TY - JOUR A1 - Hornemann, Andrea A1 - Eichert, Diane Madeleine A1 - Hoehl, Arne A1 - Tiersch, Brigitte A1 - Ulm, Gerhard A1 - Ryadnov, Maxim G. A1 - Beckhoff, Burkhard T1 - Investigating Membrane-Mediated Antimicrobial Peptide Interactions with Synchrotron Radiation Far-Infrared Spectroscopy JF - ChemPhysChem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry N2 - Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy enables access to vibrational information from mid over far infrared to even terahertz domains. This information may prove critical for the elucidation of fundamental bio-molecular phenomena including folding-mediated innate host defence mechanisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent one of such phenomena. These are major effector molecules of the innate immune system, which favour attack on microbial membranes. AMPs recognise and bind to the membranes whereupon they assemble into pores or channels destabilising the membranes leading to cell death. However, specific molecular interactions responsible for antimicrobial activities have yet to be fully understood. Herein we probe such interactions by assessing molecular specific variations in the near-THz 400-40 cm(-1) range for defined helical AMP templates in reconstituted phospholipid membranes. In particular, we show that a temperature-dependent spectroscopic analysis, supported by 2D correlative tools, provides direct evidence for the membrane-induced and folding-mediated activity of AMPs. The far-FTIR study offers a direct and information-rich probe of membrane-related antimicrobial interactions. KW - antimicrobial peptides KW - electrostatic interactions KW - IR spectroscopy KW - phospholipid membranes KW - protein folding Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202100815 SN - 1439-4235 SN - 1439-7641 VL - 23 IS - 4 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad T1 - Non-Langevin Recombination in Fullerene and Non-Fullerene Acceptor Solar Cells T1 - Nicht-Langevin-Rekombination in Fulleren- und Nicht-Fulleren-Akzeptor-Solarzellen N2 - Organic solar cells (OSCs), in recent years, have shown high efficiencies through the development of novel non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Fullerene derivatives have been the centerpiece of the accepting materials used throughout organic photovoltaic (OPV) research. However, since 2015 novel NFAs have been a game-changer and have overtaken fullerenes. However, the current understanding of the properties of NFAs for OPV is still relatively limited and critical mechanisms defining the performance of OPVs are still topics of debate. In this thesis, attention is paid to understanding reduced-Langevin recombination with respect to the device physics properties of fullerene and non-fullerene systems. The work is comprised of four closely linked studies. The first is a detailed exploration of the fill factor (FF) expressed in terms of transport and recombination properties in a comparison of fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors. We investigated the key reason behind the reduced FF in the NFA (ITIC-based) devices which is faster non-geminate recombination relative to the fullerene (PCBM[70]-based) devices. This is then followed by a consideration of a newly synthesized NFA Y-series derivative which exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency for OSC at the time. Such that in the second study, we illustrated the role of disorder on the non-geminate recombination and charge extraction of thick NFA (Y6-based) devices. As a result, we enhanced the FF of thick PM6:Y6 by reducing the disorder which leads to suppressing the non-geminate recombination toward non-Langevin system. In the third work, we revealed the reason behind thickness independence of the short circuit current of PM6:Y6 devices, caused by the extraordinarily long diffusion length of Y6. The fourth study entails a broad comparison of a selection of fullerene and non-fullerene blends with respect to charge generation efficiency and recombination to unveil the importance of efficient charge generation for achieving reduced recombination. I employed transient measurements such as Time Delayed Collection Field (TDCF), Resistance dependent Photovoltage (RPV), and steady-state techniques such as Bias Assisted Charge Extraction (BACE), Temperature-Dependent Space Charge Limited Current (T-SCLC), Capacitance-Voltage (CV), and Photo-Induce Absorption (PIA), to analyze the OSCs. The outcomes in this thesis together draw a complex picture of multiple factors that affect