TY - JOUR A1 - Herfurth, Christoph A1 - Voll, Dominik A1 - Buller, Jens A1 - Weiss, Jan A1 - Barner-Kowollik, Christopher A1 - Laschewsky, André T1 - Radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of ferrocenyl (meth)acrylates JF - Journal of polymer science : A, Polymer chemistry N2 - We report on the controlled free radical homopolymerization of 1-ferrocenylethyl acrylate as well as of three new ferrocene bearing monomers, namely 4-ferrocenylbutyl acrylate, 2-ferrocenylamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate, and 4-ferrocenylbutyl methacrylate, by the RAFT technique. For comparison, the latter monomer was polymerized using ATRP, too. The ferrocene containing monomers were found to be less reactive than their analogues free of ferrocene. The reasons for the low polymerizability are not entirely clear. As the addition of free ferrocene to the reaction mixture did not notably affect the polymerizations, sterical hindrance by the bulky ferrocene moiety fixed on the monomers seems to be the most probable explanation. Molar masses found for 1-ferrocenylethyl acrylate did not exceed 10,000 g mol(-1), while for 4-ferrocenylbutyl (meth) acrylate molar masses of 15,000 g mol(-1) could be obtained. With PDIs as low as 1.3 in RAFT polymerization of the monomers, good control over the polymerization was achieved. KW - ferrocene KW - living radical polymerization (LRP) KW - monomers KW - radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) KW - radical polymerization KW - redox polymers KW - synthesis Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.24994 SN - 0887-624X VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 108 EP - 118 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baur, Heiner A1 - Hirschmüller, Anja A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Is EMG of the lower leg dependent on weekly running mileage? JF - International journal of sports medicine N2 - Neuromuscular activity of the lower leg is dependent on the task performed, speed of movement and gender. Whether training volume influences neuromuscular activity is not known. The EMG of physically active persons differing in running mileage was analysed to investigate this. 55 volunteers were allocated to a low (LM: < 30 km), intermediate (IM: > 30 km & < 45 km) or high mileage (HM: > 45 km) group according to their weekly running volume. Neuromuscular activity of the lower leg was measured during running (3.33 m.s(-1)). Mean amplitude values for preactivation, weight acceptance and push-off were calculated and normalised to the mean activity of the entire gait cycle. Higher activity in the gastrocnemius group was observed in weight acceptance in LM compared to IM (+30%) and HM (+25%) but lower activity was present in the push-off for LM compared to IM and HM. For the peroneal muscle, differences were present in the push-off where HM showed increased activity compared to IM (+24%) and LM (+60%). The tibial muscle revealed slightly lower activity during preactivation for the high mileage runners. Neuromuscular activity differs during stance between the high and intermediate group compared to low mileage runners. Slight adaptations in neuromuscular activation indicate a more target-oriented activation strategy possibly due to repetitive training in runners with higher weekly mileage. KW - locomotion KW - neuromuscular control KW - running gait KW - training volume Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1286250 SN - 0172-4622 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 57 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quasthoff, Matthias A1 - Meinel, Christoph T1 - Supporting object-oriented programming of semantic-web software JF - IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics : Part C, Applications and reviews N2 - This paper presents the state of the art in the development of Semantic-Web-enabled software using object-oriented programming languages. Object triple mapping (OTM) is a frequently used method to simplify the development of such software. A case study that is based on interviews with developers of OTM frameworks is presented at the core of this paper. Following the results of the case study, the formalization of OTM is kept separate from optional but desirable extensions of OTM with regard to metadata, schema matching, and integration into the Semantic-Web infrastructure. The material that is presented is expected to not only explain the development of Semantic-Web software by the usage of OTM, but also explain what properties of Semantic-Web software made developers come up with OTM. Understanding the latter will be essential to get nonexpert software developers to use Semantic-Web technologies in their software. KW - Resource description framework KW - Software KW - Java KW - Data models KW - Programming KW - Interviews Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2011.2151282 SN - 1094-6977 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 24 PB - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lauterbach, Daniel A1 - Burkart, Michael A1 - Gemeinholzer, Birgit T1 - Rapid genetic differentiation between ex situ and their in situ source populations - an example of the endangered Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae) JF - Botanical journal of the Linnean Society N2 - Ex situ cultivation in botanic gardens could be one possibility to preserve plant species diversity and genetic variation. However, old ex situ populations are often sparsely documented. We were able to retrieve three different ex situ populations and their source in situ populations of the endangered plant species Silene otites after 20-36 years of isolation. Furthermore, three additional wild populations were included in the analysis. Population genetic diversity and differentiation were analysed using AFLP markers. Genetic variation in the ex situ populations was lower than the variation found in the in situ populations. Strong differentiation (F-ST = 0.21-0.36) between corresponding in situ and ex situ populations was observed. Bayesian clustering approach also showed a distinct genetic separation between in situ and ex situ populations. The high genetic differentiation and loss of genetic diversity during spatial and temporal isolation in the ex situ populations can be attributable to small population sizes and unconscious selection during cultivation. Therefore, adequate sampling prior to ex situ cultivation and large effective population sizes are important to preserve genetic diversity. Near-natural cultivation allowing for generation overlap and interspecific competition without artificial selection is recommended as being best for the maintenance of the genetic constitution. KW - AFLP KW - botanical garden KW - conservation genetics KW - founder effect KW - population size Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01185.x SN - 0024-4074 VL - 168 IS - 1 SP - 64 EP - 75 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Jürgen A1 - Hellebrand, Hans Jürgen A1 - Gömmel, Michael A1 - Ammon, Christian A1 - Berg, Werner T1 - Effects of climatic factors and soil management on the methane flux in soils from annual and perennial energy crops JF - Biology and fertility of soils N2 - Methane flux rates were measured on a loamy sand soil within perennial and annual energy crops in northeast Germany. The study was performed in closed chambers between 2003 and 2005 with four measurements per week. A mixed linear model including the fixed effects of year, rotation period, crop and fertilisation was applied to determine the influence of climatic factors and soil management on the CH4 flux. Soil water content and air temperature were added as co-variables. With the exception of air temperature, all fixed effects and the co-variable soil water content influenced the CH4 flux. The soil of annual crops consumed 6.1 mu g CH4 m(-2) h(-1), significantly more than the soil of perennial crops with 4.3 mu g CH4 m(-2) h(-1). It is suggested that soil water content plays the key role in CH4 flux between pedosphere and atmosphere. In the range of water contents between 5% and 15%, our model describes that a soil water content increase of 1% induces a net emission of 0.375 mu g CH4 m(-2) h(-1). As the soil of the experimental field was well-drained and aerobic, it represented a net sink for CH4 throughout the study period. KW - Methane oxidation KW - ANCOVA model KW - Soil water KW - Fertilisation KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Energy crops Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0603-z SN - 0178-2762 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khuroo, Anzar A. A1 - Reshi, Zafar A. A1 - Malik, Akhtar H. A1 - Weber, Ewald A1 - Rashid, Irfan A1 - Dar, G. H. T1 - Alien flora of India taxonomic composition, invasion status and biogeographic affiliations JF - Biological invasions : unique international journal uniting scientists in the broad field of biological invasions N2 - The wide knowledge gaps in invasion biology research that exist in the developing world are crucial impediments to the scientific management and global policymaking on biological invasions. In an effort to fill such knowledge gaps, we present here an inventory of the alien flora of India, based on systematic reviews and rigorous analyses of research studies (ca. 190) published over the last 120 years (1890-2010 AD), and updated with field records of the last two decades. Currently, the inventory comprises of 1,599 species, belonging to 842 genera in 161 families, and constitutes 8.5% of the total Indian vascular flora. The three most species-rich families are Asteraceae (134 spp.), Papilionaceae (114 spp.) and Poaceae (106 spp.), and the three largest genera are Eucalyptus (25 spp.), Ipomoea (22 spp.), and Senna (21 spp.). The majority of these species (812) have no report of escaping from cultivation. Of the remaining subset of 787 species, which have either escaped from intentional cultivation, or spread after unintentional introduction, casuals are represented by 57 spp., casual/naturalised by 114 spp., naturalised by 257 spp., naturalised/invasive by 134 spp., and invasive by 225 spp. Biogeographically, more than one-third (35%) of the alien flora in India has its native ranges in South America, followed by Asia (21%), Africa (20%), Europe (11%), Australia (8%), North America (4%); and cryptogenic (1%). The inventory is expected to serve as the scientific baseline on plant invasions in India, with implications for conservation of global biodiversity. KW - Biodiversity KW - Biological invasions KW - Alien plants KW - Taxonomy KW - Biogeography KW - India Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-9981-2 SN - 1387-3547 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 99 EP - 113 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Gröbe, Glenn A1 - Neumann, Bettina A1 - Kinne, Mathias A1 - Gajovic-Eichelmann, Nenad A1 - Wollenberger, Ursula A1 - Hofrichter, Martin A1 - Ullrich, Rene A1 - Scheibner, Katrin A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - The aromatic peroxygenase from Marasmius rutola-a new enzyme for biosensor applications JF - Analytical & bioanalytical chemistry N2 - The aromatic peroxygenase (APO; EC 1.11.2.1) from the agraric basidomycete Marasmius rotula (MroAPO) immobilized at the chitosan-capped gold-nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode displayed a pair of redox peaks with a midpoint potential of -278.5 mV vs. AgCl/AgCl (1 M KCl) for the Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) redox couple of the heme-thiolate-containing protein. MroAPO oxidizes aromatic substrates such as aniline, p-aminophenol, hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, and paracetamol by means of hydrogen peroxide. The substrate spectrum overlaps with those of cytochrome P450s and plant peroxidases which are relevant in environmental analysis and drug monitoring. In M. rotula peroxygenase-based enzyme electrodes, the signal is generated by the reduction of electrode-active reaction products (e.g., p-benzoquinone and p-quinoneimine) with electro-enzymatic recycling of the analyte. In these enzyme electrodes, the signal reflects the conversion of all substrates thus representing an overall parameter in complex media. The performance of these sensors and their further development are discussed. KW - Unspecific peroxygenase KW - Cytochrome P450 KW - Biosensors KW - Phenolic substances Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5497-y SN - 1618-2642 VL - 402 IS - 1 SP - 405 EP - 412 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Türke, Manfred A1 - Andreas, Kerstin A1 - Gossner, Martin M. A1 - Kowalski, Esther A1 - Lange, Markus A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Meyhöfer, Rainer A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang W. T1 - Are gastropods, rather than ants, important dispersers of seeds of myrmecochorous forest herbs? JF - The American naturalist : a bi-monthly journal devoted to the advancement and correlation of the biological sciences N2 - Seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is widespread, and seed adaptations to myrmecochory are common, especially in the form of fatty appendices (elaiosomes). In a recent study, slugs were identified as seed dispersers of myrmecochores in a central European beech forest. Here we used 105 beech forest sites to test whether myrmecochore presence and abundance is related to ant or gastropod abundance and whether experimentally exposed seeds are removed by gastropods. Myrmecochorous plant cover was positively related to gastropod abundance but was negatively related to ant abundance. Gastropods were responsible for most seed removal and elaiosome damage, whereas insects (and rodents) played minor roles. These gastropod effects on seeds were independent of region or forest management. We suggest that terrestrial gastropods can generally act as seed dispersers of myrmecochorous plants and even substitute myrmecochory, especially where ants are absent or uncommon. KW - myrmecochory KW - gastropodochory KW - Arion KW - slug KW - seed dispersal Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/663195 SN - 0003-0147 VL - 179 IS - 1 SP - 124 EP - 131 PB - Univ. of Chicago Press CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vukicevic, Radovan A1 - Schwadtke, Ulrike A1 - Schmuecker, Simon A1 - Schaefer, Philipp A1 - Kuckling, Dirk A1 - Beuermann, Sabine T1 - Alkyne-azide coupling of tailored poly(vinylidene fluoride) and polystyrene for the synthesis of block copolymers JF - Polymer Chemistry N2 - The synthesis of block copolymers consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polystyrene (PS) is reported. Firstly, a propargyl-functionalized alkoxyamine initiator (PgOTIPNO) was prepared and subsequently used for the preparation of a propargyl-terminated PS homopolymer of different chain lengths with low dispersities via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. A tailored PVDF homopolymer with iodine end groups originating from iodine transfer polymerization was transformed to PVDF with azide end group. Then, alkyne-terminated PS with different molecular weights and azide-terminated PVDF were joined together via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide coupling. The block copolymers were characterized using H-1-NMR, F-19-NMR, IR, SEC, and DSC. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1py00427a SN - 1759-9954 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 409 EP - 414 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiss, Jan A1 - Li, Ang A1 - Wischerhoff, Erik A1 - Laschewsky, André T1 - Water-soluble random and alternating copolymers of styrene monomers with adjustable lower critical solution temperature JF - Polymer Chemistry N2 - Random copolymers of 4-vinylbenzyl tri(oxyethylene) and tetra(oxyethylene) ethers, as well as alternating copolymers of 4-vinylbenzyl methoxytetra(oxyethylene) ether and a series of N-substituted maleimides, were synthesised by conventional free radical polymerisation, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). Their thermosensitive behaviour in aqueous solution was studied by turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering. Depending on the copolymer composition, a LCST type phase transition was observed in water. The transition temperature of the obtained random as well as alternating copolymers could be varied within a broad temperature window. In the case of the random copolymers, transition temperatures could be easily fine-tuned, as they showed a linear dependence on the copolymer composition, and were additionally modified by the nature of the polymer end-groups. Alternating copolymers were extremely versatile for implementing a broad range of variations of the phase transition temperatures. Further, while alternating copolymers derived from 4-vinylbenzyl methoxytetra(oxyethylene) ether and maleimides with small hydrophobic side chains underwent macroscopic phase separation when dissolved in water and heated above their cloud point, the incorporation of maleimides bearing larger hydrophobic substituents resulted in the formation of mesoglobules above the phase transition temperature, with hydrodynamic diameters of less than 100 nm. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1py00422k SN - 1759-9954 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 352 EP - 361 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER -