TY - JOUR A1 - Scianna, Bastian Matteo ED - Bartrop, Paul R. T1 - Directing the war from triumph to disaster BT - the German and Italian cases JF - The Routledge History of the Second World War N2 - After the Second World War, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were singled out as evil geniuses who misled the masses and plunged them into an “unwanted war.” In relation to their armed forces, this narrative argued that the generals under their command had been demoted to powerless tools in the hands of the dictators, having to follow orders and with no sway over decision-making. It was further asserted that Germany and Italy had not been able to secure a victory due to the dictators’ meddling. Yet, as this chapter shows, there are important differences between the German and Italian cases. The chapter compares both the command structures in which the dictators operated as well as their grand strategies and how they cooperated during the war. Their personal relationship will be also analyzed, as it is impossible to look at the Axis without understanding the complex personal relationship at the very top. The strategies of both Hitler and Mussolini will be looked at and how each leader behaved in terms of working with their closest ally, together with some examples of cooperation on the lower military rungs. Y1 - 2022 SN - 9780429455353 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429455353-16 SP - 181 EP - 194 PB - Routledge CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wentker, Hermann ED - Wirsching, Andreas ED - Lehmann, Lars T1 - Zwischen Föderalismus und Zentralismus BT - die Länder in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und frühen DDR (1945-1952) JF - Nationalstaat und Föderalismus Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-593-45486-3 SN - 978-3-593-51762-9 SP - 133 EP - 152 PB - Campus Verlag CY - Frankfurt am Main ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kay, Alex James T1 - The extermination of Red Army soldiers in German captivity, 1941–1945 BT - causes, patterns, dimensions JF - Journal of Slavic Military Studies N2 - Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945. KW - Red Army KW - prisoners of war KW - Wehrmacht KW - extermination KW - starvation KW - Eastern Europe KW - Second World War Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2024.2340839 SN - 1556-3006 SN - 1351-8046 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 80 EP - 104 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schenck, Marcia C. A1 - Wetzel, Johanna M. T1 - Shifting the means of (knowledge) production BT - teaching applied oral history methods in a global classroom JF - World history connected : the ejournal of learning and teaching ; WHC Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.13021/whc.v19i3.3327 SN - 1931-8642 VL - 19 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kay, Alex James T1 - El exterminio de los cautivos del Ejército Rojo JF - Desperta Ferro: Contemporánea N2 - La Wehrmacht tenía muy claro a qué escala podía esperar capturar a las tropas soviéticas, pero aun así descuidó los preparativos necesarios para alimentar y alojar a unos hombres que los planificadores económicos y los jefes militares consideraron que serían competidores directos de las fuerzas armadas en lo que a víveres se refiere. Las obvias limitaciones a su libertad de movimiento y la relativa facilidad con la que grandes cantidades de ellos pudieron ser segregados y sus raciones controladas fueron factores cruciales a la hora de explicar la muerte de más de tres millones de prisioneros de guerra soviéticos, la inmensa mayoría de ellos como consecuencia directa o indirecta del hambre y la desnutrición. El proceso se inició con un claro desinterés por encargarse debidamente de aquella gente, pero con la llegada del otoño derivó en la decisión clara y meditada de matar de hambre a todos los que no pudieran aportar su trabajo a la economía de guerra o a los ejércitos alemanes. Y1 - 2023 SN - 2340-8820 VL - 56 SP - 57 EP - 60 PB - Desperta Ferro CY - Madrid ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Banditt, Christopher T1 - Die hatten auch alle kein Telefon BT - ostdeutsche Telefonverhältnisse vor und nach der "Wende" Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-86331-665-5 SP - 237 EP - 249 PB - Zentralen für politische Bildung und Metropol Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reininghaus, Moritz T1 - Die Grenzgänge des Rudolf Schottlaender BT - ein deutsch-jüdischer Lebensweg zwischen Ost und West Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-86331-665-5 SP - 112 EP - 123 PB - Zentralen für politische Bildung und Metropol Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wickert, Tilman T1 - Liebesgaben aus West-Berlin BT - die Solidaritätssammlungen der bundesdeutschen Studentenschaft und das Amt für gesamtdeutsche Studentenfragen JF - DDR im Plural Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-86331-665-5 SP - 100 EP - 111 PB - Zentralen für politische Bildung und Metropol Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jenke, Nadine T1 - Eine Frage der Würdigkeit? BT - zur Rolle von NS-Verfolgten im Gerichtssaal JF - DDR im Plural Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-86331-665-5 SP - 34 EP - 47 PB - Zentralen für politische Bildung und Metropol Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jagtiani, Sharinee L. A1 - Wellek, Sophia T1 - In the Shadow of Ukraine BT - India's choices and challenges JF - Survival N2 - In 2022, India captured global attention over its response to the war in Ukraine. While calling for both parties' return to diplomacy, India abstained from several United Nations resolutions condemning Russian aggression. For a country that ostensibly subscribes to the values of democracy and territorial integrity, its response appeared frustrating and contradictory, but it is broadly consistent with its long-standing policy of non-alignment. Although India's relationship with China is increasingly contentious, New Delhi is not yet fully convinced that it is in India's interest to swing westwards. The country's relations with Russia and China are deep, complex and substantive. In addition to the military and economic benefits it derives from its connection with Russia, New Delhi and Moscow share an avowed preference for a more equal, multipolar world. India will eventually have to reflect on the extent to which it can sustain its balancing act. KW - China KW - Galwan Valley KW - democracy KW - India KW - Jawaharlal Nehru KW - non-alignment; KW - Pakistan KW - Quadrilateral Security Dialogue KW - Quad KW - Indo-Pacific KW - Russia KW - Ukraine war KW - United Nations Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2022.2078045 SN - 126962024X SN - 1468-2699 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 29 EP - 48 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER -