TY - THES A1 - Börner, Hans Gerhard T1 - Exploiting self-organization and functionality of peptides for polymer science T1 - Peptide im Dienste der Polymerwissenschaften : Kontrolle der Selbstorganisation und der Funktionalität N2 - Controlling interactions in synthetic polymers as precisely as in proteins would have a strong impact on polymer science. Advanced structural and functional control can lead to rational design of, integrated nano- and microstructures. To achieve this, properties of monomer sequence defined oligopeptides were exploited. Through their incorporation as monodisperse segments into synthetic polymers we learned in recent four years how to program the structure formation of polymers, to adjust and exploit interactions in such polymers, to control inorganic-organic interfaces in fiber composites and induce structure in Biomacromolecules like DNA for biomedical applications. N2 - Die Kontrolle von Wechselwirkungen in synthetischen Polymersystemen mit vergleichbarer Präzision wie in Polypeptiden und Proteinen hätte einen dramatischen Einfluss auf die Möglichkeiten in den Polymer- und Materialwissenschaften. Um dies zu erreichen, werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Eigenschaften von Oligopeptiden mit definierter Monomersequenz ausgenutzt. Die Integration dieser monodispersen Biosegmente in synthetische Polymere erlaubt z. B. den Aufbau von Peptid-block-Polymer Copolymeren. In solchen sogenannten Peptid-Polymer-Konjugaten sind die Funktionalitäten, die Sekundärwechselwirkungen und die biologische Aktivität des Peptidsegments präzise programmierbar. In den vergangen vier Jahren konnte demonstriert werden, wie in Biokonjugatsystemen die Mikrostrukturbildung gesteuert werden kann, wie definierte Wechselwirkungen in diesen Systemen programmiert und ausgenutzt werden können und wie Grenzflächen zwischen anorganischen und organischen Komponenten in Faserkompositmaterialien kontrolliert werden können. Desweiteren konnten Peptid-Polymer-Konjugate verwendet werden, um für biomedizinische Anwendungen DNS gezielt zu komprimieren oder Zelladhäsion auf Oberflächen zu steuern. KW - Peptid-Polymer-Konjugate KW - Biokonjugate KW - Selbstorganisation KW - peptide-polymer conjugate KW - bioconjugate KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29066 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gressel, Oliver T1 - Supernova-driven turbulence and magnetic field amplification in disk galaxies T1 - Supernovagetriebene Turbulenz und Magnetfeldverstärkung in Scheibengalaxien N2 - Supernovae are known to be the dominant energy source for driving turbulence in the interstellar medium. Yet, their effect on magnetic field amplification in spiral galaxies is still poorly understood. Analytical models based on the uncorrelated-ensemble approach predicted that any created field will be expelled from the disk before a significant amplification can occur. By means of direct simulations of supernova-driven turbulence, we demonstrate that this is not the case. Accounting for vertical stratification and galactic differential rotation, we find an exponential amplification of the mean field on timescales of 100Myr. The self-consistent numerical verification of such a “fast dynamo” is highly beneficial in explaining the observed strong magnetic fields in young galaxies. We, furthermore, highlight the importance of rotation in the generation of helicity by showing that a similar mechanism based on Cartesian shear does not lead to a sustained amplification of the mean magnetic field. This finding impressively confirms the classical picture of a dynamo based on cyclonic turbulence. N2 - Supernovae sind bekanntermaßen die dominante treibende Energiequelle für Turbulenz im interstellaren Medium. Dennoch ist ihre Auswirkung auf die Verstärkung von Magnetfeldern in Spiralgalaxien weitestgehend unverstanden. Analytische Modelle, die auf der Annahme eines unkorrelierten Ensembles beruhen, sagen voraus, dass das erzeugte Feld aus der galaktischen Scheibe herausgedrängt wird bevor eine substantielle Verstärkung erfolgen kann. Mithilfe numerischer Simulationen supernovagetriebener Turbulenz zeigen wir, dass dies nicht der Fall ist. Unter Berücksichtigung einer vertikalen Schichtung und differentieller galaktischer Rotation beobachten wir eine exponentielle Verstärkung des mittleren Magnetfeldes auf einer Zeitskala von 100 Mio. Jahren. Diese selbstkonsistente numerische Bestätigung eines “schnellen Dynamos” erlaubt es, die beobachteten starken Magnetfelder in jungen Galaxien zu erklären. Darüberhinaus stellen wir die Wichtigkeit der Rotation bei der Erzeugung von Helizität heraus, indem wir zeigen, dass ein ähnlicher Effekt basierend auf kartesischer Scherung nicht zu einer Verstärkung des mittleren Magnetfeldes führt. Dies bestätigt eindrucksvoll das klassische Bild zyklonischer Turbulenz. KW - Turbulenz KW - Magnetfelder KW - Magnetohydrodynamik KW - Supernovaüberreste KW - Galaxien KW - turbulence KW - magnetic fields KW - magnetohydrodynamics KW - supernova remnants KW - galaxies Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29094 ER - TY - THES A1 - Oey, Melanie T1 - Chloroplasts as bioreactors : high-yield