TY - JOUR A1 - Dulanya, Zuze A1 - Croudace, Ian A1 - Reed, Jane M. A1 - Trauth, Martin H. T1 - Palaeolimnological reconstruction of recent environmental change in Lake Malombe (S. Malawi) using multiple proxies JF - Water SA N2 - Shallow inland water bodies in Malawi continue to be threatened by various environmental challenges despite their importance to the fisheries industry. Due to the complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic disturbances, disentangling the effect of the two may be a complicated process. The littoral zone of most water bodies is important in environmental reconstructions including pollution and lake level monitoring. This study used a littoral zone, transect-based approach employing multi-proxy palaeolimnological techniques to reconstruct recent environmental change (ca. 100 yrs.) in Lake Malombe in the Malawi Rift, East Africa. The results of the study could inform fisheries management in Lake Malombe, which experienced a catastrophic decline in fish stocks. Results support documentary evidence for the complete desiccation of the lake less than 100 years ago. Subsequently, there is evidence for accelerated eutrophication in the recent past. In light of these results, it is concluded that transect sampling approaches rather than relying on single core measurements, and the need for careful consideration of the types of proxy, are significant considerations in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. KW - littoral zone KW - palaeolimnology KW - diatoms KW - Lake Malombe Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v40i4.17 SN - 0378-4738 SN - 1816-7950 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 717 EP - 727 PB - Water Research Commission CY - Pretoria ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eroglu, Deniz A1 - Marwan, Norbert A1 - Prasad, Sushma A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Finding recurrence networks' threshold adaptively for a specific time series JF - Nonlinear processes in geophysics N2 - Recurrence-plot-based recurrence networks are an approach used to analyze time series using a complex networks theory. In both approaches - recurrence plots and recurrence networks -, a threshold to identify recurrent states is required. The selection of the threshold is important in order to avoid bias of the recurrence network results. In this paper, we propose a novel method to choose a recurrence threshold adaptively. We show a comparison between the constant threshold and adaptive threshold cases to study period-chaos and even period-period transitions in the dynamics of a prototypical model system. This novel method is then used to identify climate transitions from a lake sediment record. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1085-2014 SN - 1023-5809 VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 1085 EP - 1092 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fahle, Marcus A1 - Dietrich, Ottfried T1 - Estimation of evapotranspiration using diurnal groundwater level fluctuations: Comparison of different approaches with groundwater lysimeter data JF - Water resources research N2 - In wetlands or riparian areas, water withdrawal by plants with access to groundwater or the capillary fringe often causes diurnal groundwater fluctuations. Various approaches use the characteristics of these fluctuations for estimation of daily groundwater evapotranspiration rates. The objective of this paper was to review the available methods, compare them with measured evapotranspiration and assess their recharge assumptions. For this purpose, we employed data of 85 rain-free days of a weighable groundwater lysimeter situated at a grassland site in the Spreewald wetland in north-east Germany. Measurements of hourly recharge and daily evapotranspiration rates were used to assess the different approaches. Our results showed that a maximum of 50% of the day to day variance of the daily evapotranspiration rates could be explained by the approaches based on groundwater fluctuations. Simple and more complex methods performed similarly. For some of the approaches, there were indications that erroneous assumptions compensated each other (e.g., when overestimated recharge counteracted underestimated storage change). We found that the usage of longer time spans resulted in improved estimates of the daily recharge rates and that the estimates were further enhanced by including two night averages. When derived from fitting estimates of recharge or evapotranspiration with according measurements the specific yield, needed to convert changes in water level to water volumes, differed considerably among the methods (from 0.022 to 0.064). Thus, the specific yield can be seen as correction factor that compensates for inadequate process descriptions. KW - evapotranspiration KW - groundwater lysimeter KW - specific yield KW - diurnal signal KW - phreatophytes KW - wetland Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014472 SN - 0043-1397 SN - 1944-7973 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 273 EP - 286 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farinotti, Daniel A1 - King, Edward C. A1 - Albrecht, Anika A1 - Huss, Matthias A1 - Gudmundsson, Gudmundur Hilmar T1 - The bedrock topography of Starbuck Glacier, Antarctic Peninsula, as determined by radio-echo soundings and flow modeling JF - Annals of glaciology KW - Antarctic glaciology KW - glaciological instruments and methods KW - ground-penetrating radar KW - ice-shelf tributary glaciers KW - radio-echo sounding Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG67A025 SN - 0260-3055 SN - 1727-5644 VL - 55 IS - 67 SP - 22 EP - 28 PB - International Glaciological Society CY - Cambridge ER - TY - THES A1 - Feld, Christian T1 - Crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount, Cyprus and S. Turkey from an amphibian wide-angle seismic profile T1 - Die Krustenstruktur von dem Eratosthenes Seeberg, Zypern und der Süd-Türkei anhand eines amphibischen seismischen Weitwinkel Profils N2 - In March 2010, the project CoCoCo (incipient COntinent-COntinent COllision) recorded a 650 km long amphibian N-S wide-angle seismic profile, extending from the Eratosthenes Seamount (ESM) across Cyprus and southern Turkey to the Anatolian plateau. The aim of the project is to reveal the impact of the transition from subduction to continent-continent collision of the African plate with the Cyprus-Anatolian plate. A visual quality check, frequency analysis and filtering were applied to the seismic data and reveal a good data quality. Subsequent first break picking, finite-differences ray tracing and inversion of the offshore wide-angle data leads to a first-arrival tomographic model. This model reveals (1) P-wave velocities lower than 6.5 km/s in the crust, (2) a variable crustal thickness of about 28 - 37 km and (3) an upper crustal reflection at 5 km depth beneath the ESM. Two land shots on Turkey, also recorded on Cyprus, airgun shots south of Cyprus and geological and previous seismic investigations provide the information to derive a layered velocity model beneath the Anatolian plateau and for the ophiolite complex on Cyprus. The analysis of the reflections provides evidence for a north-dipping plate subducting beneath Cyprus. The main features of this layered velocity model are (1) an upper and lower crust with large lateral changes of the velocity structure and thickness, (2) a Moho depth of about 38 - 45 km beneath the Anatolian plateau, (3) a shallow north-dipping subducting plate below Cyprus with an increasing dip and (4) a typical ophiolite sequence on Cyprus with a total thickness of about 12 km. The offshore-onshore seismic data complete and improve the information about the velocity structure beneath Cyprus and the deeper part of the offshore tomographic model. Thus, the wide-angle seismic data provide detailed insights into the 2-D geometry and velocity structures of the uplifted and overriding Cyprus-Anatolian plate. Subsequent gravity modelling confirms and extends the crustal P-wave velocity model. The deeper part of the subducting plate is constrained by the gravity data and has a dip angle of ~ 28°. Finally, an integrated analysis of the geophysical and geological information allows a comprehensive interpretation of the crustal structure related to the collision process. N2 - Im März 2010 wurden im Rahmen des "CoCoCo"-Projektes ein 650km langes amphibisches, seismisches Weitwinkel Profil aufgenommen. Dieses erstreckte sich von dem Eratosthenes Seeberg (ESM) über Zypern und der Süd-Türkei bis zum anatolischen Plateau. Das Hauptziel des Projektes ist es, den Einfluss zu untersuchen, der von dem Übergang eines Subduktion Prozesses hin zu einer Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision der afrikanischen Platte mit der zyprisch-anatolischen Platte hervorgerufen wird. Die seismischen Daten wurden einer visuelle Qualitätsüberprüfung, Frequenz-Analyse und Filterung unterzogen und zeigten eine gute Qualität. Das darauf folgende Picken der Ersteinstätze, eine Finite-Differenzen Raytracing und eine Inversion der offshore Weitwinkel Daten, führte zu einem Laufzeit Tomographie Model. Das Modell zeigt (1) P-Wellengeschwindigkeiten kleiner als 6.5 km/s in der Kruste, (2) eine variable Krustenmächtigkeit von 28 - 37 km und (3) eine obere Krustenreflektion in 5 km Tiefe unter dem ESM. Zwei Landschüsse in der Türkei, ebenfalls aufgenommen auf Zypern, Luftkanonen-Schüsse südlich von Zypern und vorausgegangene geologische und seismische Untersuchungen lieferten die Grundlage, um ein geschichtetes Geschwindigkeitsmodell für das anatolische Plateau und für den Ophiolith-Komplex auf Zypern abzuleiten. Die Analyse der Reflexionen liefert den Beweis für eine nach Norden einfallende Platte welche unter Zypern subduziert. Die Hauptkennzeichen dieses geschichteten Geschwindigkeitsmodelles sind (1) eine obere und untere Kruste mit starken lateral Änderungen in Geschwindigkeit und Mächtigkeit, (2) eine Mohotiefe in 38 - 45 km unter dem anatolischen Plateau, (3) eine flach nach Norden einfallende Platte unter Zypern mit ansteigendem Einfallwinkel und (4) eine typische Ophiolith Sequenz auf Zypern mit einer Gesamtmächtigkeit von 12 km. Die seismischen offshore / onshore Daten komplettieren und verbessern die bisherigen Kenntnisse über die Geschwindigkeitsstruktur unter Zypern und des tieferen Bereiches der offshore Tomographie. Damit liefert die Weitwinkel Seismik detaillierte Einblicke in die 2-D Geometrie und die Geschwindigkeitsstrukturen der angehobenen und überlagerten zyprisch-anatolischen Platte. Die darauf folgende Gravimetrie Modellierung bestätigt und erweitert das P-Wellen Krusten-Geschwindigkeits Modell. Der tiefere Teil der subduzierten Platte, welche einen Einfallswinkel von ~ 28° hat, wurde durch die Gravimetrie Daten belegt. Letztlich erlaubt eine ganzheitliche Analyse von geophysikalischen und geologischen Informationen die umfassende Interpretation der Krustenstruktur welche in Verbindung mit dem Kollisions Prozess steht. KW - incipient continent-continent collision KW - crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount KW - controlled source wide angle seismic KW - crustal structure of south central Turkey KW - Cyprus arc KW - aktive Weitewinkel-Seismik KW - Krustenstruktur des Eratosthenes Seeberges KW - beginnende Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision KW - Krustenstruktur der Süd-Türkei KW - Zypernbogen Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-73479 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feldmann, J. A1 - Albrecht, Torsten A1 - Khroulev, C. A1 - Pattyn, F. A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Resolution-dependent performance of grounding line motion in a shallow model compared with a full-Stokes model according to the MISMIP3d intercomparison JF - Journal of glaciology N2 - Making confident statements about the evolution of an ice-sheet shelf system with a numerical model requires the capability to reproduce the migration of the grounding line. Here we show that the shallow-ice approximation/shallow-shelf approximation hybrid-type Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), with its recent improvements, is capable of modeling the grounding line motion in a perturbed ice-sheet shelf system. The model is set up according to the three-dimensional Marine Ice-Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP3d), and simulations are carried out across a broad range of spatial resolutions. Using (1) a linear interpolation of the grounding line with locally interpolated basal friction and (2) an improved driving-stress computation across the grounding line, the reversibility of the grounding line (i.e. its retreat after an advance forced by a local perturbation of basal resistance) is captured by the model even at medium and low resolutions (Delta x > 10 km). The transient model response is qualitatively similar to that of higher-order models but reveals a higher initial sensitivity to perturbations on very short timescales. Our findings support the application of PISM to the Antarctic ice sheet from regional up to continental scales and on relatively low spatial resolutions. KW - glacier flow KW - ice dynamics KW - ice-sheet modelling Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J093 SN - 0022-1430 SN - 1727-5652 VL - 60 IS - 220 SP - 353 EP - 360 PB - International Glaciological Society CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Silvio A1 - Braga, R. A1 - Berkesi, M. A1 - Cesare, Bernardo A1 - Ouazaa, N. Laridhi T1 - Production of metaluminous melt during fluid-present anatexis: an example from the Maghrebian basement, La Galite Archipelago, central Mediterranean JF - Journal of metamorphic geology N2 - Garnet brought to the surface by late Miocene granitoids at La Galite Archipelago (Central Mediterranean, Tunisia) contains abundant primary melt and fluid inclusions. Microstructural observations and mineral chemistry define the host garnet as a peritectic phase produced by biotite incongruent melting at ~800 degrees C and 0.5GPa, under fluid-present conditions. The trapped melt is leucogranitic with an unexpected metaluminous and almost peralkaline character. Fluid inclusions are one phase at room temperature, and contain a CO2-dominated fluid, with minor H2O, N-2 and CH4. Siderite and an OH-bearing phase were identified by Raman and IR spectroscopy within every analysed inclusion, and are interpreted as products of a post-entrapment carbonation/hydration reaction between the fluid and the host during cooling. The fluid present during anatexis is therefore inferred to have been originally richer in both H2O and CO2. The production of anatectic melt with a metaluminous signature can be explained as the result of partial melting of relatively Al-poor protoliths assisted by CO2-rich fluids. KW - fluid inclusions KW - garnet KW - anatexis KW - nanogranites KW - melt inclusions Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12068 SN - 0263-4929 SN - 1525-1314 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 209 EP - 225 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Werb, Sandra A1 - Sommerer, Erik A1 - Lopez-Tarazon, José Andrés T1 - Analysis of runoff, sediment dynamics and sediment yield of subcatchments in the highly erodible Isabena catchment, Central Pyrenees JF - Journal of soils and sediments : protection, risk assessment and remediation N2 - The Isabena catchment (445 km(2)), Spain, features highly diverse spatial heterogeneity in land use, lithology and rainfall. Consequently, the relative contribution in terms of water and sediment yield varies immensely between its subcatchments, and also temporally. This study presents the synthesis of similar to 2.5 years of monitoring rainfall, discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the five main subcatchments of the Isabena and its outlet. Continuous discharge at the subcatchment outlets, nine tipping bucket rainfall and automatic SSC samplers (complemented by manual samples), were collected from June 2011 until November 2013. The water stage records were converted to discharge using a rating curve derived with Bayesian regression. For reconstructing sediment yields, the data from the intermittent SSC sampling needed to be interpolated. We employed non-parametric multivariate regression (Quantile Regression Forests, QRF) using the discharge and rainfall data plus different aggregation levels of these as ancillary predictors. The subsequent Monte Carlo simulations allowed the determination of monthly sediment yields and their uncertainty. The Isabena catchment shows high erosion dynamics with great variability in space and time, with stark contrasts even between adjacent subcatchments. The natural conditions make water and sediment monitoring and instrumentation very challenging; the measurement of discharge is particularly prone to considerable uncertainties. The QRF method employed for reconstructing sedigraphs and monthly yields proved well suited for the task. KW - Mediterranean-mountainous KW - Non-parametric regression KW - Sediment yield KW - Water yield KW - Badlands Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0990-5 SN - 1439-0108 SN - 1614-7480 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 1909 EP - 1920 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frank-Fahle, Beatrice A. A1 - Yergeau, Etienne A1 - Greer, Charles W. A1 - Lantuit, Hugues A1 - Wagner, Dirk T1 - Microbial functional potential and community composition in permafrost-affected soils of the NW canadian arctic JF - PLoS one N2 - Permafrost-affected soils are among the most obvious ecosystems in which current microbial controls on organic matter decomposition are changing as a result of global warming. Warmer conditions in polygonal tundra will lead to a deepening of the seasonal active layer, provoking changes in microbial processes and possibly resulting in exacerbated carbon degradation under increasing anoxic conditions. To identify current microbial assemblages in carbon rich, water saturated permafrost environments, four polygonal tundra sites were investigated on Herschel Island and the Yukon Coast, Western Canadian Arctic. Ion Torrent sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA amplicons revealed the presence of all major microbial soil groups and indicated a local, vertical heterogeneity of the polygonal tundra soil community with increasing depth. Microbial diversity was found to be highest in the surface layers, decreasing towards the permafrost table. Quantitative PCR analysis of functional genes involved in carbon and nitrogen-cycling revealed a high functional potential in the surface layers, decreasing with increasing active layer depth. We observed that soil properties driving microbial diversity and functional potential varied in each study site. These results highlight the small-scale heterogeneity of geomorphologically comparable sites, greatly restricting generalizations about the fate of permafrost-affected environments in a warming Arctic. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084761 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Freundt, A. A1 - Grevemeyer, I. A1 - Rabbel, W. A1 - Hansteen, T. H. A1 - Hensen, C. A1 - Wehrmann, H. A1 - Kutterolf, S. A1 - Halama, Ralf A1 - Frische, M. T1 - Volatile (H2O, CO2, Cl, S) budget of the Central American subduction zone JF - International journal of earth sciences N2 - After more than a decade of multidisciplinary studies of the Central American subduction zone mainly in the framework of two large research programmes, the US MARGINS program and the German Collaborative Research Center SFB 574, we here review and interpret the data pertinent to quantify the cycling of mineral-bound volatiles (H2O, CO2, Cl, S) through this subduction system. For input-flux calculations, we divide the Middle America Trench into four segments differing in convergence rate and slab lithological profiles, use the latest evidence for mantle serpentinization of the Cocos slab approaching the trench, and for the first time explicitly include subduction erosion of forearc basement. Resulting input fluxes are 40-62 (53) Tg/Ma/m H2O, 7.8-11.4 (9.3) Tg/Ma/m CO2, 1.3-1.9 (1.6) Tg/Ma/m Cl, and 1.3-2.1 (1.6) Tg/Ma/m S (bracketed are mean values for entire trench length). Output by cold seeps on the forearc amounts to 0.625-1.25 Tg/Ma/m H2O partly derived from the slab sediments as determined by geochemical analyses of fluids and carbonates. The major volatile output occurs at the Central American volcanic arc that is divided into ten arc segments by dextral strike-slip tectonics. Based on volcanic edifice and widespread tephra volumes as well as calculated parental magma masses needed to form observed evolved compositions, we determine long-term (10(5) years) average magma and K2O fluxes for each of the ten segments as 32-242 (106) Tg/Ma/m magma and 0.28-2.91 (1.38) Tg/Ma/m K2O (bracketed are mean values for entire Central American volcanic arc length). Volatile/K2O concentration ratios derived from melt inclusion analyses and petrologic modelling then allow to calculate volatile fluxes as 1.02-14.3 (6.2) Tg/Ma/m H2O, 0.02-0.45 (0.17) Tg/Ma/m CO2, and 0.07-0.34 (0.22) Tg/Ma/m Cl. The same approach yields long-term sulfur fluxes of 0.12-1.08 (0.54) Tg/Ma/m while present-day open-vent SO2-flux monitoring yields 0.06-2.37 (0.83) Tg/Ma/m S. Input-output comparisons show that the arc water fluxes only account for up to 40 % of the input even if we include an "invisible" plutonic component constrained by crustal growth. With 20-30 % of the H2O input transferred into the deeper mantle as suggested by petrologic modeling, there remains a deficiency of, say, 30-40 % in the water budget. At least some of this water is transferred into two upper-plate regions of low seismic velocity and electrical resistivity whose sizes vary along arc: one region widely envelopes the melt ascent paths from slab top to arc and the other extends obliquely from the slab below the forearc to below the arc. Whether these reservoirs are transient or steady remains unknown. KW - Subduction input KW - Forearc dewatering KW - Arc magmatism KW - Subduction fluids Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1001-1 SN - 1437-3254 SN - 1437-3262 VL - 103 IS - 7 SP - 2101 EP - 2127 PB - Springer CY - New York ER -