reduced-Langevin recombination and thereby the FF and overall performance. This provides a suitable platform for identifying important parameters when designing new blend systems. As a result, we succeeded to improve the overall performance through enhancing the FF of thick NFA device by adjustment of the amount of the solvent additive in the active blend solution. It also highlights potentially critical gaps in the current experimental understanding of fundamental charge interaction and recombination dynamics. N2 - Organische Solarzellen (OSZ) haben in den letzten Jahren durch die Entwicklung neuartiger Nicht-Fulleren-Akzeptoren (NFA) hohe Wirkungsgrade erzielt. Fulleren-Derivate waren das Herzstück der Akzeptor-Materialien, die in der Forschung zur organischen Photovoltaik (OPV) verwendet wurden. Doch seit 2015 haben neuartige NFAs den Fullerenen den Rang abgelaufen. Allerdings ist das derzeitige Verständnis der Eigenschaften von NFA für OPV noch relativ begrenzt und kritische Mechanismen, die die Leistung von OPV bestimmen, sind immer noch Gegenstand von Diskussionen. In dieser Arbeit geht es um das Verständnis der Reduced-Langevin-Rekombination in Hinblick auf die bauteilphysikalischen Eigenschaften von Fulleren- und Nicht-Fulleren-Systemen. Die Arbeit besteht aus vier eng miteinander verbundenen Studien. Die erste ist eine detaillierte Untersuchung des Füllfaktors (FF), ausgedrückt als Transport- und Rekombinationseigenschaften in einem Vergleich von Fulleren und Nicht-Fulleren-Akzeptoren. Wir untersuchten den Hauptgrund für die geringere FF im NFA-Bauelement (auf ITIC-Basis), nämlich die schnellere nicht-geminate Rekombination im Vergleich zum Fulleren-Bauelement (auf PCBM[70]-Basis). Anschließend wird ein neu synthetisiertes NFA-Derivat der Y-Serie betrachtet, das derzeit die höchste Leistungsumwandlungseffizienz für OSZ aufweist. In der zweiten Studie veranschaulichten wir die Rolle der Unordnung bei der nicht-geminaten Rekombination und der Ladungsextraktion von dicken NFA-Bauelementen (auf Y6-Basis). Infolgedessen haben wir die FF von dickem PM6:Y6 verbessert, indem wir die Unordnung reduziert haben, was zur Unterdrückung der nicht-geminaten Rekombination in Richtung Nicht-Langevin-System führt. In der dritten Arbeit haben wir den Grund für die Dickenunabhängigkeit des Kurzschlussstroms von NFA-Bauelementen aufgedeckt, die durch die außerordentlich lange Diffusionslänge von Y6 verursacht wird. Die vierte Studie umfasst einen umfassenden Vergleich einer Auswahl von Fulleren- und Nicht-Fulleren-Mischungen in Hinblick auf die Effizienz der Ladungserzeugung und Rekombination, um die Bedeutung einer effizienten Ladungserzeugung zum Erzielen einer geringeren Rekombination aufzuzeigen. Zur Analyse der OSCs habe ich transiente Messungen wie das Time Delayed Collection Field (TDCF), Resistance dependent Photovoltage (RPV) sowie stationäre Techniken wie die Bias Assisted Charge Extraction (BACE), Temperature-Dependent Space Charge Limited Current (T-SCLC), Capacitance-Voltage (CV) und Photo-Induce Absorption (PIA) eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeichnen ein komplexes Bild zahlreicher Faktoren, die die Rekombination nach dem Prinzip des reduzierten Langèvins und damit die FF und die Gesamtleistung beeinflussen. Dies bietet eine geeignete Plattform zum Identifizieren wichtiger Parameter bei der Entwicklung neuer Mischsysteme. So ist es uns gelungen, die Gesamtleistung zu verbessern, indem wir die FF der dicken NFA-Vorrichtung durch Anpassung der Menge des Lösungsmittelzusatzes in der aktiven Mischungslösung erhöht haben. Außerdem werden potenziell kritische Lücken im derzeitigen experimentellen Verständnis der grundlegenden Ladungswechselwirkung und Rekombinationsdynamik aufgezeigt. KW - Organic solar cells KW - Non-fullerene acceptors KW - Charge recombination KW - Non-Langevin systems KW - Structural and energetic disorder KW - Ladungsrekombination KW - Nicht-Langevin-Systeme KW - Nicht-Fulleren-Akzeptoren KW - Organische Solarzellen KW - Strukturelle und energetische Unordnung Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-547831 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ilin, Ekaterina T1 - High lights: stellar flares as probes of magnetism in stars and star-planet systems T1 - Highlights: Sterneruptionen als Sonden des Magnetismus in Sternen und Stern-Planeten Systemen N2 - Flares are magnetically driven explosions that occur in the atmospheres of all main sequence stars that possess an outer convection zone. Flaring activity is rooted in the magnetic dynamo that operates deep