TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Witt, Stephanie H. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Role of CNR1 polymorphisms in moderating the effects of psychosocial adversity on impulsivity in adolescents JF - Journal of neural transmission N2 - Enhanced endocannabinoid signaling has been implicated in typically adolescent behavioral features such as increased risk-taking, impulsivity and novelty seeking. Research investigating the impact of genetic variants in the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1) and of early rearing conditions has demonstrated that both factors contribute to the prediction of impulsivity-related phenotypes. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of an interaction of the two most studied CNR1 polymorphisms rs806379 and rs1049353 with early psychosocial adversity in terms of affecting impulsivity in 15-year-olds from an epidemiological cohort sample followed since birth. In 323 adolescents (170 girls, 153 boys), problems of impulse control and novelty seeking were assessed using parent-report and self-report, respectively. Exposure to early psychosocial adversity was determined in a parent interview conducted at the age of 3 months. The results indicated that impulsivity increased following exposure to early psychosocial adversity, with this increase being dependent on CNR1 genotype. In contrast, while individuals exposed to early adversity scored higher on novelty seeking, no significant impact of genotype or the interaction thereof was detected. This is the first evidence to suggest that the interaction of CNR1 gene variants with the experience of early life adversity may play a role in determining adolescent impulsive behavior. However, given that the reported findings are obtained in a high-risk community sample, results are restricted in terms of interpretation and generalization. Future research is needed to replicate these findings and to identify the mediating mechanisms underlying this effect. KW - CNR1 KW - Impulsivity KW - Early psychosocial adversity KW - Adolescence Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1266-3 SN - 0300-9564 SN - 1435-1463 VL - 122 IS - 3 SP - 455 EP - 463 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Anne A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - Reduced facial emotion recognition in overweight and obese children JF - Journal of psychosomatic research N2 - Objective: Emotional problems often co-occur in overweight or obese children. However, questions of whether emotion recognition deficits are present and how they are reflected have only been sparsely investigated to date. Methods: Therefore, the present study included 33 overweight and obese as well as 33 normal weight elementary school children between six and ten years that were matched for sex, age and socioeconomic status. Participants were shown different emotional faces of a well-validated set of stimuli on a computer screen, which they categorized and then rated on an emotional intensity level. Key measures were categorization performance along with reaction times and emotional intelligence as well as emotional eating questionnaire ratings. Results: Overweight children exhibited lower categorization accuracy as well as longer reaction times as compared to normal weight children, while no differences in intensity ratings occurred. Reaction time to neutral facial expressions was negatively related to intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional intelligence and emotional eating correlated negatively with accuracy for recognizing sad expressions. Conclusion: Facial emotion decoding difficulties seem to be of importance in overweight and obese children and deserve further consideration in terms of their exact impact on social functioning as well as on the maintenance of elevated body weight during child development. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved. KW - Childhood obesity KW - Emotion KW - Emotional expressions KW - Face categorization KW - Overweight Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.06.005 SN - 0022-3999 SN - 1879-1360 VL - 79 IS - 6 SP - 635 EP - 639 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja A1 - Vanwesenbeeck, Ine A1 - Bianchi, Gabriel A1 - Chliaoutakis, Joannes A1 - Fernandez-Fuertes, Andres A. A1 - Fuertes, Antonio A1 - de Matos, Margarida Gaspar A1 - Hadjigeorgiou, Eleni A1 - Haller, Birgitt A1 - Hellemans, Sabine A1 - Izdebski, Zbigniew A1 - Kouta, Christiana A1 - Meijnckens, Dwayne A1 - Murauskiene, Liubove A1 - Papadakaki, Maria A1 - Ramiro, Lucia A1 - Reis, Marta A1 - Symons, Katrien A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Vicario-Molina, Isabel A1 - Zygadlo, Andrzej T1 - Prevalence and correlates of young people's sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: a multi-level analysis JF - Culture, health & sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care N2 - Data are presented on young people's sexual victimisation and perpetration from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain) using a shared measurement tool (N = 3480 participants, aged between 18 and 27 years). Between 19.7 and 52.2% of female and between 10.1 and 55.8% of male respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual victimisation since the age of consent. In two countries, victimisation rates were significantly higher for men than for women. Between 5.5 and 48.7% of male and 2.6 and 14.8% of female participants reported having engaged in a least one act of sexual aggression perpetration, with higher rates for men than for women in all countries. Victimisation rates