TY - JOUR A1 - Mosca, Michela A1 - de Bot, Kees T1 - Bilingual Language Switching: Production vs. Recognition JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - language switching KW - IC model KW - BIA model KW - bilingual production and recognition KW - language inhibition Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00934 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mosca, Michela A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Examining language switching in bilinguals BT - the role of preparation time T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Much research on language control in bilinguals has relied on the interpretation of the costs of switching between two languages. Of the two types of costs that are linked to language control, switching costs are assumed to be transient in nature and modulated by trial-specific manipulations (e.g., by preparation time), while mixing costs are supposed to be more stable and less affected by trial-specific manipulations. The present study investigated the effect of preparation time on switching and mixing costs, revealing that both types of costs can be influenced by trial-specific manipulations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 451 KW - bilingual language switching KW - preparation time KW - switching costs KW - mixing costs KW - picture naming Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-413752 IS - 451 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mosca, Michela A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition. N2 - Much research on language control in bilinguals has relied on the interpretation of the costs of switching between two languages. Of the two types of costs that are linked to language control, switching costs are assumed to be transient in nature and modulated by trial-specific manipulations (e.g., by preparation time), while mixing costs are supposed to be more stable and less affected by trial-specific manipulations. The present study investigated the effect of preparation time on switching and mixing costs, revealing that both types of costs can be influenced by trial-specific manipulations. KW - Bilingual language switching KW - preparation time KW - switching costs KW - mixing costs KW - picture naming Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000693 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 19 SP - 415 EP - 424 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Mosca, Michela T1 - Multilinguals' language control T1 - Sprachkontrolle bei Mehrsprachigen N2 - For several decades, researchers have tried to explain how speakers of more than one language (multilinguals) manage to keep their languages separate and to switch from one language to the other depending on the context. This ability of multilingual speakers to use the intended language, while avoiding interference from the other language(s) has recently been termed “language control”. A multitude of studies showed that when bilinguals process one language, the other language is also activated and might compete for selection. According to the most influential model of language control developed over the last two decades, competition from the non-intended language is solved via inhibition. In particular, the Inhibitory Control (IC) model proposed by Green (1998) puts forward that the amount of inhibition applied to the non-relevant language depends on its dominance, in that the stronger the language the greater the strength of inhibition applied to it. Within this account, the cost required to reactivate a previously inhibited language depends on the amount of inhibition previously exerted on it, that is, reactivation costs are greater for a stronger compared to a weaker language. In a nutshell, according to the IC model, language control is determined by language dominance. The goal of the present dissertation is to investigate the extent to which language control in multilinguals is affected by language dominance and whether and how other factors might influence this process. Three main factors are considered in this work: (i) the time speakers have to prepare for a certain language or PREPARATION TIME, (ii) the type of languages involved in the interactional context or LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY, and (iii) the PROCESSING MODALITY, that is, whether the way languages are controlled differs between reception and production. The results obtained in the four manuscripts, either published or in revision, indicate that language dominance alone does not suffice to explain language switching patterns. In particular, the present thesis shows that language control is profoundly affected by each of the three variables described above. More generally, the findings obtained in the present dissertation indicate that language control in multilingual speakers is a much more dynamic system than previously believed and is not