production of active bacteriolytic protein antibiotics T1 - Chloroplasten als Bioreaktoren : hocheffiziente Produktion von aktiven, bakteriolytischen Proteinantibiotika N2 - Plants, more precisely their chloroplasts with their bacterial-like expression machinery inherited from their cyanobacterial ancestors, can potentially offer a cheap expression system for proteinaceous pharmaceuticals. This system would be easily scalable and provides appropriate safety due to chloroplasts maternal inheritance. In this work, it was shown that three phage lytic enzymes (Pal, Cpl-1 and PlyGBS) could be successfully expressed at very high levels and with high stability in tobacco chloroplasts. PlyGBS expression reached an amount of foreign protein accumulation (> 70% TSP) that has never been obtained before. Although the high expression levels of PlyGBS caused a pale green phenotype with retarded growth, presumably due to exhaustion of plastid protein synthesis capacity, development and seed production were not impaired under greenhouse conditions. Since Pal and Cpl-1 showed toxic effects when expressed in E. coli, a special plastid transformation vector (pTox) was constructed to allow DNA amplification in bacteria. The construction of the pTox transformation vector allowing a recombinase-mediated deletion of an E. coli transcription block in the chloroplast, leading to an increase of foreign protein accumulation to up to 40% of TSP for Pal and 20% of TSP for Cpl-1. High dose-dependent bactericidal efficiency was shown for all three plant-derived lytic enzymes using their pathogenic target bacteria S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae. Confirmation of specificity was obtained for the endotoxic proteins Pal and Cpl-1 by application to E. coli cultures. These results establish tobacco chloroplasts as a new cost-efficient and convenient production platform for phage lytic enzymes and address the greatest obstacle for clinical application. The present study is the first report of lysin production in a non-bacterial system. The properties of chloroplast-produced lysins described in this work, their stability, high accumulation rate and biological activity make them highly attractive candidates for future antibiotics. N2 - Lytische Enzyme aus Bakteriophagen bieten Eigenschaften, die sie zu vielversprechenden Medikamenten im Einsatz gegen bakterielle Krankheiten machen. Obwohl sie speziell beim Einsatz gegen bakterielle Infektionen, welche durch Antibiotika resistente Erreger hervorgerufen werden, eine maßgebende Rolle spielen könnten, waren bisher die hohen Produktionskosten ein Hindernis für die medizinische Anwendung. Ein kostengünstiges und einfach zu handhabendes System, wie beispielsweise Chloroplasten in Pflanzen, würde diese lytischen Enzyme zu einer effizienten Alternative zu herkömmlichen Antibiotika machen. In dieser Arbeit wird erstmals die erfolgreiche Produktion von lytischen Enzymen in Tabak-Chloroplasten vorgestellt, welche mit einem Fremdproteingehalt von mehr als 70% des gesamtlöslichen Proteins der Pflanze eine Menge beschreibt, die bisher mit diesem Verfahren noch nicht erreicht wurde. Alle in Chloroplasten hergestellten lytischen Enzyme zeigten hohe spezifische bakteriolytische Aktivität gegen die gewählten Humanpathogene und waren innerhalb von Minuten in der Lage diese Bakterien abzutöten. Zur Herstellung von zwei lytischen Enzymen wurde in dieser Arbeit ein spezieller Shuttle-Vektor entworfen, der die Expression von toxischen Genen innerhalb von E. coli Zellen im Zuge der DNA Replikation vermeidet, jedoch die Herstellung einer ungehinderten Expression der toxischen Gene in den Chloroplasten nach Beseitigung des Selektionsmarkers erlaubte. Ein Vergleich zwischen einem herkömmlich verwendeten Transformationsvektor und dem Shuttle-Vektor mittels eines Reportergens zeigte, dass das neu entwickelte System bis zu 4 mal mehr Protein produzierte. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen das Potential von Chloroplasten als kostengünstige und leicht zu handhabende Produktionsplattform für lytische Enzyme, welche als neue Generation von Antibiotika attraktive Alternativen zu herkömmlichen Therapien bieten. KW - Phagenlysine KW - Chloroplastentransformation KW - Antibiotikaersatz KW - Antibiotikaresistenz KW - Phage lysins KW - Chloroplast transformation KW - Antibiotic alternatives KW - Antibiotic resistance Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-28950 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zarrieß, Sina A1 - Seeker, Wolfgang T1 - Finite-state rule deduction for parsing non-constituent coordination N2 - In this paper, we present a finite-state approach to constituency and therewith an analysis of coordination phenomena involving so-called non-constituents. We show that non-constituents can be seen as parts of fully-fledged constituents and therefore be coordinated in the same way. We have implemented an algorithm based on finite state automata that generates an LFG grammar assigning valid analyses to non-constituent coordination structures in the German language. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27254 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Yli-Jyrä, Anssi T1 - Transducers from parallel replace rules and modes with generalized lenient composition N2 - Generalized Two-Level Grammar (GTWOL) provides a new method for compilation of parallel replacement rules into transducers. The current paper identifies the role of generalized lenient composition (GLC) in this method. Thanks to the GLC operation, the compilation method becomes bipartite and easily extendible to capture various application modes. In the light of three notions of obligatoriness, a modification to the compilation method is proposed. We argue that the bipartite design makes implementation of parallel obligatoriness, directionality, length and rank based application modes extremely easy, which is the main result of the paper. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27246 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Saléschus, Dirk T1 - On resolving long distance dependencies in Russian verbs N2 - Morphological analyses based on word syntax approaches can encounter difficulties with long distance dependencies. The reason is that in some cases an affix has to have access to the inner structure of the form with which it combines. One solution is the percolation of features from ther inner morphemes to the outer morphemes with some process of feature unification. However, the obstacle of percolation constraints or stipulated features has lead some linguists to argue in favour of other frameworks such as, e.g., realizational morphology or parallel approaches like optimality theory. This paper proposes a linguistic analysis of two long distance dependencies in the morphology of Russian verbs, namely secondary imperfectivization and deverbal nominalization.We show how these processes can be reanalysed as local dependencies. Although finitestate frameworks are not bound by such linguistically motivated considerations, we present an implementation of our analysis as proposed in [1] that does not complicate the grammar or enlarge the network unproportionally. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27235 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Piskorski, Jakub T1 - ExPRESS : extraction pattern recognition engine and specification suite N2 - The emergence of information extraction (IE) oriented pattern engines has been observed during the last decade. Most of them exploit heavily finite-state devices. This paper introduces ExPRESS – a new extraction pattern engine, whose rules are regular expressions over flat feature structures. The underlying pattern language is a blend of two previously introduced IE oriented pattern formalisms, namely, JAPE, used in the widely known GATE system, and the unificationbased XTDL formalism used in SProUT. A brief and technical overview of ExPRESS, its pattern language and the pool of its native linguistic components is given. Furthermore, the implementation of the grammar interpreter is addressed too. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27227 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Padró, Muntsa A1 - Padró, Lluís T1 - ME-CSSR : an extension of CSSR using maximum entropy models N2 - In this work an extension of CSSR algorithm using Maximum Entropy Models is introduced. Preliminary experiments to perform Named Entity Recognition with this new system are presented. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27210 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - González, Jorge A1 - Casacuberta, Francisco T1 - Phrase-based finite state models N2 - In the last years, statistical machine translation has already demonstrated its usefulness within a wide variety of translation applications. In this line, phrase-based alignment models have become the reference to follow in order to build competitive systems. Finite state models are always an interesting framework because there are well-known efficient algorithms for their representation and manipulation. This document is a contribution to the evolution of finite state models towards a phrase-based approach. The inference of stochastic transducers that are based on bilingual phrases is carefully analysed from a finite state point of view. Indeed, the algorithmic phenomena that have to be taken into account in order to deal with such phrase-based finite state models when in decoding time are also in-depth detailed. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27209 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fernando, Tim T1 - Temporal propositions as regular languages N2 - Temporal propositions are mapped to sets of strings that witness (in a precise sense) the propositions over discrete linear Kripke frames. The strings are collected into regular languages to ensure the decidability of entailments given by inclusions between languages. (Various notions of bounded entailment are shown to be expressible as language inclusions.) The languages unwind computations implicit in the logical (and temporal) connectives via a system of finite-state constraints adapted from finite-state morphology. Applications to Hybrid Logic and non-monotonic inertial reasoning are briefly considered. Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27194 ER -