TY - JOUR A1 - Hlinak, Andreas A1 - Mühle, Ralf-Udo A1 - Werner, Ortrud A1 - Globig, Anja A1 - Starick, Elke A1 - Schirrmeier, Horst A1 - Hoffmann, Bernd A1 - Engelhardt, Andreas A1 - Hübner, Dagmar A1 - Conraths, Franz J. A1 - Wallschläger, Hans-Dieter A1 - Kruckenberg, Helmut A1 - Müller, Thomas T1 - A virological survey in migrating waders and other waterfowl in one of the most important resting sites of Germany N2 - Wild birds are considered a potential reservoir or a carrier of viral diseases and may therefore play a role in the epidemiology of economically important or zoonotic diseases. In 2001 and 2002, a survey with special emphasis oil virus isolation in migrating waders and some other birds were conducted. In one of the most important inland resting sites for migratory waterfowl, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from 465 waders representing 19 different species, and 165 other birds that were not captured on purpose. A total of 42 avian viruses were isolated, 34 of these were identified as paramyxoviruses (PMVs). The majority of isolates came from waders and wild ducks, and were characterized as PMV-1. In contrast, PMV-4 was found in wild ducks only, PMV-6 was mainly detected in wader species. Four avian influenza viruses (ATVs), belonging to H4 and H3 haemagglutinin subtype, were isolated from wild duck species. Furthermore, four reo-like viruses were isolated from one particular wader species for the first time. The majority of virus positive birds were < 1 year old and did not show any clinical symptoms. There was no evidence for the presence of West Nile virus in these birds. These results confirm that the restricted resting sites in Western Europe must be considered as important locations for the intra- and interspecies transmission of avian viruses Y1 - 2006 SN - 0931-1793 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Siefert, Malte A1 - Peinke, J T1 - Joint multi-scale statistics of longitudinal and transversal increments in small-scale wake turbulence N2 - We analyse the relationship of longitudinal and transversal increment statistics measured in isotropic small- scale turbulence. This is done by means of the theory of Markov processes leading to a phenomenological Fokker - Planck equation for the two increments from which a generalized K arm an equation is derived. We discuss in detail the analysis and show that the estimated equation can describe the statistics of the turbulent cascade. A remarkable result is that the main differences between longitudinal and transversal increments can be explained by a simple rescaling symmetry, namely the cascade speed of the transverse increments is 1.5 times faster than that of the longitudinal increments. Small differences can be found in the skewness and in a higher order intermittency term. The rescaling symmetry is compatible with the Kolmogorov constants and the K arm an equation and gives new insight into the use of extended self- similarity (ESS) for transverse increments. Based on the results we propose an extended self-similarity for the transverse increments (ESST) Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14685240600677673 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze, Bert-Wolfgang A1 - Seiler, Jörg T1 - Edge operators with conditions of Toeplitz type N2 - Ellipticity of operators on a manifold with edges can be treated in the framework of a calculus of 2 X 2-block matrix operators with trace and potential operators on the edges. The picture is similar to the pseudodifferential analysis of boundary-value problems. The extra conditions satisfy an analogue of the Shapiro-Lopatinskij condition, provided a topological obstruction for the elliptic edge-degenerate operator in the upper left corner vanishes; this is an analogue of a condition of Atiyah and Bott in boundary-value problems. In general, however, we need global projection data, similarly to global boundary conditions, known for Dirac operators or other geometric operators. The present paper develops a new calculus with global projection data for operators on manifolds with edges. In particular, we show the Fredholm property in a suitable scale of spaces and construct parametrices within the calculus Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hazan, Valerie A1 - Sennema, Anke A1 - Faulkner, Andrew A1 - Ortega-Llebaria, Marta A1 - Iba, Midori A1 - Chung, Hyunsong T1 - The use of visual cues in the perception of non-native consonant contrasts N2 - This study assessed the extent to which second-language learners are sensitive to phonetic information contained in visual cues when identifying a non-native phonemic contrast. In experiment 1, Spanish and Japanese learners of English were tested on their perception of a labial/labiodental consonant contrast in audio (A), visual (V), and audio-visual (AV) modalities. Spanish students showed better performance overall, and much greater sensitivity to visual cues than Japanese students. Both learner groups achieved higher scores in the A V than in the A test condition, thus showing evidence of audio-visual benefit. Experiment 2 examined the perception of the less visually-salient /1/-/r/ contrast in Japanese and Korean learners of English. Korean learners obtained much higher scores in auditory and audio- visual conditions than in the visual condition, while Japanese learners generally performed poorly in both modalities. Neither. group showed evidence of audio-visual benefit. These results show the impact of the language background of the learner and visual salience of the contrast on the use of visual cues for a non-native contrast. Significant correlations between scores in the auditory and visual conditions suggest that increasing auditory proficiency in identifying a non-native contrast is linked with an increasing proficiency in using visual cues to the contrast. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://scitation.aip.org/jasa/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2166611 SN - 0001-4966 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ehrlenspiel, Felix A1 - Sternad, D T1 - Not a joke : no choking under pressure in a ball bouncing task Y1 - 2006 SN - 0895-2779 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hossner, Ernst-Joachim A1 - Ehrlenspiel, Felix T1 - Paralysis by analysis and nodal-point motor control Y1 - 2006 UR - http://journals.humankinetics.com/jsep-contents SN - 0895-2779 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Xiaohui A1 - Müller, David C. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Meerholz, Klaus T1 - Highly efficient polymeric electrophosphorescent diodes N2 - Polymeric electrophosphorescent LEDs with internal quantum efficiencies approaching unity have been fabricated. Such performance levels are previously unknown for OLEDs. The key to this success is redox chemically doped oxetane- crosslinkable hole-transporting layers with multilayer capability (see figure). They improve hole injection and act as electron-blocking layers, without the need to include exciton-or hole-blocking layers Y1 - 2006 UR - 1960 = DOI: 10.1002/adma.200501867 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johansson, Ingela A1 - Wulfetange, Klaas A1 - Poree, Fabien A1 - Michard, Erwan A1 - Gajdanowicz, Pawel A1 - Lacombe, Benoit A1 - Sentenac, Herve A1 - Thibaud, Jean-Baptiste A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd A1 - Blatt, Michael R. A1 - Dreyer, Ingo T1 - External K+ modulates the activity of the Arabidopsis potassium channel SKOR via an unusual mechanism N2 - Plant outward-rectifying K+ channels mediate K+ efflux from guard cells during stomatal closure and from root cells into the xylem for root-shoot allocation of potassium (K). Intriguingly, the gating of these channels depends on the extracellular K+ concentration, although the ions carrying the current are derived from inside the cell. This K+ dependence confers a sensitivity to the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]) that ensures that the channels mediate K+ efflux only, regardless of the [K+] prevailing outside. We investigated the mechanism of K+-dependent gating of the K+ channel SKOR of Arabidopsis by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutations affecting the intrinsic K+ dependence of gating were found to cluster in the pore and within the sixth transmembrane helix (S6), identifying an 'S6 gating domain' deep within the membrane. Mapping the SKOR sequence to the crystal structure of the voltage-dependent K+ channel KvAP from Aeropyrum pernix suggested interaction between the S6 gating domain and the base of the pore helix, a prediction supported by mutations at this site. These results offer a unique insight into the molecular basis for a physiologically important K+-sensory process in plants Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0960-7412 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02690.X SN - 0960-7412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walther, T A1 - Wessel, Niels A1 - Malberg, Hagen A1 - Voss, Andreas A1 - Stepan, H A1 - Faber, R T1 - A combined technique for predicting pre-eclampsia : concurrent measurement of uterine perfusion and analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability N2 - Objective Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy with high morbidity and mortality and an incidence of 3-5% in all pregnancies. Early prediction is still insufficient in clinical practice. Although most pre- eclamptic patients have pathological uterine perfusion in the second trimester, perfusion disturbance has a positive predictive accuracy (PPA) only of approximately 30%. Methods Non-invasive continuous blood pressure recordings were taken simultaneously via a finger cuff for 30 min. Time series of systolic as well as diastolic beat-to-beat pressure values were extracted to analyse heart rate and blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in 102 second- trimester pregnancies, to assess predictability for pre-eclampsia (n = 16). All women underwent Doppler investigations of the uterine arteries. Results We identified a combination of three variability and baroreflex parameters to best predict pre-eclampsia several weeks before clinical manifestation. The discriminant function of these three parameters classified patients with later pre-eclampsia with a sensitivity of 87.5%, a specificity of 83.7%, and a PPA of 50.0%. Combined with Doppler investigations of uterine arteries, PPA increased to 71.4%. Conclusions This technique of incorporating one-stop clinical assessment of uterine perfusion and variability parameters in the second trimester produces the most effective prediction of pre-eclampsia to date Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewald, Michael A1 - Igel, Heiner A1 - Hinzen, Klaus-Günther A1 - Scherbaum, Frank T1 - Basin-related effects on ground motion for earthquake scenarios in the Lower Rhine Embayment N2 - The deterministic calculation of earthquake scenarios using complete waveform modelling plays an increasingly important role in estimating shaking hazard in seismically active regions. Here we apply 3-D numerical modelling of seismic wave propagation to M 6+ earthquake scenarios in the area of the Lower Rhine Embayment, one of the seismically most active regions in central Europe. Using a 3-D basin model derived from geology, borehole information and seismic experiments, we aim at demonstrating the strong dependence of ground shaking on hypocentre location and basin structure. The simulations are carried out up to frequencies of ca. 1 Hz. As expected, the basin structure leads to strong lateral variations in peak ground motion, amplification and shaking duration. Depending on source-basin-receiver geometry, the effects correlate with basin depth and the slope of the basin flanks; yet, the basin also affects peak ground motion and estimated shaking hazard thereof outside the basin. Comparison with measured seismograms for one of the earthquakes shows that some of the main characteristics of the wave motion are reproduced. Cumulating the derived seismic intensities from the three modelled earthquake scenarios leads to a predominantly basin correlated intensity distribution for our study area Y1 - 2006 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-246X U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02909.x SN - 0956-540X ER -