exclusively determined by language dominance, as predicted by the IC model (Green, 1998). N2 - Viele Jahrzehnte lang haben Forscher versucht zu erklären, wie es Menschen, die mehr als eine Sprache sprechen (Mehrsprachige), gelingt, Sprachen zu unterscheiden und je nach Kontext zwischen den Sprachen zu wechseln. Diese Fähigkeit von Mehrsprachigen die geplante Sprache zu benutzen und die Interferenzen mit den anderen Sprachen zu vermeiden wird als „Sprachkontrolle“ bezeichnet. Eine Vielzahl von Studien haben gezeigt, dass wenn ein Zweisprachiger eine Sprache verarbeitet, wird die andere Sprache auch aktiviert, sodass sie Teil der Sprachplanung werden könnte. Nach dem beeinflussendesten Modell über Sprachkontrolle, entwickelt in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten, ist Konkurrenz von der nicht beteiligten Sprache durch Inhibition dieser Sprache abgeschafft. Insbesondere schlägt das von Green (1998) aufgestellte Inhibitory Control (IC) Modell vor, dass die Inhibitionsmenge, die benötigt wird, um eine nicht beteiligte Sprache zu unterdrücken, von der Sprachdominanz abhängig ist, beziehungsweise je stärker die Sprache desto mehr Inhibition wird benötigt, um diese Sprache zu inhibieren. Innerhalb dieser Darstellung, sind die Reaktivierungskosten einer unterdrückten Sprache von der Inhibitionsmenge in dieser Sprache abhängig, das heißt, die Reaktivierungskosten sind größer für die stärkere als für die schwächere Sprache. Zusammengefasst nach dem IC Modell ist die Sprachkontrolle durch Sprachdominanz geregelt. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist zu untersuchen, inwiefern Sprachkontrolle bei Mehrsprachigen durch Sprachdominanz geregelt ist und ob und wie andere Faktoren diesen Prozess beeinflussen. Drei Hauptfaktoren sind in dieser Arbeit untersucht: (i) die Zeit über die Sprecher verfügen, um sich für eine bestimmte Sprache vorzubereiten oder VORBEREITUNGSZEIT, (ii) die Typologie der involvierten Sprachen oder SPRACHTYPOLOGIE und (iii) die VERARBEITUNGSMODALITÄT, das heißt, ob Sprachverarbeitung in Produktion und Erkennung anders oder gleich ist. Die Ergebnisse aus den vier Manuskripten, entweder veröffentlicht oder in Revision, zeigen, dass Sprachdominanz allein nicht die Sprachwechselergebnisse erklären kann. Insbesondere weist diese Doktorarbeit darauf hin, dass Sprachkontrolle stark von den drei obengenannten Faktoren beeinflusst ist. Im Allgemeinen zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, dass Sprachkontrolle bei Mehrsprachigen ein bedeutend dynamischeres System ist als vorher gedacht, und sie ist nicht ausschließlich durch Sprachdominanz geregelt, wie das IC Modell (Green, 1998) vorschlägt. KW - language switching KW - language inhibition KW - bilingualism KW - trilingualism KW - multilingualism KW - IC Model KW - language production KW - language recognition KW - Sprachwechsel KW - Sprachinhibition KW - Zweisprachigkeit KW - Dreisprachigkeit KW - Mehrsprachigkeit KW - IC Modell KW - Sprachproduktion KW - Spracherkennung Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-398912 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mosca, Michela T1 - Trilinguals’ language switching BT - A strategic and flexible account JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - The goal of this study was to determine how trilinguals select the language they intend to use in a language switching context. Two accounts are examined: (a) a language-specific account, according to which language selection considers the activation level of words of the intended language only (i.e., language co-activation without language competition), and (b) a language non-specific account, where activated words from both the intended and non-intended languages compete for selection (i.e., language co-activation with language competition). Results showed that, in both groups, all three languages competed for selection and that selection was achieved by inhibiting the currently non-relevant languages. Moreover, extending findings from previous research, the study reveals that, in both Experiments 1 and 2, the amount of inhibition was influenced not only by language proficiency but also by the typological similarity between languages. Overall, the study shows that language switching performance can be accounted for by a strategic and flexible inhibitory account. In particular, the controlling system is “strategic” in the sense that it aims at preventing potential conflicting situations, such as typological closeness between languages, and it is “flexible” in that it adjusts languages’ activation levels, depending on the conflict to be solved. KW - Language switching KW - language selection KW - trilingualism KW - inhibition KW - language typology Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818763537 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 72 IS - 4 SP - 693 EP - 716 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER -