TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kansok-Dusche, Julia
A1  - Ballaschk, Cindy
A1  - Krause, Norman
A1  - Zeissig, Anke
A1  - Seemann-Herz, Lisanne
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Bilz, Ludwig
T1  - A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents
BT  - definitions, prevalence, and overlap with related phenomena
JF  - Trauma, violence & abuse : a review journal
N2  - Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.
KW  - hate speech
KW  - bullying
KW  - adolescents
KW  - children
KW  - youth
KW  - systematic review
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221108070
SN  - 1524-8380
SN  - 1552-8324
VL  - 24
IS  - 4
SP  - 2598
EP  - 2615
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  -