TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arridge, Christopher S.
A1  - Achilleos, N.
A1  - Agarwal, Jessica
A1  - Agnor, C. B.
A1  - Ambrosi, R.
A1  - Andre, N.
A1  - Badman, S. V.
A1  - Baines, K.
A1  - Banfield, D.
A1  - Barthelemy, M.
A1  - Bisi, M. M.
A1  - Blum, J.
A1  - Bocanegra-Bahamon, T.
A1  - Bonfond, B.
A1  - Bracken, C.
A1  - Brandt, P.
A1  - Briand, C.
A1  - Briois, C.
A1  - Brooks, S.
A1  - Castillo-Rogez, J.
A1  - Cavalie, T.
A1  - Christophe, B.
A1  - Coates, Andrew J.
A1  - Collinson, G.
A1  - Cooper, J. F.
A1  - Costa-Sitja, M.
A1  - Courtin, R.
A1  - Daglis, I. A.
A1  - De Pater, Imke
A1  - Desai, M.
A1  - Dirkx, D.
A1  - Dougherty, M. K.
A1  - Ebert, R. W.
A1  - Filacchione, Gianrico
A1  - Fletcher, Leigh N.
A1  - Fortney, J.
A1  - Gerth, I.
A1  - Grassi, D.
A1  - Grodent, D.
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Gustin, J.
A1  - Hedman, M.
A1  - Helled, R.
A1  - Henri, P.
A1  - Hess, Sebastien
A1  - Hillier, J. K.
A1  - Hofstadter, M. H.
A1  - Holme, R.
A1  - Horanyi, M.
A1  - Hospodarsky, George B.
A1  - Hsu, S.
A1  - Irwin, P.
A1  - Jackman, C. M.
A1  - Karatekin, O.
A1  - Kempf, Sascha
A1  - Khalisi, E.
A1  - Konstantinidis, K.
A1  - Kruger, H.
A1  - Kurth, William S.
A1  - Labrianidis, C.
A1  - Lainey, V.
A1  - Lamy, L. L.
A1  - Laneuville, Matthieu
A1  - Lucchesi, D.
A1  - Luntzer, A.
A1  - MacArthur, J.
A1  - Maier, A.
A1  - Masters, A.
A1  - McKenna-Lawlor, S.
A1  - Melin, H.
A1  - Milillo, A.
A1  - Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg
A1  - Morschhauser, Achim
A1  - Moses, J. I.
A1  - Mousis, O.
A1  - Nettelmann, N.
A1  - Neubauer, F. M.
A1  - Nordheim, T.
A1  - Noyelles, B.
A1  - Orton, G. S.
A1  - Owens, Mathew
A1  - Peron, R.
A1  - Plainaki, C.
A1  - Postberg, F.
A1  - Rambaux, N.
A1  - Retherford, K.
A1  - Reynaud, Serge
A1  - Roussos, E.
A1  - Russell, C. T.
A1  - Rymer, Am.
A1  - Sallantin, R.
A1  - Sanchez-Lavega, A.
A1  - Santolik, O.
A1  - Saur, J.
A1  - Sayanagi, Km.
A1  - Schenk, P.
A1  - Schubert, J.
A1  - Sergis, N.
A1  - Sittler, E. C.
A1  - Smith, A.
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Srama, Ralf
A1  - Stallard, T.
A1  - Sterken, V.
A1  - Sternovsky, Zoltan
A1  - Tiscareno, M.
A1  - Tobie, G.
A1  - Tosi, F.
A1  - Trieloff, M.
A1  - Turrini, D.
A1  - Turtle, E. P.
A1  - Vinatier, S.
A1  - Wilson, R.
A1  - Zarkat, P.
T1  - The science case for an orbital mission to Uranus: Exploring the origins and evolution of ice giant planets
JF  - Planetary and space science
N2  - Giant planets helped to shape the conditions we see in the Solar System today and they account for more than 99% of the mass of the Sun's planetary system. They can be subdivided into the Ice Giants (Uranus and Neptune) and the Gas Giants (Jupiter and Saturn), which differ from each other in a number of fundamental ways. Uranus, in particular is the most challenging to our understanding of planetary formation and evolution, with its large obliquity, low self-luminosity, highly asymmetrical internal field, and puzzling internal structure. Uranus also has a rich planetary system consisting of a system of inner natural satellites and complex ring system, five major natural icy satellites, a system of irregular moons with varied dynamical histories, and a highly asymmetrical magnetosphere. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have explored Uranus, with a flyby in 1986, and no mission is currently planned to this enigmatic system. However, a mission to the uranian system would open a new window on the origin and evolution of the Solar System and would provide crucial information on a wide variety of physicochemical processes in our Solar System. These have clear implications for understanding exoplanetary systems. In this paper we describe the science case for an orbital mission to Uranus with an atmospheric entry probe to sample the composition and atmospheric physics in Uranus' atmosphere. The characteristics of such an orbiter and a strawman scientific payload are described and we discuss the technical challenges for such a mission. This paper is based on a white paper submitted to the European Space Agency's call for science themes for its large-class mission programme in 2013.
KW  - Uranus
KW  - Magnetosphere
KW  - Atmosphere
KW  - Natural satellites
KW  - Rings
KW  - Planetary interior
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.08.009
SN  - 0032-0633
VL  - 104
SP  - 122
EP  - 140
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Srama, Ralf
A1  - Ahrens, Thomas J.
A1  - Altobelli, Nicolas
A1  - Auer, S.
A1  - Bradley, J. G.
A1  - Burton, M.
A1  - Dikarev, V. V.
A1  - Economou, T.
A1  - Fechtig, Hugo
A1  - Görlich, M.
A1  - Grande, M.
A1  - Graps, Amara
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Havnes, Ove
A1  - Helfert, Stefan
A1  - Horanyi, Mihaly
A1  - Igenbergs, E.
A1  - Jessberger, Elmar K.
A1  - Johnson, T. V.
A1  - Kempf, Sascha
A1  - Krivov, Alexander v.
A1  - Krüger, Harald
A1  - Mocker-Ahlreep, Anna
A1  - Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg
A1  - Lamy, Philippe
A1  - Landgraf, Markus
A1  - Linkert, Dietmar
A1  - Linkert, G.
A1  - Lura, F.
A1  - McDonnell, J. A. M.
A1  - Moehlmann, Dirk
A1  - Morfill, Gregory E.
A1  - Muller, M.
A1  - Roy, M.
A1  - Schafer, G.
A1  - Schlotzhauer, G.
A1  - Schwehm, Gerhard H.
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Stübig, M.
A1  - Svestka, Jiri
A1  - Tschernjawski, V
T1  - The Cassini Cosmic Dust Analyzer
N2  - The Cassini-Huygens Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) is intended to provide direct observations of dust grains with masses between 10(-19) and 10(-9) kg in interplanetary space and in the jovian and saturnian systems, to investigate their physical, chemical and dynamical properties as functions of the distances to the Sun, to Jupiter and to Saturn and its satellites and rings, to study their interaction with the saturnian rings, satellites and magnetosphere. Chemical composition of interplanetary meteoroids will be compared with asteroidal and cometary dust, as well as with Saturn dust, ejecta from rings and satellites. Ring and satellites phenomena which might be effects of meteoroid impacts will be compared with the interplanetary dust environment. Electrical charges of particulate matter in the magnetosphere and its consequences will be studied, e.g. the effects of the ambient plasma and the magnetic held on the trajectories of dust particles as well as fragmentation of particles due to electrostatic disruption. The investigation will be performed with an instrument that measures the mass, composition, electric charge, speed, and flight direction of individual dust particles. It is a highly reliable and versatile instrument with a mass sensitivity 106 times higher than that of the Pioneer 10 and I I dust detectors which measured dust in the saturnian system. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer has significant inheritance from former space instrumentation developed for the VEGA, Giotto, Galileo, and Ulysses missions. It will reliably measure impacts from as low as I impact per month up to 104 impacts per second. The instrument weighs 17 kg and consumes 12 W, the integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer has a mass resolution of up to 50. The nominal data transmission rate is 524 bits/s and varies between 50 and 4192 bps
Y1  - 2004
SN  - 0038-6308
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Srama, Ralf
A1  - Krueger, H.
A1  - Yamaguchi, T.
A1  - Stephan, T.
A1  - Burchell, M.
A1  - Kearsley, A. T.
A1  - Sterken, V.
A1  - Postberg, F.
A1  - Kempf, S.
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Altobelli, Nicolas
A1  - Ehrenfreund, P.
A1  - Dikarev, V.
A1  - Horanyi, M.
A1  - Sternovsky, Zoltan
A1  - Carpenter, J. D.
A1  - Westphal, A.
A1  - Gainsforth, Z.
A1  - Krabbe, A.
A1  - Agarwal, Jessica
A1  - Yano, H.
A1  - Blum, J.
A1  - Henkel, H.
A1  - Hillier, J.
A1  - Hoppe, P.
A1  - Trieloff, M.
A1  - Hsu, S.
A1  - Mocker, A.
A1  - Fiege, K.
A1  - Green, S. F.
A1  - Bischoff, A.
A1  - Esposito, F.
A1  - Laufer, R.
A1  - Hyde, T. W.
A1  - Herdrich, G.
A1  - Fasoulas, S.
A1  - Jaeckel, A.
A1  - Jones, G.
A1  - Jenniskens, P.
A1  - Khalisi, E.
A1  - Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Keller, H. U.
A1  - Frisch, P.
A1  - Levasseur-Regourd, A. C.
A1  - Pailer, N.
A1  - Altwegg, K.
A1  - Engrand, C.
A1  - Auer, S.
A1  - Silen, J.
A1  - Sasaki, S.
A1  - Kobayashi, M.
A1  - Schmidt, J.
A1  - Kissel, J.
A1  - Marty, B.
A1  - Michel, P.
A1  - Palumbo, P.
A1  - Vaisberg, O.
A1  - Baggaley, J.
A1  - Rotundi, A.
A1  - Roeser, H. P.
T1  - SARIM PLUS-sample return of comet 67P/CG and of interstellar matter
JF  - EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY
N2  - The Stardust mission returned cometary, interplanetary and (probably) interstellar dust in 2006 to Earth that have been analysed in Earth laboratories worldwide. Results of this mission have changed our view and knowledge on the early solar nebula. The Rosetta mission is on its way to land on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and will investigate for the first time in great detail the comet nucleus and its environment starting in 2014. Additional astronomy and planetary space missions will further contribute to our understanding of dust generation, evolution and destruction in interstellar and interplanetary space and provide constraints on solar system formation and processes that led to the origin of life on Earth. One of these missions, SARIM-PLUS, will provide a unique perspective by measuring interplanetary and interstellar dust with high accuracy and sensitivity in our inner solar system between 1 and 2 AU. SARIM-PLUS employs latest in-situ techniques for a full characterisation of individual micrometeoroids (flux, mass, charge, trajectory, composition()) and collects and returns these samples to Earth for a detailed analysis. The opportunity to visit again the target comet of the Rosetta mission 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimeenternko, and to investigate its dusty environment six years after Rosetta with complementary methods is unique and strongly enhances and supports the scientific exploration of this target and the entire Rosetta mission. Launch opportunities are in 2020 with a backup window starting early 2026. The comet encounter occurs in September 2021 and the reentry takes place in early 2024. An encounter speed of 6 km/s ensures comparable results to the Stardust mission.
KW  - Interstellar dust
KW  - Cometary dust
KW  - Churyumov Gerasimenko
KW  - Interplanetary dust
KW  - IMF
KW  - Cosmic vision
KW  - Sample return
KW  - Dust collector
KW  - Mass spectrometry
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-011-9285-7
SN  - 0922-6435
SN  - 1572-9508
VL  - 33
IS  - 2-3
SP  - 723
EP  - 751
PB  - SPRINGER
CY  - DORDRECHT
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - de Pater, Imke
A1  - Showalter, Mark
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Srama, Ralf
T1  - Physics of dusty rings: History and perspective
BT  - Foreword
T2  - Planetary and space science
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.005
SN  - 0032-0633
VL  - 54
IS  - 9-10
SP  - 837
EP  - 843
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kempf, Sascha
A1  - Srama, Ralf
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Mocker, Anna
A1  - Postberg, Frank
A1  - Hillier, Jon K.
A1  - Horanyi, Mihaly
A1  - Sternovsky, Zoltan
A1  - Abel, Bernd
A1  - Beinsen, Alexander
A1  - Thissen, Roland
A1  - Schmidt, Jürgen
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Altobelli, Nicolas
T1  - Linear high resolution dust mass spectrometer for a mission to the Galilean satellites
JF  - Planetary and space science
N2  - The discovery of volcanic activity on Enceladus stands out amongst the long list of findings by the Cassini mission to Saturn. In particular the compositional analysis of Enceladus ice particles by Cassini's Cosmic Dust Analyser (CDA) (Srama et al., 2004) has proven to be a powerful technique for obtaining information about processes below the moon's ice crust. Small amounts of sodium salts embedded in the particles' ice matrices provide direct evidence for a subsurface liquid water reservoir, which is, or has been, in contact with the moon's rocky core (Postberg et al., 2009, 2011b).
 Jupiter's Galilean satellites Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto are also believed to have subsurface oceans and are therefore prime targets for future NASA and ESA outer Solar System missions. The Galilean moons are engulfed in tenuous dust clouds consisting of tiny pieces of the moons' surfaces (Kruger et al., 1999), released by hypervelocity impacts of micrometeoroids, which steadily bombard the surfaces of the moons. In situ chemical analysis of these grains by a high resolution dust spectrometer will provide spatially resolved mapping of the surface composition of Europa. Ganymede, and Callisto, meeting key scientific objectives of the planned missions. However, novel high-resolution reflectron-type dust mass spectrometers (Sternovsky et al., 2007; Srama et al., 2007) developed for dust astronomy missions (Gran et al., 2009) are probably not robust enough to be operated in the energetic radiation environment of the inner Jovian system. In contrast, CDA's linear spectrometer is much less affected by harsh radiation conditions because its ion detector is not directly facing out into space. The instrument has been continuously operated on Cassini for 11 years. In this paper we investigate the possibility of operating a CDA-like instrument as a high resolution impact mass spectrometer. We show that such an instrument is capable of reliably identifying traces of organic and inorganic materials in the ice matrix of ejecta expected to be generated from the surfaces of the Galilean moons. These measurements are complementary, and in some cases superior, compared to other traditional techniques such as infrared remote sensing or in situ ion or neutral mass spectrometers.
KW  - Europa
KW  - Ganymede
KW  - Callisto
KW  - Surface composition
KW  - Mass spectroscopy
KW  - Dust
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.12.019
SN  - 0032-0633
VL  - 65
IS  - 1
SP  - 10
EP  - 20
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thiessenhusen, Kai-Uwe
A1  - Krueger, Harald
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
T1  - Large dust grains around Jupiter : the observations of the Galileo dust detector
Y1  - 2000
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thiessenhusen, Kai-Uwe
A1  - Colwell, Josh E.
A1  - Srama, Ralf
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Spahn, Frank
T1  - Dynamics of dust ejected from enceladus : application to the cassini dust detector
Y1  - 1999
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kirvov, Alexander V.
A1  - Wardinski, Ingo
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Krüger, Harald
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
T1  - Dust on the outskirts of the Jovian System
Y1  - 2002
UR  - http://www.idealibrary.com/links/doi/10.1006/icar.2002.6848
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Krivov, Alexander V.
T1  - Dust astronomy : new venues in interplanetary and interstellar dust research
Y1  - 2002
SN  - 1-58381-113-3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Postberg, Frank
A1  - Grün, Eberhard
A1  - Horanyi, Mihaly
A1  - Kempf, Sascha
A1  - Krueger, Harald
A1  - Schmidt, Jürgen
A1  - Spahn, Frank
A1  - Srama, Ralf
A1  - Sternovsky, Zoltan
A1  - Trieloff, Mario
T1  - Compositional mapping of planetary moons by mass spectrometry of dust ejecta
JF  - Planetary and space science
N2  - Classical methods to analyze the surface composition of atmosphereless planetary objects from an orbiter are IR and gamma ray spectroscopy and neutron backscatter measurements. The idea to analyze surface properties with an in-situ instrument has been proposed by Johnson et al. (1998). There, it was suggested to analyze Europa's thin atmosphere with an ion and neutral gas spectrometer. Since the atmospheric components are released by sputtering of the moon's surface, they provide a link to surface composition. Here we present an improved, complementary method to analyze rocky or icy dust particles as samples of planetary objects from which they were ejected. Such particles, generated by the ambient meteoroid bombardment that erodes the surface, are naturally present on all atmosphereless moons and planets. The planetary bodies are enshrouded in clouds of ballistic dust particles, which are characteristic samples of their surfaces. In situ mass spectroscopic analysis of these dust particles impacting onto a detector of an orbiting spacecraft reveals their composition. Recent instrumental developments and tests allow the chemical characterization of ice and dust particles encountered at speeds as low as 1 km/s and an accurate reconstruction of their trajectories. Depending on the sampling altitude, a dust trajectory sensor can trace back the origin of each analyzed grain with about 10 km accuracy at the surface. Since the detection rates are of the order of thousand per orbit, a spatially resolved mapping of the surface composition can be achieved. Certain bodies (e.g., Europa) with particularly dense dust clouds, could provide impact statistics that allow for compositional mapping even on single flybys. Dust impact velocities are in general sufficiently high at orbiters about planetary objects with a radius > 1000 km and with only a thin or no atmosphere. In this work we focus on the scientific benefit of a dust spectrometer on a spacecraft orbiting Earth's Moon as well as Jupiter's Galilean satellites. This 'dust spectrometer' approach provides key chemical and isotopic constraints for varying provinces or geological formations on the surfaces, leading to better understanding of the body's geological evolution.
KW  - Moon
KW  - Europa
KW  - Ganymede
KW  - Dust
KW  - Surface composition
KW  - Spectrometry
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.001
SN  - 0032-0633
VL  - 59
IS  - 14
SP  - 1815
EP  - 1825
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  -