TY - JOUR A1 - Cordes, Frank A1 - Kaiser, Rolf A1 - Selbig, Joachim T1 - Bioinformatics approach to predicting HIV drug resistance N2 - The emergence of drug resistance remains one of the most challenging issues in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The extreme replication dynamics of HIV facilitates its escape from the selective pressure exerted by the human immune system and by the applied combination drug therapy. This article reviews computational methods whose combined use can support the design of optimal antiretroviral therapies based on viral genotypic and phenotypic data. Genotypic assays are based on the analysis of mutations associated with reduced drug susceptibility, but are difficult to interpret due to the numerous mutations and mutational patterns that confer drug resistance. Phenotypic resistance or susceptibility can be experimentally evaluated by measuring the inhibition of the viral replication in cell culture assays. However, this procedure is expensive and time consuming Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.expert-reviews.com/loi/erm U6 - https://doi.org/10.1586/14737159.6.2.207 SN - 1473-7159 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brovkin, Victor A1 - Claussen, Martin A1 - Driesschaert, Emmanuelle A1 - Fichefet, Thierry A1 - Kicklighter, David Wesley A1 - Loutre, Marie-France A1 - Matthews, H. Damon A1 - Ramankutty, Navin Delire A1 - Schaeffer, Michiel A1 - Sokolov, Andrei T1 - Biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes simulated by six Earth system models of intermediate complexity N2 - Six Earth system models of intermediate complexity that are able to simulate interaction between atmosphere, ocean, and land surface, were forced with a scenario of land cover changes during the last millennium. In response to historical deforestation of about 18 million sq km, the models simulate a decrease in global mean annual temperature in the range of 0.13-0.25 degrees C. The rate of this cooling accelerated during the 19th century, reached a maximum in the first half of the 20th century, and declined at the end of the 20th century. This trend is explained by temporal and spatial dynamics of land cover changes, as the effect of deforestation on temperature is less pronounced for tropical than for temperate regions, and reforestation in the northern temperate areas during the second part of the 20th century partly offset the cooling trend. In most of the models, land cover changes lead to a decline in annual land evapotranspiration, while seasonal changes are rather equivocal because of spatial shifts in convergence zones. In the future, reforestation might be chosen as an option for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration. Our study indicates that biogeophysical mechanisms need to be accounted for in the assessment of land management options for climate change mitigation Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100405 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0092-6 SN - 0930-7575 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vakeel, Padmanabhan T1 - Biochemical and cellular characterization of filamin binding proteins in cross striated muscle Y1 - 2006 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoernig, Robin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Weidenfeld, Andrea T1 - Between reasoning JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - In two experiments we investigated three-term reasoning with spatial relational assertions using the preposition between as compared to projective prepositions (such as to the left of). For each kind of assertion we distinguish the referent expression (i.e., the grammatical subject) from the relatum expression (i.e., the internal argument of the preposition; e.g., [The hedgehog](referent)_(expression) is to the left of [the frog](relatum)_(expression); [the snake](referent)_(expression) is between [the donkey and the deer](relatum)_(expression)). Previous research has shown that integrating premises with projective prepositions is easier (a) when the relatum expression of the second premise denotes an element already given by the first premise (relatum = given), and (b) when the term denoting a given element precedes the term denoting a new element (given - new). Experiment 1 extended this finding to second premises with the preposition between. In Experiment 2, between figured in the first premise. In this case, participants built an initial preferred model already from the first premise, although such a premise is indeterminate with respect to the array that it describes. Since there is no need left for integrating the second premise, this premise is instead used to verify the initial model and to modify it when necessary. A further investigation of conclusion evaluation times showed that conclusions were evaluated faster when they first mentioned the element that was included most recently into the mental model of the premises. The use of premises with between permitted the separation of recency of model inclusion from recency of appearance of an element in a premise. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210500416151 SN - 1747-0218 VL - 59 IS - 10 SP - 1805 EP - 1825 PB - SAGE Publishing CY - Thousand Oaks, CA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haßler, Gerda ED - Brown, Keith T1 - Bello, Andrés (1781-1865) JF - Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics T2 - 14-Volume Set Y1 - 2006 SN - 0-08-044299-4 PB - Elsevier CY - Burlington ET - 2nd ed. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grabski, Michael A1 - Stede, Manfred T1 - Bei : intraclausal coherence relations illustrated with a German preposition N2 - Coherence relations are typically taken to link two clauses or larger units and to be signaled at the text surface by conjunctions and certain adverbials. Relations, however, also can hold within clauses, indicated by prepositions like despite, due to, or in case of, when these have an internal argument denoting an eventuality. Although these prepositions act as reliable cues to indicate a specific relation, others are lexically more neutral. We investigated this situation for the German preposition bei, which turns out to be highly ambiguous. We demonstrate the range of readings in a corpus study, proposing 6 more specific prepositions as a comprehensive substitution set. All these uses of bei share a common kernel meaning, which is missed by the standard accounts that assume lexical polysemy. We examine the range of coherence relations that can be signaled by bei and provide some factors here supporting the disambiguation task in a framework of discourse interpretation Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/0163-853X U6 - https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326950dp4102_5 SN - 0163-853X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wronski, Torsten A1 - Apio, Ann A1 - Wanker, R A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - Behavioural repertoire of the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus): agonistic interactions, mating behaviour and parent-offspring relations N2 - A free-ranging bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) population was observed over a period of 3 years, thereby enabling a detailed description of the behavioural repertoire of this widespread but barely investigated solitary African antelope species. Agonistic and submissive behaviour patterns are described, among them several hitherto un- described behaviour patterns - such as "escorting", where territorial males guide intruders to the periphery of their territory - and "push-up position", an extreme form of submissive behaviour. Furthermore, we report on behaviour patterns of males and females during mating as well as on behaviour patterns of parents directed towards their offspring. Again, we describe a hitherto unknown behaviour: the protection of calves by adult males, which may be a socio-positive behaviour directed towards their offspring led by kin selection Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/h4v41315l1717v87/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-005-0186-y ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rossmanith, Eva A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Behavioural flexibility in the mating system buffers population extinction: lessons from the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Picoides minor) N2 - In most stochastic models addressing the persistence of small populations, environmental noise is included by imposing a synchronized effect of the environment on all individuals. However, buffer mechanisms are likely to exist that may counteract this synchronization to some degree. We have studied whether the flexibility in the mating system, which has been observed in some bird species, is a potential mechanism counteracting the synchronization of environmental fluctuations. Our study organism is the lesser spotted woodpecker Picoides minor (Linnaeus), a generally monogamous species. However, facultative polyandry, where one female mates with two males with separate nests, was observed in years with male-biased sex ratio. We constructed an individual-based model from data and observations of a population in Taunus, Germany. We tested the impact of three behavioural scenarios on population persistence: (1) strict monogamy; (2) polyandry without costs; and (3) polyandry assuming costs in terms of lower survival and reproductive success for secondary males. We assumed that polyandry occurs only in years with male-biased sex ratio and only for females with favourable breeding conditions. Even low rates of polyandry had a strong positive effect on population persistence. The increase of persistence with carrying capacity was slower in the monogamous scenario, indicating strong environmental noise. In the polyandrous scenarios, the increase of persistence was stronger, indicating a buffer mechanism. In the polyandrous scenarios, populations had a higher mean population size, a lower variation in number of individuals, and recovered faster after a population breakdown. Presuming a realistic polyandry rate and costs for polyandry, there was still a strong effect of polyandry on persistence. The results show that polyandry and in general flexibility in mating systems is a buffer mechanism that can significantly reduce the impact of environmental and demographic noise in small populations. Consequently, we suggest that even behaviour that seems to be exceptional should be considered explicitly when predicting the persistence of populations Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01074.x ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haßler, Gerda T1 - Beauzée, Nicolas (1717-1789) Y1 - 2006 SN - 0-08-044299-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koetz, Joachim A1 - Andres, S. A1 - Kosmella, Sabine A1 - Tiersch, Brigitte T1 - BaSO4 nanorods produced in polymer-modified bicontinuous microemulsions N2 - The influence of the water soluble polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on structure formation in the quasiternary system sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)/pentanol-xylene/water was checked by means of conductometry, rheology, and micro differential calorimetry. The polymer induces the formation of an isotropic phase channel between the o/w and w/o microemulsion. The transition from the normal as well as from the inverse micellar to the bicontinuous phase range can be detected by conductometry, rheology as well as micro-DSC. As a result of polymer-surfactant interactions, the spontaneous curvature of the surfactant film is changed and a sponge phase is formed. The bicontinuous phase is characterized by a moderate shear viscosity, a Newtonian flow behaviour, and the disappearence of interphasal water in the heating curve of the micro-DSC. When the polymer-modified bicontinuous phase is used as a template phase for the nanoparticle formation, spherical BaSO4 nanoparticles were formed. During the following solvent evaporation process the primarily formed spherical nanoparticles aggregate to nanorods and triangular structures due to the non-restriction of the bicontinuous template phase in longitudinal direction Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/vsp/ci U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/156855406777408629 SN - 0927-6440 ER -