TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Marcel A1 - Steyrleuthner, Robert A1 - Bange, Sebastian A1 - Sellinger, Alan A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Charge transport and recombination in bulk heterojunction solar cells containing a dicyanoimidazole-based molecular acceptor N2 - Carrier transport and recombination have been studied in single component layers and blends of the soluble PPV- derivative poly[2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene-2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)- 1,4-phenylenevinylene] (M3EH-PPV) and the small molecule acceptor 4,7-bis(2-(1-hexyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole-2-yl)vinyl) benzo[c][1,2,5]-thiadiazole (HV-BT). Measurements on single carrier devices show significantly smaller electron mobility in the blend compared to the pure HV- BT layer, which is suggestive of the formation of isolated clusters of the acceptor in a continuous polymer matrix. The significant change in fill factor (FF) with increasing illumination intensity is consistently explained by a model taking into account bimolecular recombination and space charge effects. The decay of the carrier density after photoexcitation has been studied by performing photo-CELIV measurements on pure and blend layers. It is found that the decay at long delay times follows a power-law dependence, which is, however, not consistent with a Langevin-type bimolecular recombination of free charges. A good description of the data is obtained by assuming trimolecular recombination to govern the charge carrier dynamics in these systems. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/40000761 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200925312 SN - 1862-6300 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Marcel A1 - Yin, Chunhong A1 - Castellani, Mauro A1 - Bange, Sebastian A1 - Tam, Teck Lip A1 - Sellinger, Alan A1 - Hoerhold, Hans-Heinrich A1 - Kietzke, Thomas A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Heterojunction topology versus fill factor correlations in novel hybrid small-molecular/polymeric solar cells N2 - The authors present organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices comprising a small molecule electron acceptor based on 2- vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (Vinazene (TM)) and a soluble poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative as the electron donor. A strong dependence of the fill factor (FF) and the external quantum efficiency [incident photons converted to electrons (IPCE)] on the heterojunction topology is observed. As-prepared blends provided relatively low FF and IPCE values of 26% and 4.5%, respectively, which are attributed to significant recombination of geminate pairs and free carriers in a highly intermixed blend morphology. Going to an all-solution processed bilayer device, the FF and IPCE dramatically increased to 43% and 27%, respectively. The FF increases further to 57% in devices comprising thermally deposited Vinazene layers where there is virtually no interpenetration at the donor/acceptor interface. This very high FF is comparable to values reported for OPV using fullerenes as the electron acceptor. Furthermore, the rather low electron affinity of Vinazene compound near 3.5 eV enabled a technologically important open circuit voltage (V-oc) of 1.0 V. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://jcp.aip.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3077007 SN - 0021-9606 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steyrleuthner, Robert A1 - Bange, Sebastian A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Reliable electron-only devices and electron transport in n-type polymers N2 - Current-voltage analysis of single-carrier transport is a popular method for the determination of charge carrier mobilities in organic semiconductors. Although in widespread use for the analysis of hole transport, only a few reports can be found where the method was applied to electron transport. Here, we summarize the experimental difficulties related to the metal electrode leakage currents and nonlinear differential resistance (NDR) effects and explain their origin. We present a modified preparation technique for the metal electrodes and show that it significantly increases the reliability of such measurements. It allows to produce test devices with low leakage currents and without NDR even for thin organic layers. Metal oxides were often discussed as a possible cause of NDR. Our measurements on forcibly oxidized metal electrodes demonstrate that oxide layers are not exclusively responsible for NDR effects. We present electron transport data for two electron-conducting polymers often applied in all-polymer solar cells for a large variety of layer thicknesses and temperatures. The results can be explained by established exponential trapping models. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://jap.aip.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3086307 SN - 0021-8979 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bange, Sebastian T1 - Transient optical and electrical effects in polymeric semiconductors T1 - Transiente optische und elektrische Effekte in polymeren Halbeitern N2 - Classical semiconductor physics has been continuously improving electronic components such as diodes, light-emitting diodes, solar cells and transistors based on highly purified inorganic crystals over the past decades. Organic semiconductors, notably polymeric, are a comparatively young field of research, the first light-emitting diode based on conjugated polymers having been demonstrated in 1990. Polymeric semiconductors are of tremendous interest for high-volume, low-cost manufacturing ("printed electronics"). Due to their rather simple device structure mostly comprising only one or two functional layers, polymeric diodes are much more difficult to optimize compared to small-molecular organic devices. Usually, functions such as charge injection and transport are handled by the same material which thus needs to be highly optimized. The present work contributes to expanding the knowledge on the physical mechanisms determining device performance by analyzing the role of charge injection and transport on device efficiency for blue and white-emitting devices, based on commercially relevant spiro-linked polyfluorene derivatives. It is shown that such polymers can act as very efficient electron conductors and that interface effects such as charge trapping play the key role in determining the overall device efficiency. This work contributes to the knowledge of how charges drift through the polymer layer to finally find neutral emissive trap states and thus allows a quantitative prediction of the emission color of multichromophoric systems, compatible with the observed color shifts upon driving voltage and temperature variation as well as with electrical conditioning effects. In a more methodically oriented part, it is demonstrated that the transient device emission observed upon terminating the driving voltage can be used to monitor the decay of geminately-bound species as well as to determine trapped charge densities. This enables direct comparisons with numerical simulations based on the known properties of charge injection, transport and recombination. The method of charge extraction under linear increasing voltages (CELIV) is investigated in some detail, correcting for errors in the published approach and highlighting the role of non-idealized conditions typically present in experiments. An improved method is suggested to determine the field dependence of charge mobility in a more accurate way. Finally, it is shown that the neglect of charge recombination has led to a misunderstanding of experimental results in terms of a time-dependent mobility relaxation. N2 - Klassische Halbleiterphysik beschäftigt sich bereits seit mehreren Jahrzehnten erfolgreich mit der Weiterentwicklung elektronischer Bauteile wie Dioden, Leuchtdioden, Solarzellen und Transistoren auf der Basis von hochreinen anorganischen Kristallstrukturen. Im Gegensatz hierzu ist das Forschungsgebiet der organischen, insbesondere der polymeren Halbleiter noch recht jung: Die erste Leuchtdiode auf der Basis von "leitfähigem Plastik" wurde erst 1990 demonstriert. Polymere Halbleiter sind hierbei von besonderem Interesse für hochvolumige Anwendungen im Beleuchtungsbereich, da sie sich kostengünstig herstellen und verarbeiten lassen ("gedruckte Elektronik"). Die vereinfachte Herstellung bedingt dabei eine vergleichsweise geringe Komplexität der Bauteilstruktur und verringert die Optimierungsmöglichkeiten. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Vorgänge an Grenzflächen und im Volumen von polymeren Leuchtdioden und ermöglicht damit ein besseres Verständnis der Bauteilfunktion. Im Fokus steht hierbei mit einem spiro-verknüpften Polyfluorenderivat ein kommerziell relevanter Polymertyp, der amorphe und hochgradig temperaturstabile Halbleiterschichten bildet. Ausgehend von einer Charakterisierung der Ladungstransporteigenschaften wird im Zusammenspiel mit numerischen Simulationen der Bauteilemission gezeigt, welche Rolle die polymeren und metallenen Kontaktelektroden für die Bauteilfunktion und -effizienz spielen. Des Weiteren wird ein weiß-emittierendes Polymer untersucht, bei dem die Mischung von blauen, grünen und roten Farbstoffen die Emissionsfarbe bestimmt. Hierbei wird das komplexe Wechselspiel aus Energieübertrag zwischen den Farbstoffen und direktem Ladungseinfang aufgeklärt. Es wird ein quantitatives Modell entwickelt, das die beobachtete Verschiebung der Emissionsfarbe unter wechselnden elektrischen Betriebsparametern erklärt und zusätzlich die Vorhersage von Temperatur- und elektrischen Konditionierungseffekten ermöglicht. Ausgehend von leicht messbaren Parametern wie Stromstärken und Emissionsspektren ermöglicht es Rückschlüsse auf mikroskopische Vorgänge wie die Diffusion von Ladungen hin zu Farbstoffen. Es wird gezeigt, dass im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Erkenntnissen der Ladungseinfang durch Drift im elektrischen Feld gegenüber der Diffusion überwiegt. In einem eher methodisch orientierten Teil zeigt die Arbeit, wie die beim Abschalten von Leuchtdioden beobachtbare Emission dazu verwendet werden kann, Erkenntnisse zu Ladungsdichten während der Betriebsphase zu gewinnen. Es wird abschließend nachgewiesen, dass eine gängige Methode zur Bestimmung von Ladungsbeweglichkeiten unter typischen Messbedingungen fehlerbehaftet ist. Ergebnisse, die bisher als eine zeitliche Relaxation der Beweglichkeit in ungeordneten Halbleitern interpretiert wurden, können damit auf die Rekombination von Ladungen während der Messung zurückgeführt werden. Es wird außerdem gezeigt, dass eine Modifikation der bei der Auswertung verwendeten Analytik die genauere Vermessung der Feldstärkeabhängigkeit der Beweglichkeit ermöglicht. KW - Organische Halbleiter KW - Ladungstransport KW - OLED KW - Polymer Electronics KW - Organic Semiconductors KW - Charge Transport KW - OLED KW - Polymerelektronik Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-36314 ER -