TY - BOOK A1 - Richter, Angelika T1 - Klassifikationen von Computerspielen T1 - Classifications of computer games N2 - Klassifikationen von Computerspielen widmet sich den Begriffen, mit denen Computerspiele zu Klassifikationszwecken versehen werden. Eine repräsentative Auswahl an derartigen Klassifikationsmodellen, die die Arbeiten von Designern, Journalisten, Pädagogen, Laien und expliziten Computerspielforschern abdeckt, wird vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Anwendbarkeit zur eindeutigen Bestimmung konkreter Spiele bewertet. Dabei zeigen sich zwei grundlegend verschiedene Herangehensweisen an die Problematik: „Kategorisierungen“ stellen feste Kategorien auf, in die einzelne Spiel eindeutig einsortiert werden sollen, während „Typologien“ die einzelnen Elemente von Spielen untersuchen und klassifizieren. Beide Ansätze werden analysiert und ihre jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile aufgezeigt. Da offensichtlich wird, dass die Klassifikation von Computerspielen in bedeutendem Maße vom jeweiligen zugrunde liegenden Verständnis davon, was ein „Computerspiel“ sei, abhängt, ist der Untersuchung der Klassifikationsmodelle eine Betrachtung dieser problematischen Begriffsdefinition vorangestellt, die beispielhaft an vier ausgewählten Aspekten durchgeführt wird. N2 - Classifications of computer games is concerned with the terms that are used to label computer games for classificatory purposes. A representative selection of such classification models, that covers the works of designers, journalists, pedagogues, laymen and explicit computer game researchers, are introduced and assessed with regard to their ability to classify specific games unambiguously. Two essentially different approaches to this problem are identified: “categorizations” establish rigid categories to which single games are to be assigned unambiguously, while “typologies” examine and classify single elements of games and not games as a whole. Both methods are analysed and their advantages and disadvantages are shown. As it becomes obvious that classifying computer games is highly dependent on the respective basic understanding of what a computer game is, the study of the classification models is preceded by an overview which discusses four chosen aspects as examples of this problematic definition. T3 - DIGAREC Series - 05 KW - Computerspiele KW - Videospiele KW - Klassifikation KW - Typologie KW - Ludologie KW - computer games KW - video games KW - classification KW - typology KW - ludology Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-43901 SN - 978-3-86956-076-2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pfau, Roland A1 - Steinbach, Markus T1 - Modality-independent and modality-specific aspects of grammaticalization in sign languages N2 - One type of internal diachronic change that has been extensively studied for spoken languages is grammaticalization whereby lexical elements develop into free or bound grammatical elements. Based on a wealth of spoken languages, a large amount of prototypical grammaticalization pathways has been identified. Moreover, it has been shown that desemanticization, decategorialization, and phonetic erosion are typical characteristics of grammaticalization processes. Not surprisingly, grammaticalization is also responsible for diachronic change in sign languages. Drawing data from a fair number of sign languages, we show that grammaticalization in visual-gestural languages – as far as the development from lexical to grammatical element is concerned – follows the same developmental pathways as in spoken languages. That is, the proposed pathways are modalityindependent. Besides these intriguing parallels, however, sign languages have the possibility of developing grammatical markers from manual and non-manual co-speech gestures. We will discuss various instances of grammaticalized gestures and we will also briefly address the issue of the modality-specificity of this phenomenon. T3 - Linguistics in Potsdam - 24 KW - grammaticalization KW - sign languages KW - modality KW - gesture KW - non-manuals KW - typology Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10886 SN - 978-3-939469-53-7 SN - 1864-1857 SN - 1616-7392 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -