TY - JOUR A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Urbach, Tina A1 - Scheithauer, Linda T1 - What motivates you right now? BT - Development of a measure of momentary-chronic regulatory focus JF - Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences N2 - Regulatory focus is a motivational construct that describes humans’ motivational orientation during goal pursuit. It is conceptualized as a chronic, trait-like, as well as a momentary, state-like orientation. Whereas there is a large number of measures to capture chronic regulatory focus, measures for its momentary assessment are only just emerging. This paper presents the development and validation of a measure of Momentary–Chronic Regulatory Focus. Our development incorporates the distinction between self-guide and reference-point definitions of regulatory focus. Ideals and ought striving are the promotion and prevention dimension in the self-guide system; gain and non-loss regulatory focus are the respective dimensions within the reference-point system. Three-survey-based studies test the structure, psychometric properties, and validity of the measure in its version to assess chronic regulatory focus (two samples of working participants, N = 389, N = 672; one student sample [time 1, N = 105; time 2, n = 91]). In two further studies, an experience sampling study with students (N = 84, k = 1649) and a daily-diary study with working individuals (N = 129, k = 1766), the measure was applied to assess momentary regulatory focus. Multilevel analyses test the momentary measure’s factorial structure, provide support for its sensitivity to capture within-person fluctuations, and provide evidence for concurrent construct validity. KW - Regulatory focus KW - State and trait measurement KW - Scale development KW - Diary study KW - Experience sampling method Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s42409-019-0007-7 SN - 2523-8930 VL - 2 IS - 5 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian T1 - Does Peer Rejection Moderate the Associations among Cyberbullying Victimization, Depression, and Anxiety among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - While the consequences of cyberbullying victimization have received some attention in the literature, to date, little is known about the multiple types of strains in adolescents’ lives, such as whether cyberbullying victimization and peer rejection increase their vulnerability to depression and anxiety. Even though some research found that adolescents with disabilities show higher risk for cyberbullying victimization, most research has focused on typically developing adolescents. Thus, the present study focused on examining the moderating effect of peer rejection in the relationships between cyberbullying victimization, depression, and anxiety among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. There were 128 participants (89% male; ages ranging from 11–16 years old) with autism spectrum disorder in the sixth, seventh, or eighth grade at 16 middle schools in the United States. Participants completed questionnaires on cyberbullying victimization, peer rejection, depression, and anxiety. Results revealed that cyberbullying victimization was associated positively with peer rejection, anxiety, and depression among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Further, peer rejection was linked positively with depression and anxiety. Peer rejection moderated the positive relationship between cyberbullying victimization and depression, but not anxiety. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 544 KW - anxiety KW - depression KW - cyberbullying victimization KW - autism spectrum disorder KW - peer rejection Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427266 EP - 544 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian T1 - Does Peer Rejection Moderate the Associations among Cyberbullying Victimization, Depression, and Anxiety among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder? JF - Children N2 - While the consequences of cyberbullying victimization have received some attention in the literature, to date, little is known about the multiple types of strains in adolescents’ lives, such as whether cyberbullying victimization and peer rejection increase their vulnerability to depression and anxiety. Even though some research found that adolescents with disabilities show higher risk for cyberbullying victimization, most research has focused on typically developing adolescents. Thus, the present study focused on examining the moderating effect of peer rejection in the relationships between cyberbullying victimization, depression, and anxiety among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. There were 128 participants (89% male; ages ranging from 11–16 years old) with autism spectrum disorder in the sixth, seventh, or eighth grade at 16 middle schools in the United States. Participants completed questionnaires on cyberbullying victimization, peer rejection, depression, and anxiety. Results revealed that cyberbullying victimization was associated positively with peer rejection, anxiety, and depression among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Further, peer rejection was linked positively with depression and anxiety. Peer rejection moderated the positive relationship between cyberbullying victimization and depression, but not anxiety. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed. KW - anxiety KW - depression KW - cyberbullying victimization KW - autism spectrum disorder KW - peer rejection Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/children6030041 SN - 2227-9067 VL - 6 EP - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kalinowski, Eva A1 - Gronostaj, Anna A1 - Vock, Miriam T1 - Effective Professional Development for Teachers to Foster Students’ Academic Language Proficiency Across the Curriculum BT - A Systematic Review T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This review summarizes features of professional development programs that aim to prepare in-service teachers to improve students’ academic language proficiency when teaching subject areas. The 38 studies reviewed suggest that all of the profiled interventions were effective to some extent. The programs share many characteristics considered important in successful teacher professional development across different subject areas. They also include some features that appear to be specific to teacher training in this particular domain. This review supports the idea that professional development helps change teachers’ thinking and practice and benefits students, if certain features are taken into consideration in its design and implementation. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 543 KW - professional development KW - language KW - cross-curriculum KW - content areas KW - in-service teacher training Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427219 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 543 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalinowski, Eva A1 - Gronostaj, Anna A1 - Vock, Miriam T1 - Effective Professional Development for Teachers to Foster Students’ Academic Language Proficiency Across the Curriculum BT - A Systematic Review JF - AERA Open N2 - This review summarizes features of professional development programs that aim to prepare in-service teachers to improve students’ academic language proficiency when teaching subject areas. The 38 studies reviewed suggest that all of the profiled interventions were effective to some extent. The programs share many characteristics considered important in successful teacher professional development across different subject areas. They also include some features that appear to be specific to teacher training in this particular domain. This review supports the idea that professional development helps change teachers’ thinking and practice and benefits students, if certain features are taken into consideration in its design and implementation. KW - professional development KW - language KW - cross-curriculum KW - content areas KW - in-service teacher training Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419828691 SN - 2332-8584 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Sage CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarhan, Radwan Mohamed A1 - Koopman, Wouter-Willem Adriaan A1 - Schuetz, Roman A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Liebig, Ferenc A1 - Koetz, Joachim A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - The importance of plasmonic heating for the plasmondriven photodimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Metal nanoparticles form potent nanoreactors, driven by the optical generation of energetic electrons and nanoscale heat. The relative influence of these two factors on nanoscale chemistry is strongly debated. This article discusses the temperature dependence of the dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) into 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) adsorbed on gold nanoflowers by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Raman thermometry shows a significant optical heating of the particles. The ratio of the Stokes and the anti-Stokes Raman signal moreover demonstrates that the molecular temperature during the reaction rises beyond the average crystal lattice temperature of the plasmonic particles. The product bands have an even higher temperature than reactant bands, which suggests that the reaction proceeds preferentially at thermal hot spots. In addition, kinetic measurements of the reaction during external heating of the reaction environment yield a considerable rise of the reaction rate with temperature. Despite this significant heating effects, a comparison of SERS spectra recorded after heating the sample by an external heater to spectra recorded after prolonged illumination shows that the reaction is strictly photo-driven. While in both cases the temperature increase is comparable, the dimerization occurs only in the presence of light. Intensity dependent measurements at fixed temperatures confirm this finding. KW - enhanced raman-scattering KW - charge-transfer KW - metal KW - nanoparticles KW - catalysis KW - AU KW - 4-nitrobenzenethiol KW - aminothiophenol KW - photocatalysis KW - wavelength Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38627-2 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 9 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Raatz, Michael T1 - Strategies within predator-prey interactions – from individuals to ecosystems T1 - Strategien in Räuber-Beute Interaktionen – vom Individuum bis zum Ökosystem N2 - Predator-prey interactions provide central links in food webs. These interaction are directly or indirectly impacted by a number of factors. These factors range from physiological characteristics of individual organisms, over specifics of their interaction to impacts of the environment. They may generate the potential for the application of different strategies by predators and prey. Within this thesis, I modelled predator-prey interactions and investigated a broad range of different factors driving the application of certain strategies, that affect the individuals or their populations. In doing so, I focused on phytoplankton-zooplankton systems as established model systems of predator-prey interactions. At the level of predator physiology I proposed, and partly confirmed, adaptations to fluctuating availability of co-limiting nutrients as beneficial strategies. These may allow to store ingested nutrients or to regulate the effort put into nutrient assimilation. We found that these two strategies are beneficial at different fluctuation frequencies of the nutrients, but may positively interact at intermediate frequencies. The corresponding experiments supported our model results. We found that the temporal structure of nutrient fluctuations indeed has strong effects on the juvenile somatic growth rate of {\itshape Daphnia}. Predator colimitation by energy and essential biochemical nutrients gave rise to another physiological strategy. High-quality prey species may render themselves indispensable in a scenario of predator-mediated coexistence by being the only source of essential biochemical nutrients, such as cholesterol. Thereby, the high-quality prey may even compensate for a lacking defense and ensure its persistence in competition with other more defended prey species. We found a similar effect in a model where algae and bacteria compete for nutrients. Now, being the only source of a compound that is required by the competitor (bacteria) prevented the competitive exclusion of the algae. In this case, the essential compounds were the organic carbon provided by the algae. Here again, being indispensable served as a prey strategy that ensured its coexistence. The latter scenario also gave rise to the application of the two metabolic strategies of autotrophy and heterotrophy by algae and bacteria, respectively. We found that their coexistence allowed the recycling of resources in a microbial loop that would otherwise be lost. Instead, these resources were made available to higher trophic levels, increasing the trophic transfer efficiency in food webs. The predation process comprises the next higher level of factors shaping the predator-prey interaction, besides these factors that originated from the functioning or composition of individuals. Here, I focused on defensive mechanisms and investigated multiple scenarios of static or adaptive combinations of prey defense and predator offense. I confirmed and extended earlier reports on the coexistence-promoting effects of partially lower palatability of the prey community. When bacteria and algae are coexisting, a higher palatability of bacteria may increase the average predator biomass, with the side effect of making the population dynamics more regular. This may facilitate experimental investigations and interpretations. If defense and offense are adaptive, this allows organisms to maximize their growth rate. Besides this fitness-enhancing effect, I found that co-adaptation may provide the predator-prey system with the flexibility to buffer external perturbations. On top of these rather internal factors, environmental drivers also affect predator-prey interactions. I showed that environmental nutrient fluctuations may create a spatio-temporal resource heterogeneity that selects for different predator strategies. I hypothesized that this might favour either storage or acclimation specialists, depending on the frequency of the environmental fluctuations. We found that many of these factors promote the coexistence of different strategies and may therefore support and sustain biodiversity. Thus, they might be relevant for the maintenance of crucial ecosystem functions that also affect us humans. Besides this, the richness of factors that impact predator-prey interactions might explain why so many species, especially in the planktonic regime, are able to coexist. N2 - Organismen interagieren miteinander und mit ihrer Umwelt. Innerhalb dieses Netzwerks von Interaktionen sind Fraßbeziehungen zwischen Räubern und ihrer Beute von zentraler Bedeutung. Sie werden auf verschiedenen Ebenen von unterschiedlichen Faktoren beeinflusst, was zur Ausprägung von diversen Strategien von Räuber oder Beute führen kann. Diese Faktoren und die Strategien die sie hervor bringen sind Gegenstand dieser Doktorarbeit. In mehreren Modellierungsstudien habe ich vielseitige Faktoren untersucht, die sich dem Aufbau einzelner Organismen, Verteidigungs- und Angriffsmechanismen sowie Umwelteinflüssen zuordnen lassen. Dabei konzentrierte ich mich auf ein etabliertes Modellsystem zur Erforschung von Räuber-Beute-Dynamiken und untersuchte die Fraßbeziehung zwischen Phytoplankton als Beute und Zooplankton als Räuber. Ich fand heraus, dass die Bereitstellung von essentiellen Ressourcen für Konkurrenten oder Räuber eine Strategie sein kann, mit der Beutearten sich vor dem Aussterben schützen können. Auch die direkte Verteidigung gegen den Räuber ist eine häufige Strategie zur Verringerung des Fraßdrucks und kann ebenfalls Koexistenz fördern. Für anpassungsfähige Verteidigung der Beute und Angriffsstärke des Räubers konnte ich zeigen, dass dies sowohl die Fitness erhöhen, als auch die Robustheit der Räuber-Beute-Dynamiken gegen äußere Störungen erhöhen kann. Weiterhin fand ich heraus, dass physiologische Anpassungsmechanismen wie Speicherung oder anpassungsfähige Aufnahme von Nährstoffen die Wachstumsrate des Räubers verbessern können, wenn die Qualität der verfügbaren Beute in der Umwelt des Räubers fluktuiert. Viele der Strategien, die ich in dieser Arbeit herausgestellt habe, können die Koexistenz von verschiedenen Arten fördern und damit zu erhöhter Biodiversität beitragen, welche wiederum entscheidend ist für die Stabilität von Ökosystemen und deren Nutzbarkeit. KW - predator-prey KW - biodiversity KW - modelling KW - Räuber-Beute KW - Biodiversität KW - Modellierung Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426587 ER - TY - THES A1 - Perlaza-Jimenez, Laura T1 - Discerning functional associations and relationships between molecules in Arabidopsis thaliana using genome-wide correlated mutations Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - THES A1 - Cecchini, Gloria T1 - Improving network inference by overcoming statistical limitations T1 - Verbesserung der Netzwerkrekonstruktion durch überwinden statistischer Limits N2 - A reliable inference of networks from data is of key interest in many scientific fields. Several methods have been suggested in the literature to reliably determine links in a network. These techniques rely on statistical methods, typically controlling the number of false positive links, but not considering false negative links. In this thesis new methodologies to improve network inference are suggested. Initial analyses demonstrate the impact of falsepositive and false negative conclusions about the presence or absence of links on the resulting inferred network. Consequently, revealing the importance of making well-considered choices leads to suggest new approaches to enhance existing network reconstruction methods. A simulation study, presented in Chapter 3, shows that different values to balance false positive and false negative conclusions about links should be used in order to reliably estimate network characteristics. The existence of type I and type II errors in the reconstructed network, also called biased network, is accepted. Consequently, an analytic method that describes the influence of these two errors on the network structure is explored. As a result of this analysis, an analytic formula of the density of the biased vertex degree distribution is found (Chapter 4). In the inverse problem, the vertex degree distribution of the true underlying network is analytically reconstructed, assuming the probabilities of type I and type II errors. Chapters 4-5 show that the method is robust to incorrect estimates of α and β within reasonable limits. In Chapter 6, an iterative procedure to enhance this method is presented in the case of large errors on the estimates of α and β. The investigations presented so far focus on the influence of false positive and false negative links on the network characteristics. In Chapter 7, the analysis is reversed - the study focuses on the influence of network characteristics on the probability of type I and type II errors, in the case of networks of coupled oscillators. The probabilities of α and β are influenced by the shortest path length and the detour degree, respectively. These results have been used to improve the network reconstruction, when the true underlying network is not known a priori, introducing a novel and advanced concept of threshold. N2 - Eine zuverlässige Rekonstruktion eines Netzwerks aus Daten ist von entscheidender Bedeutung in der Wissenschaft. Einige Methoden werden in der Literatur vorgeschlagen um Verbindungen in einem Netzwerk akkurat zu bestimmen. Diese Methoden vertrauen auf die Anwendung der Statistik, indem sie falsch positive Verbindungen berücksichtigen, allerdings positiv falsche Verbindungen ignoriert. In dieser Arbeit werden neue Methoden vorgeschlagen, um die Rekonstruktion zu verbessern. Erste Analysen veranschaulichen den Einfluss falsch positiver und positiv falscher Verbindungen auf das resultierende Netzwerk. Daraus wird die Bedeutsamkeit ersichtlich, die eine gut gewählte Entscheidung hinsichtlich der Faktoren auf die Qualität der Rekonstruktion hat, wodurch sich neu Methoden ableiten lassen. Eine Simulation, welche in Kapitel 3 zu finden ist, veranschaulicht, dass verschiedene Werte für falsch postive und positiv falsche Verbindungen zu verwenden sind, um genaue Vorhersagen bezüglich des Netzwerkverhaltens zu treffen. Die Existenz Fehler erster und zweiter Art in der Rekonstruktion sind unvermeidbar und werden akzeptiert. Ein analytischer Ansatz, der den Einfluss dieser beiden Fehler beschreibt wird gesucht. Aus dieser Analyse in Kapitel 4 folgt eine Formel welche die Verteilung der Quantität der Knotenverbindungen beschreibt. Bei dem inversen Problem wird die Knotengrad-Verteilung des originalen Netzwerkes, mit Berücksichtigung der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Fehlern erster und zweiter Art, analytisch berechnet. Kapitel 4-5 zeigen, dass die Methode auch bei einigermaßen falschen Schätzungen von α und β Resultate innerhalb vertretbarer Grenzen liefert. In Kapitel 6 wird ein iteratives Verfahren vorgestellt, welches diese Methode bei außerordentlich falschen Schätzungen von α und β verbessert. Die bis jetzt vorgestellte Recherche fokussiert sich auf den Einfluss falsch positiver und positiv falscher Verbindungen auf die Netzwerkscharakteristik. Im Kapitel 7 wird der Prozess umgedreht. Die Arbeit fokussiert sich auf den Einfluss auf die Netzwerkkarakteristik durch die Fehler erster und zweiter Art im Falle eines Netzwerkes mit gekoppelten Oszillatoren. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit von α und β wird beeinflusst durch den kürzesten Verbindungsweg und dem Detour Grad. Diese Ergebnisse wurden genutzt um die Netzwerk Rekonstruktion zu verbessern, wenn das originale Netzwerk nicht zuvor bekannt war. Dies beschreibt einen neuen fortgeschritten Weg der Grenzwertbestimmung. KW - network inference KW - network reconstruction KW - statistical methods KW - Netzwerk Inferenz KW - Netzwerk Rekonstruktion KW - statistische Methoden Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426705 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krieger, Heike T1 - Populist governments and international law T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The worldwide populist wave has contributed to a perception that international law is currently in a state of crisis. This article examines in how far populist governments have challenged prevailing interpretations of international law. The article links structural features of populism with an analysis of populist governmental strategies and argumentative practices. It demonstrates that, in their rhetoric, populist governments promote an understanding of international law as a mere law of coordination. This is, however, not entirely reflected in their legal practices where an instrumental, cherry-picking approach prevails. The article concludes that policies of populist governments affect the current state of international law on two different levels: In the political sphere their practices alter the general environment in which legal rules are interpreted. In the legal sphere populist governments push for changes in the interpretation of established international legal rules. The article substantiates these propositions by focusing on the principle of nonintervention and foreign funding for NGOs. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 29 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426863 IS - 29 ER -