TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Greil, Holle A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - The association between weight, height, and head circumference reconsidered JF - Pediatric Research N2 - BACKGROUND: Under normal nutritional and health conditions, body height, weight and head circumference are significantly related. We hypothesize that the apparent general association between weight, height, and head circumference of the growing child might be misleading. METHODS: We reanalyzed data of 7,444 boys and 7,375 girls measured in East-Germany between 1986 and 1990, aged from 0 to 7 y with measurements of body length/height, leg length, sitting height, biacromial shoulder breadth, thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, thoracic circumference, body weight, head volume, percentage of body fat, and hip skinfold vertical, using principal component analysis. RESULTS: Strong associations exist between skeletal growth, fat accumulation, and head volume increments. Yet in spite of this general proportionality, skeletal growth, fat acquisition, and head growth exhibit different patterns. Three components explain between almost 60% and more than 75% of cumulative variance between birth and age 7 y. Parameters of skeletal growth predominantly load on the first component and clearly separate from indicators of fat deposition. After age of 2 y, head volume loads on a separate third component in both sexes indicating independence of head growth. CONCLUSION: Under appropriate nutritional and health circumstances, nutritional status, body size, and head circumference are not related. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2017.3 SN - 0031-3998 SN - 1530-0447 VL - 81 SP - 825 EP - 830 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Patterns of sexual dimorphism from birth to senescence JF - Collegium antropologicum N2 - Sexual dimorphism is expressed as median of the female values in percent of the median of the male values, of 4 length measurements, 3 circumferences, and 5 measurements of corpulence respectively fat. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of more than 41.000 German subjects, aged from birth to age 62. The pattern of sexual dimorphism is similar in the length measurements. Girls are shorter at birth, but they increase in length at higher rates than boys and even temporarily overgrow the boys up to age 12. Thereafter, males show an obvious growth advantage leading to some 6 to 9% more length in adult males. In contrast, female circumferences are always smaller, from birth to senescence. Though, the differences between the sexes are low in circumferences, up to age 13, sexual dimorphism increases to 17% in the thoracic circumference at adulthood. Sexual dimorphism in weight and BMI is comparably with that in length measurements while subcutaneous fat and total body fat content are always higher in females. The results highlight that sexual dimorphism develops at different pace in the various components of the body and that it associates with a sex specific growth tempo. KW - sexual dimorphism KW - biological age KW - growth-age KW - adulthood Y1 - 2006 SN - 0350-6134 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 637 EP - 641 PB - Institute for Anthropological Research CY - Zagreb ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Andrea A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Body measurements and the variability of sitting postures at preschool age as preconditions for an optimal adjustment of chairs and tables N2 - Preschool age is a biological stage of intensive longitudinal growth with high plasticity of the growing body and of body postures. It is the period where children learn to persist in a sitting posture for a longer time and to use furniture like chairs or other body supporting systems. The growing body shows a special sensitivity for the manifestation of inappropriate postures. In this study the development of body measurements and sitting behaviour of preschool age children is investigated as a precondition for an optimal adjustment of seats and desks to the growing body. Accordingly to the instructions of Knußmann (1988) and Jürgens (1988) 6 body measurements were taken from 122 German children aged 3 to 7 years from Potsdam, Province Brandenburg. Additionally, every child was videotaped for 10 minutes while crayoning in a sitting position of its own choice using a chair and a desk. To analyse the tapes, the software Noldus Observer was used and examined, picture by picture, to define the different types of sitting postures as well as the duration of persistence in a posture and the number of changes of postures. The used chairs and desks were also measured. Furthermore, the data of the furniture guideline DIN ISO 5970 (DIN, 1981), which regulates the dimensions of furniture for sitting in educational institutions, were compared with the results of the body measurements and with the dimensions of the furniture used by the children. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/aa U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2009/0006 SN - 0003-5548 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle A1 - Jürgens, Hans Wilhelm T1 - Type of body shape, food energy intake and dietary habits in Germany Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Age-sex- and group specifics of physique and state of nutrition Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Ontogenetic aspects of dimensions and proportions in sitting posture Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Physique, type of body shape and nutritional status Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Sex, body type and timing in bodily development : trend statements based on a cross-sectional anthropometric study Y1 - 1997 SN - 953-96073-2-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Age- and sex-specifity of the secular trend of height in East Germany Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trippo, Ulrike A1 - Greil, Holle T1 - Body composition, nutrition and nutritional habits of young and elderly adults Y1 - 1998 ER -