in the stellar interior, propagates through all layers of the atmosphere from the corona to the photosphere, and emits electromagnetic radiation from radio bands to X-ray. Eventually, this radiation, and associated eruptions of energetic particles, are ejected out into interplanetary space, where they impact planetary atmospheres, and dominate the space weather environments of young star-planet systems. Thanks to the Kepler and the Transit Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) missions, flare observations have become accessible for millions of stars and star-planet systems. The goal of this thesis is to use these flares as multifaceted messengers to understand stellar magnetism across the main sequence, investigate planetary habitability, and explore how close-in planets can affect the host star. Using space based observations obtained by the Kepler/K2 mission, I found that flaring activity declines with stellar age, but this decline crucially depends on stellar mass and rotation. I calibrated the age of the stars in my sample using their membership in open clusters from zero age main sequence to solar age. This allowed me to reveal the rapid transition from an active, saturated flaring state to a more quiescent, inactive flaring behavior in early M dwarfs at about 600-800 Myr. This result is an important observational constraint on stellar activity evolution that I was able to de-bias using open clusters as an activity-independent age indicator. The TESS mission quickly superseded Kepler and K2 as the main source of flares in low mass M dwarfs. Using TESS 2-minute cadence light curves, I developed a new technique for flare localization and discovered, against the commonly held belief, that flares do not occur uniformly across their stellar surface: In fast rotating fully convective stars, giant flares are preferably located at high latitudes. This bears implications for both our understanding of magnetic field emergence in these stars, and the impact on the exoplanet atmospheres: A planet that orbits in the equatorial plane of its host may be spared from the destructive effects of these poleward emitting flares. AU Mic is an early M dwarf, and the most actively flaring planet host detected to date. Its innermost companion, AU Mic b is one of the most promising targets for a first observation of flaring star-planet interactions. In these interactions, the planet influences the star, as opposed to space weather, where the planet is always on the receiving side. The effect reflects the properties of the magnetosphere shared by planet and star, as well as the so far inaccessible magnetic properties of planets. In the about 50 days of TESS monitoring data of AU Mic, I searched for statistically robust signs of flaring interactions with AU Mic b as flares that occur in surplus of the star's intrinsic activity. I found the strongest yet still marginal signal in recurring excess flaring in phase with the orbital period of AU Mic b. If it reflects true signal, I estimate that extending the observing time by a factor of 2-3 will yield a statistically significant detection. Well within the reach of future TESS observations, this additional data may bring us closer to robustly detecting this effect than we have ever been. This thesis demonstrates the immense scientific value of space based, long baseline flare monitoring, and the versatility of flares as a carrier of information about the magnetism of star-planet systems. Many discoveries still lay in wait in the vast archives that Kepler and TESS have produced over the years. Flares are intense spotlights into the magnetic structures in star-planet systems that are otherwise far below our resolution limits. The ongoing TESS mission, and soon PLATO, will further open the door to in-depth understanding of small and dynamic scale magnetic fields on low mass stars, and the space weather environment they effect. N2 - Flares sind magnetisch getriebene Explosionen. Sie treten in den Atmosphären aller Hauptreihensterne mit einer äußeren Konvektionszone auf, und sind auf den magnetischen Dynamo zurückzuführen, der tief im Sterninneren arbeitet. Das entstehende Magnetfeld durchdringt alle Schichten der Atmosphäre von der Korona bis zur Photosphäre und sendet elektromagnetische Strahlung vom Radio- bis in den Röntgenbereich aus. Diese Strahlung und die damit verbundenen Eruptionen energiereicher Teilchen werden anschließend in den interplanetaren Raum geschleudert, wo sie auf die Planetenatmosphären treffen und das Weltraumwetter junger Stern-Planeten-Systeme bestimmen. Die Kepler und die Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) Missionen haben in den letzten Jahren die systematische Beobachtung von Flares auf Millionen von Sternen ermöglicht. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, Flares in jungen Sternen und Stern-Planeten-Systemen als vielseitige Werkzeuge zur Sondierung des stellaren Magnetismus auf der Hauptreihe zu etablierten, ihre Rolle bei der Bewohnbarkeit von Planeten zu untersuchen und zu erforschen, wie die Wechselwirkung mit nahen Planeten die magnetische Aktivität des Wirtssterns beeinflusst. Anhand von weltraumgestützten Beobachtungen der Kepler/K2-Mission habe ich herausgefunden, dass die Flare-Aktivität mit dem Alter des Sterns abnimmt, wobei dieser Rückgang entscheidend von der Masse und der Rotation des Sterns abhängt. Ich kalibrierte das Alter der Sterne in meiner Stichprobe anhand ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu offenen Sternhaufen von der Nullalter-Hauptreihe bis zum Zustand der heutigen Sonne. Auf diese Weise konnte ich den schnellen Übergang von einer aktiven, gesättigten Flare-Aktivität zu einem ruhigeren, inaktiven Zustand bei frühen M-Zwergen bei etwa 600-800 Millionen Jahren aufdecken. Dieser Zeitpunkt ist eine wichtige Randbedingung für die Entwicklung der Sternaktivität, die ich Dank der offenen Sternhaufen als aktivitätsunabhängigem Altersindikator eindeutig bestimmen konnte. Die TESS-Mission hat Kepler und K2 bereits als Hauptquelle von Flares in M-Zwergen abgelöst. Anhand der zeitlich hochaufgelösten Lichtkurven von TESS entwickelte ich eine neue Technik zur Lokalisierung von Flares und entdeckte, dass -- entgegen der allgemeinen Annahme -- Flares nicht gleichmäßig über die Sternoberfläche verteilt sind: Bei schnell rotierenden, vollkonvektiven Sternen sind die energiereichsten Flares bevorzugt bei hohen Breitengraden zu finden. Das Ergebnis hat Auswirkungen sowohl auf unser Verständnis der Magnetfeldentstehung in diesen Sternen als auch auf die Auswirkungen auf die Atmosphären von Planeten, die in deren Äquatorebene kreisen. Die jungen Welten könnten durch die Lage ihrer Orbits den zerstörerischen Auswirkungen dieser polwärts strahlenden Flares entkommen. AU Mic ist ein früher M-Zwerg und der bisher magnetisch aktivste Stern mit bekannten Planeten. Sein innerster Begleiter, AU Mic b, ist eines der vielversprechendsten Ziele für eine erste Beobachtung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Stern und Planet. Dabei beeinflusst der Planet den Stern, und nicht, wie bei Weltraumwetter, andersherum. In diesem Effekt spiegeln sich die Eigenschaften der von beiden geteilten Magnetosphäre, sowie beispielsweise die bisher unzugänglichen magnetischen Eigenschaften von Planeten. In den vorhandenen etwa 50 Tagen von TESS-Beobachtungsdaten von AU Mic suchte ich nach statistisch robusten Anzeichen für magnetische Wechselwirkungen mit AU Mic b, die sich als Flares offenbaren, die im Überschuss zur Eigenaktivität des Sterns auftreten. Das stärkste, aber doch vorläufige Signal fand ich in mit der Umlaufperiode von AU Mic b wiederkehrenden, überzähligen Flares. Wenn es sich hierbei um ein wahres Signal handelt, schätze ich anhand der Daten, dass eine Verlängerung der Beobachtungszeit um einen Faktor 2-3 einen statistisch signifikanten Nachweis erbringen wird. Die Anforderung liegt in Bereich zukünftiger TESS-Beobachtungen, und bringt uns somit womöglich näher an eine robuste Detektion dieses Effekts heran, als wir es jemals waren. Die Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit sind nur durch das Eintreten ins Zeitalter der Flare-Statistik möglich geworden. Diese Arbeit demonstriert den immensen wissenschaftlichen Wert der weltraumgestützten, wochen- und monatelangen Beobachtung von Flares, als auch die Vielseitigkeit von Flares als Informationsträger über den dynamischen Magnetismus in Stern-Planeten-Systemen. In den riesigen Archiven, die Kepler und TESS im Laufe der Jahre angelegt haben, schlummern noch viele Entdeckungen. Flares werfen kontrastreiche Schlaglichter auf magnetische Strukturen in Stern-Planeten-Systemen, die sonst weit unterhalb der modernen Auflösungsgrenze liegen. Die laufenden Beobachtungen von TESS, und bald PLATO, werden die Tür zu einem tiefen Verständnis der kleinen und dynamischen Magnetfelder in diesen Systemen weiter öffnen. KW - stars KW - exoplanets KW - flares KW - Exoplaneten KW - Flares KW - Sterne Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-563565 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ilin, Ekaterina A1 - Poppenhäger, Katja T1 - Searching for flaring star-planet interactions in AU Mic TESS observations JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - Planets that closely orbit magnetically active stars are thought to be able to interact with their magnetic fields in a way that modulates stellar activity. This modulation in phase with the planetary orbit, such as enhanced X-ray activity, chromospheric spots, radio emission, or flares, is considered the clearest sign of magnetic star-planet interaction (SPI). However, the magnitude of this interaction is poorly constrained, and the intermittent nature of the interaction is a challenge for observers. AU Mic is an early M dwarf, and the most actively flaring planet host detected to date. Its innermost companion, AU Mic b, is a promising target for magnetic SPI observations. We used optical light curves of AU Mic obtained by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite to search for signs of flaring SPI with AU Mic b using a customized Anderson-Darling test. In the about 50 d of observations, the flare distributions with orbital, rotational, and synodic periods were generally consistent with intrinsic stellar flaring. We found the strongest deviation (p = 0.07, n = 71) from intrinsic flaring with the orbital period of AU Mic b, in the high-energy half of our sample (ED > 1 s). If it reflects the true SPI signal from AU Mic b, extending the observing time by a factor of 2-3 will yield a >3 sigma detection. Continued monitoring of AU Mic may therefore reveal flaring SPI with orbital phase, while rotational modulation will smear out due to the star's strong differential rotation. KW - planets and satellites: individual: AU Mic b KW - planet-star interactions KW - stars: flare KW - stars: individual: AU Mic Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1232 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 513 IS - 3 SP - 4579 EP - 4586 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ilin, Ekaterina A1 - Poppenhäger, Katja A1 - Alvarado-Gómez, Julián David T1 - Localizing flares to understand stellar magnetic fields and space weather in exo-systems JF - Astronomische Nachrichten = Astronomical notes N2 - Stars are uniform spheres, but only to first order. The way in which stellar rotation and magnetism break this symmetry places important observational constraints on stellar magnetic fields, and factors in the assessment of the impact of stellar activity on exoplanet atmospheres. The spatial distribution of flares on the solar surface is well known to be nonuniform, but elusive on other stars. We briefly review the techniques available to recover the loci of stellar flares, and highlight a new method that enables systematic flare localization directly from optical light curves. We provide an estimate of the number of flares we may be able to localize with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, and show that it is consistent with the results obtained from the first full sky scan of the mission. We suggest that nonuniform flare latitude distributions need to be taken into account in accurate assessments of exoplanet habitability. KW - stars KW - activity - stars KW - flare - stars KW - magnetic fields - methods KW - data KW - analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.20210111 SN - 1521-3994 VL - 343 IS - 4 PB - Berlin CY - Wiley-VCH ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ilić Petković, Nikoleta A1 - Poppenhäger, Katja A1 - Hosseini, Seyede Marzieh T1 - Tidal star-planet interaction and its observed impact on stellar activity in planet-hosting wide binary systems JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - Tidal interaction between an exoplanet and its host star is a possible pathway to transfer angular momentum between the planetary orbit and the stellar spin. In cases where the planetary orbital period is shorter than the stellar rotation period, this may lead to angular momentum being transferred into the star's rotation, possibly counteracting the intrinsic stellar spin-down induced by magnetic braking. Observationally, detecting altered rotational states of single, cool field stars is challenging, as precise ages for such stars are rarely available. Here we present an empirical investigation of the rotation and magnetic activity of a sample of planet-hosting stars that are accompanied by wide stellar companions. Without needing knowledge about the absolute ages of the stars, we test for relative differences in activity and rotation of the planet hosts and their co-eval companions, using X-ray observations to