TY  - JOUR
A1  - Essl, Franz
A1  - Dawson, Wayne
A1  - Kreft, Holger
A1  - Pergl, Jan
A1  - Pysek, Petr
A1  - van Kleunen, Mark
A1  - Weigelt, Patrick
A1  - Mang, Thomas
A1  - Dullinger, Stefan
A1  - Lenzner, Bernd
A1  - Moser, Dietmar
A1  - Maurel, Noelie
A1  - Seebens, Hanno
A1  - Stein, Anke
A1  - Weber, Ewald
A1  - Chatelain, Cyrille
A1  - Inderjit, 
A1  - Genovesi, Piero
A1  - Kartesz, John
A1  - Morozova, Olga
A1  - Nishino, Misako
A1  - Nowak, Pauline M.
A1  - Pagad, Shyama
A1  - Shu, Wen-sheng
A1  - Winter, Marten
T1  - Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth
JF  - AoB PLANTS
N2  - Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (similar to 50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (similar to 40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have similar to 6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response.
KW  - Alien species richness
KW  - biogeography
KW  - invasion stages
KW  - islands
KW  - pressures
KW  - vascular plants
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz051
SN  - 2041-2851
VL  - 11
IS  - 5
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  -