FEP mesh between two solid FEP films and fusing the polymer system with a laser beam, a well-designed uniform macroscopic cellular structure can be formed. Dielectric resonance spectroscopy reveals piezoelectric d33 coefficients as high as 350 pC/N, elastic moduli of about 0.3 MPa, anti-resonance frequencies of about 30 kHz, and electromechanical coupling factors of about 0.05. Samples charged at elevated temperatures show better thermal stabilities than those charged at room temperature, and the higher the charging temperature, the better is the stability. After proper charging at 140 °C, the working temperatures can be as high as 110 − 120 °C. Acoustic measurements at frequencies of 200 Hz − 20 kHz indicate that the FEP layer systems are suitable for applications at least in this range. N2 - Piezoelektrische Materialien haben große technische und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für Anwendungen in Sensoren und Aktuatoren. Neben den traditionellen ferroelektrischen Keramiken und Polymeren bilden Ferroelektrete eine neue Gruppe der Piezoelektrika. Ferroelektrete sind reversible funktionelle Polymersysteme zur Umwandlung von elektrischer in mechanische Energie und umgekehrt. Sie zeichnen sich aus durch eine elastische zelluläre Struktur mit internen quasi-permanenten Dipolen. Der Mechanismus der Piezoelektrizität in Ferroelektreten wird dominiert von der Änderung der einzelnen Dipolmomente bei Einwirkung einer äußeren mechanischen Kraft. Insbesondere zelluläres Polypropylene (PP) war in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten Gegenstand intensiver Forschung und Entwicklung im Hinblick auf die grundlegenden Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von Ferroelektreten. Einige bereits erhältliche kommerzielle Produkte nutzen die in geladenem zellulären PP erreichbaren hohen piezoelektrischen d33-Koeffizienten von 600 pC/N und mehr, sind aber durch eine relativ geringe maximale Betriebstemperatur von ungefähr 60 °C eingeschränkt. Die kürzlich entwickelten Ferroelektrete aus zellulärem Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) und zellulären Cyclo-Olefin-Copolymeren (COC) zeigen eine bessere Temperaturbeständigkeit (vor allem COC), allerdings gewöhlich auf Kosten von geringeren d33-Koeffizienten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, temperaturbeständige Ferroelektrete mit für den Markt geeigneten piezoelektrischen Eigenschaften zu entwickeln. Physikalisches Schäumen ist eine beliebte Methode, um besonders reine Polymerschäume herzustellen. Häufig werden, wegen ihrer guten Löslichkeit in vielen Polymeren, Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) und Stickstoff (N2) im superkritischen Zustand als Treibmittel eingesetzt. Der Polyester Polyethylennaphtalat (PEN) hat ähnliche Eigenschaften wie PET, ist jedoch temperaturbeständiger. Ein Dreistufenprozess (Schäumen, Aufblähen und Strecken) wurde entwickelt, um PEN-Schäume für hochwertige Ferroelektrete herzustellen. Ungeschäumte PEN-Folien werden mit superkritischem CO2 unter hohem Druck gesättigt und anschließend unter geringem Druck bei Temperaturen nahe der Glastemperatur geschäumt. Um die Hohlräume zu vergrößern, wird der Schaum anschließend mittels Gasdiffusionsexpansion (GDE) aufgebläht. Nach zusätzlichem biaxialen Verstrecken erhält man die optimalen linsenförmigen Zellen, welche zu einer minimalen mechanischen Steifigkeit und einem maximalen piezoelektrischen d33-Koeffizienten des Ferroelektrets führen. Sowohl Korona- als auch Kontaktaufladung werden an zellulärem PEN erfolgreich eingesetzt. Die Lichtemission der dielektrisch behinderten Entladungen (DBDs) kann klar beobachtet werden. Korona-Aufladung in Gasen mit hohen dielektrischen Durchbruchsfestigkeiten, wie z.B. Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6), ermöglicht es, das Paschen-Durchbruchsfeld in den Hohlräumen und damit die erzielbare interne Ladungsdichte zu erhöhen. Dadurch können für zelluläres PEN piezoelektrische d33-Koeffizienten bis zu 500 pC/N erzielt werden. Piezoelektrischen Resonanzmessungen der Ferroelektrete liefern Steifigkeiten c33 im Bereich von 1 – 12 MPa, Antiresonanzfrequenzen von 0.2 – 0.8 MHz und elektromechanische Kopplungsfaktoren zwischen 0.016 und 0.069. PEN-Ferroelektrete zeigen eine bessere Temperaturstabilität als solche aus PP und PET. Der Anwendungsbereich von unbehandeltem PEN reicht bis etwa 80 – 100°C, jener von getemperten oder bei 120°C geladenen Proben bis etwa 110 – 120 °C. Akustische Messungen im Frequenzbereich von 2 Hz – 20 kHz zeigen die Eignung von PEN-Ferroelektretwandlern für Luftschallanwendungen. Fluoriertes Ethylen-Propylen (FEP) ist ein Fluorpolymer mit sehr guten physikalischen, chemischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften. Die Ladungsspeichereigenschaften von ungeschäumtem FEP können durch die Beimengung von Bornitrid deutlich verbessert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird zelluläres FEP mittels eines einstufigen Prozesses, dem schon erwähnten Schäumen mit überkritischem CO2, hergestellt. Die geladenen FEP-Proben weisen d33-Koeffizienten von bis zu 40 pC/N auf. Ermüdungstests zeigen eine sehr gute mechanische Stabilität von PEN- und FEP-Ferroelektreten. Zelluläre Polymerferroelektrete haben großes Potenzial für Anwendungen, und die Suche nach geeigneten zellulären Morphologien ist eng verknüpft mit dem technischen Aufwand ihrer Herstellung. Alternativ wurden Ferroelektrete mit Sandwich-Strukturen aus FEP-Folien entwickelt. Durch Laserverschmelzen eines FEP-Foliengitters mit zwei umgebenden FEP-Folien wird eine definierte, einheitliche zelluläre Struktur gebildet. Aus dielektrischen Resonanzspektren können effektive piezoelektrische d33-Koeffizienten bis zu 350 pC/N, effektive mechanische Steifigkeiten um 0.3 MPa, Antiresonanzfrequenzen um 30 kHz und elektromechanische Kopplungsfaktoren von etwa 0.05 abgeleitet werden. Proben, welche bei erhöhter Temperatur geladen werden, zeigen höhere Ladungsstabilitäten. Nach geeigneter Aufladung bei 140 °C kann die Arbeitstemperatur bis auf 110 – 120 °C gesteigert werden. Akustische Messungen im Frequenzbereich von 2 Hz – 20 kHz zeigen die Eignung von FEP-Sandwich-Strukturen für Luftschallanwendungen. KW - Elektroaktive Materialien KW - Ferroelektret KW - Piezoelektrizität KW - Polymerschaum KW - Polymerfilm KW - Electroactive material KW - ferroelectret KW - piezoelectricity KW - polymer foam KW - polymer film Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Enquist, Henrik A1 - Navirian, Hengameh A1 - Nueske, Ralf A1 - von Korff Schmising, Clemens A1 - Jurgilaitis, Andrius A1 - Herzog, Marc A1 - Bargheer, Matias A1 - Sondhauss, Peter A1 - Larsson, Joergen T1 - Subpicosecond hard x-ray streak camera using single-photon counting N2 - We have developed and characterized a hard x-ray accumulating streak camera that achieves subpicosecond time resolution by using single-photon counting. A high repetition rate of 2 kHz was achieved by use of a readout camera with built-in image processing capabilities. The effects of sweep jitter were removed by using a UV timing reference. The use of single-photon counting allows the camera to reach a high quantum efficiency by not limiting the divergence of the photoelectrons. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.35.003219 SN - 0146-9592 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eisert, Jens A1 - Plenio, Martin B. T1 - Focus on quantum information and many-body theory N2 - Quantum many-body models describing natural systems or materials and physical systems assembled piece by piece in the laboratory for the purpose of realizing quantum information processing share an important feature: intricate correlations that originate from the coherent interaction between a large number of constituents. In recent years it has become manifest that the cross-fertilization between research devoted to quantum information science and to quantum many- body physics leads to new ideas, methods, tools, and insights in both fields. Issues of criticality, quantum phase transitions, quantum order and magnetism that play a role in one field find relations to the classical simulation of quantum systems, to error correction and fault tolerance thresholds, to channel capacities and to topological quantum computation, to name but a few. The structural similarities of typical problems in both fields and the potential for pooling of ideas then become manifest. Notably, methods and ideas from quantum information have provided fresh approaches to long-standing problems in strongly correlated systems in the condensed matter context, including both numerical methods and conceptual insights. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/2/025001 SN - 1367-2630 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eisert, Jens A1 - Cramer, Marcus A1 - Plenio, Martin B. T1 - Colloquium : area laws for the entanglement entropy N2 - Physical interactions in quantum many-body systems are typically local: Individual constituents interact mainly with their few nearest neighbors. This locality of interactions is inherited by a decay of correlation functions, but also reflected by scaling laws of a quite profound quantity: the entanglement entropy of ground states. This entropy of the reduced state of a subregion often merely grows like the boundary area of the subregion, and not like its volume, in sharp contrast with an expected extensive behavior. Such "area laws" for the entanglement entropy and related quantities have received considerable attention in recent years. They emerge in several seemingly unrelated fields, in the context of black hole physics, quantum information science, and quantum many-body physics where they have important implications on the numerical simulation of lattice models. In this Colloquium the current status of area laws in these fields is reviewed. Center stage is taken by rigorous results on lattice models in one and higher spatial dimensions. The differences and similarities between bosonic and fermionic models are stressed, area laws are related to the velocity of information propagation in quantum lattice models, and disordered systems, nonequilibrium situations, and topological entanglement entropies are discussed. These questions are considered in classical and quantum systems, in their ground and thermal states, for a variety of correlation measures. A significant proportion is devoted to the clear and quantitative connection between the entanglement content of states and the possibility of their efficient numerical simulation. Matrix-product states, higher-dimensional analogs, and variational sets from entanglement renormalization are also discussed and the paper is concluded by highlighting the implications of area laws on quantifying the effective degrees of freedom that need to be considered in simulations of quantum states. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://rmp.aps.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.277 SN - 0034-6861 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eichler, David A1 - Guetta, Dafne A1 - Pohl, Martin T1 - The high energy budget allocations in shocks and gamma ray bursts N2 - The statistical distribution of energies among particles responsible for long gamma-ray burst (GRB) emission is analyzed in light of recent results of the Fermi Observatory. The all-sky flux, F., recorded by the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) is shown, despite its larger energy range, to be not significantly larger than that reported by the Burst and Transient Explorer, suggesting a relatively small flux in the 3-30MeV energy range. The present-day energy input rate in gamma-rays recorded by the GBM from long GRBs is found, assuming star formation rates in the literature, to be W(0) = 0.5F gamma H/c = 5x10(42) erg Mpc(-3) yr(-1). The Large Area Telescope fluence, when observed, is about 5%-10% per decade of the total, in good agreement with the predictions of saturated, nonlinear shock acceleration. The high- energy component of long GRBs, as measured by Fermi, is found to contain only similar to 10-2.5 of the energy needed to produce ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above 4 EeV, assuming the latter to be extragalactic, when various numerical factors are carefully included, if the cosmic-ray source spectrum has a spectral index of -2. The observed. - ray fraction of the required UHECR energy is even smaller if the source spectrum is softer than E-2. The AMANDA II limits rule out such a GRB origin for UHECRs if much more than 10(-2) of the cosmic-ray energy goes into neutrinos that are within, and simultaneous with, the gamma-ray beam. It is suggested that "orphan" neutrinos out of the gamma-ray beam might be identifiable via orphan afterglow or other wide angle signatures of GRBs in lieu of coincidence with prompt gamma-rays, and it is recommended that feasible single neutrino trigger criteria be established to search for such coincidences. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/722/1/543 SN - 0004-637X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Beaudrap, Niel A1 - Osborne, Tobias J. A1 - Eisert, Jens T1 - Ground states of unfrustrated spin Hamiltonians satisfy an area law N2 - We show that ground states of unfrustrated quantum spin-1/2 systems on general lattices satisfy an entanglement area law, provided that the Hamiltonian can be decomposed into nearest-neighbor interaction terms that have entangled excited states. The ground state manifold can be efficiently described as the image of a low-dimensional subspace of low Schmidt measure, under an efficiently contractible tree-tensor network. This structure gives rise to the possibility of efficiently simulating the complete ground space (which is in general degenerate). We briefly discuss 'non- generic' cases, including highly degenerate interactions with product eigenbases, using a relationship to percolation theory. We finally assess the possibility of using such tree tensor networks to simulate almost frustration- free spin models. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/9/095007 SN - 1367-2630 ER -