correlated negatively with sexual assertiveness and positively with alcohol use in sexual encounters. Perpetration rates correlated positively with attitudes condoning physical dating violence and with alcohol use in men, and negatively with sexual assertiveness in women. At the country level, lower gender equality in economic power and in the work domain was related to higher male perpetration rates. Lower gender equality in political power and higher sexual assertiveness in women relative to men were linked to higher male victimisation rates. KW - young people KW - sexual aggression KW - multi-level correlates KW - European Union KW - sexual victimisation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.989265 SN - 1369-1058 SN - 1464-5351 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 682 EP - 699 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Perceptual span depends on font size during the reading of chinese sentences JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - The present study explored the perceptual span (i.e., the physical extent of an area from which useful visual information is extracted during a single fixation) during the reading of Chinese sentences in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, we tested whether the rightward span can go beyond 3 characters when visually similar masks were used. Results showed that Chinese readers needed at least 4 characters to the right of fixation to maintain a normal reading behavior when visually similar masks were used and when characters were displayed in small fonts, indicating that the span is dynamically influenced by masking materials. In Experiments 2 and 3, we asked whether the perceptual span varies as a function of font size in spaced (German) and unspaced (Chinese) scripts. Results clearly suggest perceptual span depends on font size in Chinese, but we failed to find such evidence for German. We propose that the perceptual span in Chinese is flexible; it is strongly constrained by its language-specific properties such as high information density and lack of word spacing. Implications for saccade-target selection during the reading of Chinese sentences are discussed. KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal processing KW - perceptual span KW - Chinese reading Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038097 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 209 EP - 219 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects of Emotional Word Semantics in Reading Chinese Sentences: Evidence From Eye Movements JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Despite the well-known influence of emotional meaning on cognition, relatively less is known about its effects on reading behavior. We investigated whether fixation behavior during the reading of Chinese sentences is influenced by emotional word meaning in the parafovea. Two-character target words embedded into the same sentence frames provided emotionally positive, negative, or neutral contents. Fixation durations on neutral pretarget words were prolonged for positive parafoveal words and for highly frequent negative parafoveal words. In addition, fixation durations on foveal emotional words were shorter than those on neutral words. We also found that the role of emotional words varied as a function of their valence during foveal and parafoveal processing. These findings suggest a processing advantage for emotional words relative to emotionally neutral stimuli in foveal and parafoveal vision. We discuss implications for the notion of attention attraction due to emotional content. KW - parafoveal vision KW - emotion KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000095 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 1237 EP - 1243 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Wang, Yuling A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Parafoveal activation of sign translation previews among deaf readers during the reading of Chinese sentences JF - Memory & cognition N2 - In the present study, we manipulated the different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined whether deaf readers could activate sign translations of Chinese words during reading. The main finding was that, as compared to unrelated previews, the deaf readers had longer fixation durations on the target words when sign-phonologically related preview words were presented; this preview cost effect due to sign-phonological relatedness was absent for reading-level-matched hearing individuals. These results indicate that Chinese deaf readers activate sign language translations of parafoveal words during reading. We discuss the implications for notions of parafoveal processing in reading. KW - Sign language KW - Parafoveal KW - Chinese KW - Deaf readers KW - Sentence reading Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-015-0511-9 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 964 EP - 972 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Newborn chicks need no number tricks. Commentary: Number-space mapping in the newborn chick resembles humans' mental number line T2 - Frontiers in human neuroscienc KW - mental number line KW - innate number sense KW - numerical cognition KW - spatial cognition KW - spatial numerical associations Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00451 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Englert, Chris A1 - Wolff, Wanja T1 - Neuroenhancement and the strength model of self-control JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Neuroenhancement (NE), the use of substances as a means to enhance performance, has garnered considerable scientific attention of late. While ethical and epidemiological publications on the topic accumulate, there is a lack of theory-driven psychological research that aims at understanding psychological drivers of NE. In this perspective article we argue that self-control strength offers a promising theory-based approach to further understand and investigate NE behavior. Using the strength model of self-control, we derive two theory-driven perspectives on NE-self-control research. First, we propose that individual differences in state/trait self-control strength differentially affect NE behavior based on one's individual experience of NE use. Building upon this, we outline promising research questions that (will) further elucidate our understanding of NE based on the strength model's propositions. Second, we discuss evidence indicating that popular NE substances (like Methylphenidate) may counteract imminent losses of self-control strength. We outline how further research on NE's effects on the ego-depletion effect may further broaden our understanding of the strength model of self-control. KW - ego depletion KW - neuroenhancement KW - self-control KW - self-regulation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01425 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Scheithauer, Herbert T1 - Narcissistic Symptoms in German School Shooters JF - International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology N2 - School shooters are often described as narcissistic, but empirical evidence is scant. To provide more reliable and detailed information, we conducted an exploratory study, analyzing police investigation files on seven school shootings in Germany, looking for symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) in witnesses' and offenders' reports and expert psychological evaluations. Three out of four offenders who had been treated for mental disorders prior to the offenses displayed detached symptoms of narcissism, but none was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. Of the other three, two displayed narcissistic traits. In one case, the number of symptoms would have justified a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. Offenders showed low and high self-esteem and a range of other mental disorders. Thus, narcissism is not a common characteristic of school shooters, but possibly more frequent than in the general population. This should be considered in developing adequate preventive and intervention measures. KW - school shooting KW - narcissism KW - personality disorder KW - risk factor KW - rampage Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14544155 SN - 0306-624X SN - 1552-6933 VL - 59 IS - 14 SP - 1520 EP - 1535 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - THES A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael T1 - Mixed model analysis of trial history in naming experiments T1 - Experimentalverlaufsanalyse mit gemischten Modellen in Naming-Experimenten N2 - Several authors highlighted that the time course of an experiment itself could have a substantial influence on the interpretability of experimental effects. Since mixed effects modeling had enabled researchers to investigate more complex problems with more precision than before, two naming experiments were conducted with college students, with and without non-words intermixed, and analyzed with regard to frequency, quality, interactive and trial-history effects. The present analyses build on and extend the Bates, Kliegl, Vasishth, and Baayen (2015) approach in order to converge on a parsimonious model that accounts for autocorrelated errors caused by trial history. For three of four cases, a history-sensitive model improved the model fit over a history-naïve model and explained more deviance. In one of these cases, the herein presented approach helped reveal an interaction between stimulus frequency and quality that was not significant without a trial history account. Main and joint effects, limitations, as well as directions for further research, are briefly discussed. N2 - Verschiedene Autoren haben darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass bereits der zeitliche Verlauf eines Experiments einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Interpretierbarkeit experimenteller Effekte haben kann. Nachdem gemischte Modelle der Wissenschaft ermöglichten, komplexere Fragestellungen mit höherer Präzision als zuvor zu untersuchen, wurden zwei Naming-Experimente mit Collegestudenten durchgeführt, je mit und ohne Pseudowörter, sowie hinsichtlich ihrer Auftrittshäufigkeits-, Stimulusqualitäts-, Interaktions- und Experimentalverlaufseffekte untersucht. Die vorliegenden Analysen beruhen auf dem Ansatz von Bates, Kliegl, Vasishth und Baayen (2015) und erweitern diesen, um ein Parsimonious Model zu bestimmen, welches durch den Experimentalverlauf hervorgerufene Autokorrelationen berücksichtigt. In drei von vier Fällen verbesserte die verlaufsabhängige Analyse die Modellanpassung gegenüber der gewöhnlichen verlaufsunabhängigen Variante und klärte somit mehr Abweichung auf. In einem dieser Fälle half der Ansatz, eine Interaktion zwischen Auftrittshäufigkeit und Stimulusqualität aufzudecken, die ohne Berücksichtigung des Experimentalverlaufs nicht signifikant gewesen war. Haupt- und Interaktionseffekte, Einschränkungen sowie Anregungen für weiterführende Forschung werden kurz erörtert. KW - autocorrelations KW - mixed effects modeling KW - trial history KW - reading aloud KW - Autokorrelationen KW - gemischte Modelle KW - Experimentalverlauf Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82735 ER -