measure the stellar activity levels. Employing three different tidal interaction models, we find that host stars with planets that are expected to tidally interact display elevated activity levels compared to their companion stars. We also find that those activity levels agree with the observed rotational periods for the host stars along the usual rotation-activity relationships, implying that the effect is indeed caused by a tidal interaction and not a purely magnetic interaction that would be expected to affect the stellar activity, but not necessarily the rotation. We conclude that massive, close-in planets have an impact on the stellar rotational evolution, while the smaller, more distant planets do not have a significant influence. KW - planet-star interactions KW - stars: activity KW - binaries: general KW - stars: KW - evolution KW - planets and satellites: general KW - X-rays: stars Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac861 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 513 IS - 3 SP - 4380 EP - 4404 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Izotov, Yuri I. A1 - Chisholm, John A1 - Worseck, Gábor A1 - Guseva, Natalia G. A1 - Schaerer, Daniel A1 - Prochaska, Jason Xavier T1 - Lyman alpha and Lyman continuum emission of Mg II-selected star-forming galaxies JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - We present observations with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope of seven compact low-mass star-forming galaxies at redshifts, z, in the range 0.3161-0.4276, with various O3Mg2 = [O III] lambda 5007/Mg II lambda 2796+2803 and Mg-2 = Mg II lambda 2796/Mg II lambda 2803 emission-line ratios. We aim to study the dependence of leaking Lyman continuum (LyC) emission on the characteristics of Mg ii emission together with the dependencies on other indirect indicators of escaping ionizing radiation. LyC emission with escape fractions f(esc)(LyC) = 3.1-4.6 per cent is detected in four galaxies, whereas only 1 sigma upper limits of f(esc)(LyC) in the remaining three galaxies were derived. A strong narrow Ly alpha emission line with two peaks separated by V-sep similar to 298-592 km s(-1) was observed in four galaxies with detected LyC emission and very weak Ly alpha emission is observed in galaxies with LyC non-detections. Our new data confirm the tight anticorrelation between f(esc)(LyC) and V-sep found for previous low-redshift galaxy samples. V-sep remains the best indirect indicator of LyC leakage among all considered indicators. It is found that escaping LyC emission is detected predominantly in galaxies with Mg-2 greater than or similar to 1.3. A tendency of an increase of f(esc)(LyC) with increasing of both the O3Mg2 and Mg-2 is possibly present. However, there is substantial scatter in these relations not allowing their use for reliable prediction of f(esc)(LyC). KW - galaxies: abundances KW - galaxies: dwarf KW - galaxies: fundamental parameters KW - galaxies: ISM KW - galaxies: starburst KW - dark ages KW - reionization KW - first stars Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1899 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 515 IS - 2 SP - 2864 EP - 2881 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johansson, Fredrik O. L. A1 - Leitner, Torsten A1 - Bidermane, Ieva A1 - Born, Artur A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Svensson, Svante A1 - Mårtensson, Nils A1 - Lindblad, Andreas T1 - Auger- and photoelectron coincidences of molecular O2 adsorbed on Ag(111) JF - Journal of electron spectroscopy and related phenomena : the international journal on theoretical and experimental aspects of electron spectroscopy N2 - The oxygen on Ag(111) system has been investigated with Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS). The coincidence spectra between O 1s core level photoelectrons and O KLL Auger electrons have been studied together with Ag(3)d/AgM4,5NN coincidences. We also describe the electron-electron coincidence spectrometer setup, CoESCA, consisting of two angle resolved time-of-flight spectrometers at a synchrotron light source. Contributions from molecular oxygen and chemisorbed oxygen are assigned using the coincidence data, conclusions are drawn primarily from the O 1s/O KLL data. The data acquisition and treatment procedure are also outlined. The chemisorbed oxygen species observed are relevant for the catalytic ethylene oxidation. KW - oxygen/Ag(111) KW - Auger electron KW - photoelectron KW - coincidence KW - APECS KW - spectroscopy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2022.147174 SN - 0368-2048 SN - 1873-2526 VL - 256 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaa, Johannes M. A1 - Sternemann, Christian A1 - Appel, Karen A1 - Cerantola, Valerio A1 - Preston, Thomas R. A1 - Albers, Christian A1 - Elbers, Mirko A1 - Libon, Lelia A1 - Makita, Mikako A1 - Pelka, Alexander A1 - Petitgirard, Sylvain A1 - Plückthun, Christian A1 - Roddatis, Vladimir A1 - Sahle, Christoph J. A1 - Spiekermann, Georg A1 - Schmidt, Christian A1 - Schreiber, Anja A1 - Sakrowski, Robin A1 - Tolan, Metin A1 - Wilke, Max A1 - Zastrau, Ulf A1 - Konopkova, Zuzana T1 - Structural and electron spin state changes in an x-ray heated iron carbonate system at the Earth's lower mantle pressures JF - Physical review research N2 - The determination of the spin state of iron-bearing compounds at high pressure and temperature is crucial for our understanding of chemical and physical properties of the deep Earth. Studies on the relationship between the coordination of iron and its electronic spin structure in iron-bearing oxides, silicates, carbonates, iron alloys, and other minerals found in the Earth's mantle and core are scarce because of the technical challenges to simultaneously probe the sample at high pressures and temperatures. We used the unique properties of a pulsed and highly brilliant x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) beam at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European XFEL to x-ray heat and probe samples contained in a diamond anvil cell. We heated and probed with the same x-ray pulse train and simultaneously measured x-ray emission and x-ray diffraction of an FeCO3 sample at a pressure of 51 GPa with up to melting temperatures. We collected spin state sensitive Fe K beta(1,3) fluorescence spectra and detected the sample's structural changes via diffraction, observing the inverse volume collapse across the spin transition. During x-ray heating, the carbonate transforms into orthorhombic Fe4C3O12 and iron oxides. Incipient melting was also observed. This approach to collect information about the electronic state and structural changes from samples contained in a diamond anvil cell at melting temperatures and above will considerably improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of planetary and exoplanetary interiors. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.033042 SN - 2643-1564 VL - 4 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kitzmann, Niklas H. A1 - Romanczuk, Pawel A1 - Wunderling, Nico A1 - Donges, Jonathan T1 - Detecting contagious spreading of urban innovations on the global city network JF - European physical journal special topics N2 - Only a fast and global transformation towards decarbonization and sustainability can keep the Earth in a civilization-friendly state. As hotspots for (green) innovation and experimentation, cities could play an important role in this transition. They are also known to profit from each other's ideas, with policy and technology innovations spreading to other cities. In this way, cities can be conceptualized as nodes in a globe-spanning learning network. The dynamics of this process are important for society's response to climate change and other challenges, but remain poorly understood on a macroscopic level. In this contribution, we develop an approach to identify whether network-based complex contagion effects are a feature of sustainability policy adoption by cities, based on dose-response contagion and surrogate data models. We apply this methodology to an exemplary data set, comprising empirical data on the spreading of a public transport innovation (Bus Rapid Transit Systems) and a global inter-city connection network based on scheduled flight routes. Although our approach is not able to identify detailed mechanisms, our results point towards a contagious spreading process, and cannot be explained by either the network structure or the increase in global adoption rate alone. Further research on the role of a city's abstract "global neighborhood" regarding its policy and innovation decisions is thus both needed and promising, and may connect with research on social tipping processes. The methodology is generic, and can be used to compare the predictive power for innovation spreading of different kinds of inter-city network connections, e.g. via transport links, trade, or co-membership in political networks. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00470-4 SN - 1951-6355 SN - 1951-6401 VL - 231 IS - 9 SP - 1609 EP - 1624 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER -