TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - von der Groeben, Hans ED - Schwarze, Jürgen ED - Hatje, Armin T1 - Artikel 199 (Zwecke der Assoziierung) T2 - Europäisches Unionsrecht : Vertrag über die Europäische Union Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union, Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ; EUV, AEUV, GRC Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8329-6019-3 VL - Bd. 4 SP - 248 EP - 249 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ET - 7. Aufl. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - von der Groeben, Hans ED - Schwarze, Jürgen ED - Hatje, Armin T1 - Artikel 198 (Ziele der Assoziierung) T2 - Europäisches Unionsrecht : Vertrag über die Europäische Union Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union, Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ; EUV, AEUV, GRC Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8329-6019-3 VL - Bd. 4 SP - 244 EP - 247 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ET - 7. Aufl. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - von der Groeben, Hans ED - Schwarze, Jürgen ED - Hatje, Armin T1 - Artikel 212 (Grundsätze der Zusammenarbeit mit Nichtentwicklungsländern) T2 - Europäisches Unionsrecht : Vertrag über die Europäische Union Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union, Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ; EUV, AEUV, GRC Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8329-6019-3 VL - Bd. 4 SP - 399 EP - 403 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ET - 7. Aufl. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - von der Groeben, Hans ED - Schwarze, Jürgen ED - Hatje, Armin T1 - Artikel 208 (Beitrag der Union; Ziel) T2 - Europäisches Unionsrecht : Vertrag über die Europäische Union Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union, Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ; EUV, AEUV, GRC Y1 - 2015 UR - https://beck-online.beck.de/Dokument?vpath=bibdata%2Fkomm%2Fgroebenschwarzekoeuv_7%2Faeuv%2Fcont%2Fgroebenschwarzekoeuv.aeuv.a208.htm&pos=5&hlwords=on SN - 978-3-8329-6019-3 VL - 4 SP - 352 EP - 376 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ET - 7. Aufl. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - von der Groeben, Hans ED - Schwarze, Jürgen ED - Hatje, Armin T1 - Artikel 210 (Koordinierung) T2 - Europäisches Unionsrecht : Vertrag über die Europäische Union Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union, Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ; EUV, AEUV, GRC Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8329-6019-3 VL - Bd. 4 SP - 396 EP - 397 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ET - 7. Aufl. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Uber, Magdalena A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Levia, Delphis F. T1 - Predictability of stemflow in a species-rich tropical forest JF - Hydrological processes N2 - Numerous studies investigated the influence of abiotic (meteorological conditions) and biotic factors (tree characteristics) on stemflow generation. Although these studies identified the variables that influence stemflow volumes in simply structured forests, the combination of tree characteristics that allows a robust prediction of stemflow volumes in species-rich forests is not well known. Many hydrological applications, however, require at least a rough estimate of stemflow volumes based on the characteristics of a forest stand. The need for robust predictions of stemflow motivated us to investigate the relationships between tree characteristics and stemflow volumes in a species-rich tropical forest located in central Panama. Based on a sampling setup consisting of ten rainfall collectors, 300 throughfall samplers and 60 stemflow collectors and cumulated data comprising 26 rain events, we derive three main findings. Firstly, stemflow represents a minor hydrological component in the studied 1-ha forest patch (1.0% of cumulated rainfall). Secondly, in the studied species-rich forest, single tree characteristics are only weakly related to stemflow volumes. The influence of multiple tree parameters (e.g. crown diameter, presence of large epiphytes and inclination of branches) and the dependencies among these parameters require a multivariate approach to understand the generation of stemflow. Thirdly, predicting stemflow in species-rich forests based on tree parameters is a difficult task. Although our best model can capture the variation in stemflow to some degree, a critical validation reveals that the model cannot provide robust predictions of stemflow. A reanalysis of data from previous studies in species-rich forests corroborates this finding. Based on these results and considering that for most hydrological applications, stemflow is only one parameter among others to estimate, we advocate using the base model, i.e. the mean of the stemflow data, to quantify stemflow volumes for a given study area. Studies in species-rich forests that wish to obtain predictions of stemflow based on tree parameters probably need to conduct a much more extensive sampling than currently implemented by most studies. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KW - stemflow KW - rainfall partitioning KW - multivariate regression KW - tropical lowland rainforest KW - ecohydrology Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10554 SN - 0885-6087 SN - 1099-1085 VL - 29 IS - 23 SP - 4947 EP - 4956 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Reiter, Karsten A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Zang, Arno A1 - Kwiatek, Grzegorz A1 - Stromeyer, Dietrich A1 - Dahm, Torsten A1 - Dresen, Georg A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard T1 - Mining-Induced Stress Transfer and Its Relation to a 1.9 Seismic Event in an Ultra-deep South African Gold Mine JF - Pure and applied geophysics N2 - On 27 December 2007, a 1.9 seismic event occurred within a dyke in the deep-level Mponeng Gold Mine, South Africa. From the seismological network of the mine and the one from the Japanese-German Underground Acoustic Emission Research in South Africa (JAGUARS) group, the hypocentral depth (3,509 m), focal mechanism and aftershock location were estimated. Since no mining activity took place in the days before the event, dynamic triggering due to blasting can be ruled out as the cause. To investigate the hypothesis that stress transfer, due to excavation of the gold reef, induced the event, we set up a small-scale high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical numerical model. The model consisted of the four different rock units present in the mine: quartzite (footwall), hard lava (hanging wall), conglomerate (gold reef) and diorite (dykes). The numerical solution was computed using a finite-element method with a discretised mesh of approximately elements. The initial stress state of the model is in agreement with in situ data from a neighbouring mine, and the step-wise excavation was simulated by mass removal from the gold reef. The resulting 3D stress tensor and its changes due to mining were analysed based on the Coulomb failure stress changes on the fault plane of the event. The results show that the seismic event was induced regardless of how the Coulomb failure stress changes were calculated and of the uncertainties in the fault plane solution. We also used the model to assess the seismic hazard due to the excavation towards the dyke. The resulting curve of stress changes shows a significant increase in the last in front of the dyke, indicating that small changes in the mining progress towards the dyke have a substantial impact on the stress transfer. KW - Induced seismicity KW - static stress change KW - deep-level mining KW - tabular mining KW - Coulomb failure stress KW - 3D geomechanical numerical model Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1033-x SN - 0033-4553 SN - 1420-9136 VL - 172 IS - 10 SP - 2557 EP - 2570 PB - Springer CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Ying A1 - Zhang, Ling A1 - Gui, Jiadong A1 - Dong, Fang A1 - Cheng, Sihua A1 - Mei, Xin A1 - Zhang, Linyun A1 - Li, Yongqing A1 - Su, Xinguo A1 - Baldermann, Susanne A1 - Watanabe, Naoharu A1 - Yang, Ziyin T1 - Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Short-Chain Dehydrogenase Showing Activity with Volatile Compounds Isolated from Camellia sinensis JF - Plant molecular biology reporter N2 - Camellia sinensis synthesizes and emits a large variety of volatile phenylpropanoids and benzenoids (VPB). To investigate the enzymes involved in the formation of these VPB compounds, a new C. sinensis short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (CsSDR) was isolated, cloned, sequenced, and functionally characterized. The complete open reading frame of CsSDR contains 996 nucleotides with a calculated protein molecular mass of 34.5 kDa. The CsSDR recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli exhibited dehydrogenase-reductase activity towards several major VPB compounds in C. sinensis flowers with a strong preference for NADP/NADPH co-factors, and showed affinity for (R)/(S)-1-phenylethanol (1PE), phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol, and no affinity for acetophenone (AP) and 2-phenylethanol. CsSDR showed the highest catalytic efficiency towards (R)/(S)-1PE. Furthermore, the transient expression analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana plants validated that CsSDR could convert 1PE to AP in plants. CsSDR transcript level was not significantly affected by floral development and some jasmonic acid-related environmental stress, and CsSDR transcript accumulation was detected in most floral tissues such as receptacle and anther, which were main storage locations of VPB compounds. Our results indicate that CsSDR is expressed in C. sinensis flowers and is likely to contribute to a number of floral VPB compounds including the 1PE derivative AP. KW - Camellia sinensis KW - 1-Phenylethanol KW - Phenylpropanoids KW - Short chain dehydrogenase KW - Volatile compound Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-014-0751-z SN - 0735-9640 SN - 1572-9818 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 253 EP - 263 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Xiqiang A1 - Chen, Daizhao A1 - Dong, Shaofeng A1 - Zhang, Yanqiu A1 - Guo, Zenghui A1 - Wei, Hengye A1 - Yu, Hao T1 - Diagenetic barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation in Tarim Basin, NW China: Implications for barium and sulfur cycling in the earliest Cambrian JF - Precambrian research N2 - Barite concretions and bands are widely distributed in black shale-chert horizons in the Yurtus Formation of Lower Cambrian in Aksu area, northwestern Tarim Basin, NW China. They mainly consist of coarse-grained anhedral to euhedral barite crystals with minor dolomites and pyrites. Petrological features indicate these concretions grew from the porewater in unconsolidated sediments at shallow burial below sediment-water interface. The slight deviation of Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (0.7083 to 0.7090) and significant elevated delta S-34 values (56.8-76.4 parts per thousand CDT) of barite samples with respect to those of the Early Cambrian seawater further support that barite deposits precipitated from the enclosed porewater in sediment column, which evolved from the penecontemporaneous seawater with weak interaction with the host fine-grained siliciclastic sediments and highly-depleted sulfate in response to prolonged strong bacterial sulfate reduction without necessary renewal. The abundant organic matters in the basal Yurtus Formation should have facilitated developing sulfate-depleted methanogenesis zone and sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) slightly after deposition. Therefore, barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation most likely resulted from diagenetic barium cycling and persistently grew from the porewater in the static SMTZ with a low sedimentation rate in the Early Cambrian. In comparison with the distribution of sedimentary barites in geological records, we tentatively proposed that a transition in diagenetic barium cycling and associated mineralization may have occurred from the Precambrian to Cambrian periods; this scenario may be causally linked to the changes in marine ecology (the advent of mesozooplankton and associated faecal pellet) and geochemistry (the increase of seawater sulfate concentration). Thus, the occurrence of diagenetic barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation implies that diagenetic barium cycling and more effective scavenging of barium from CH4- and Ba-rich porewaters within sediments might have become an nonnegligible process in continental margin areas, at least, since the earliest Cambrian, which could have significantly impacted the marine barium cycling. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Barite concretion KW - Diagenetic barium cycling KW - Earliest Cambrian KW - Yurtus Formation KW - Tarim Basin, NW China Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.03.006 SN - 0301-9268 SN - 1872-7433 VL - 263 SP - 79 EP - 87 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhong, Qi A1 - Metwalli, Ezzeldin A1 - Rawolle, Monika A1 - Kaune, Gunar A1 - Bivigou Koumba, Achille Mayelle A1 - Laschewsky, André A1 - Papadakis, Christine M. A1 - Cubitt, Robert A1 - Müller-Buschbaum, Peter T1 - Rehydration of Thermoresponsive Poly(monomethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate) Films Probed in Situ by Real-Time Neutron Reflectivity JF - Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society N2 - The rehydration of thermoresponsive poly(monomethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate) (PMDEGA) films exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type demixing phase transition in aqueous environments, induced by a decrease in temperature, is investigated in situ with real-time neutron reflectivity. Two different starting conditions (collapsed versus partially swollen chain conformation) are compared. In one experiment, the temperature is reduced from above the demixing temperature to well below the demixing temperature. In a second experiment, the starting temperature is below the demixing temperature, but within the transition regime, and reduced to the same final temperature. In both cases, the observed rehydration process can be divided into three stages: first condensation of water from the surrounding atmosphere, then absorption of water by the PMDEGA film and evaporation of excess water, and finally, rearrangement of the PMDEGA chains. The final rehydrated film is thicker and contains more absorbed water as compared with the initially swollen film at the same temperature well below the demixing temperature. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00645 SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 48 IS - 11 SP - 3604 EP - 3612 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER -