TY - JOUR A1 - Arrowsmith, J. Ramon A1 - Crosby, Christopher J. A1 - Korzhenkov, Andrey M. A1 - Mamyrov, Ernest A1 - Povolotskaya, Irina A1 - Guralnik, Benny A1 - Landgraf, Angela T1 - Surface rupture of the 1911 Kebin (Chon-Kemin) earthquake, Northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan JF - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions N2 - The 1911 Chon-Kemin (Kebin) earthquake culminated c. 30 years of remarkable earthquakes in the northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). Building on prior mapping of the event, we traced its rupture in the field and measured more than 50 offset landforms. Cumulative fault rupture length is >155-195 km along 13 fault patches comprising six sections. The patches are separated by changes of dip magnitude or dip direction, or by 4-10 km-wide stepovers. One <40 km section overlaps and is parallel to the main north-dipping rupture but is 7 km north and dips opposite (south). Both ends of the rupture are along mountain front thrust faults demonstrating late Quaternary activity. We computed the moment from each fault patch using the surface fault traces, dip inferred from the traces, 20 km seismogenic thickness, rigidity of 3.3 x 10(10) N m(-2) and dip slip converted from our observations of the largely reverse sense of motion vertical offsets. The discontinuous patches with c. 3-4 m average slip and peak slip of <14 m yield a seismic moment of 4.6 x 10(20) Nm (M-w 7.78) to 7.4 x 10(20) Nm (M-w 7.91). The majority of moment was released along the inner eastern rupture segments. This geological moment is lower by a factor of 1.5 from that determined from teleseismic data. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432.10 SN - 0305-8719 VL - 432 SP - 233 EP - 253 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kübler, Simon A1 - Streich, R. A1 - Lück, Erika A1 - Hoffmann, M. A1 - Friedrich, A. M. A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Active faulting in a populated low-strain setting (Lower Rhine Graben, Central Europe) identified by geomorphic, geophysical and geological analysis JF - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions N2 - The Lower Rhine Graben (Central Europe) is a prime example of a seismically active low-strain rift zone characterized by pronounced anthropogenic and climatic overprint of structures, and long recurrence intervals of large earthquakes. These factors render the identification of active faults and surface ruptures difficult. We investigated two fault scarps in the Lower Rhine Graben, to decipher their structural character, offset and potential seismogenic origin. Both scarps were modified by anthropogenic activity. The Hemmerich site lies c. 20 km SW of Cologne, along the Erft Fault. The Untermaubach site lies SW of Duren, where the Schafberg Fault projects into the Rur River valley. At the Hemmerich site, geomorphic and geophysical data, as well as exploratory coring reveal evidence of repeated normal faulting. Geophysical analysis and palaeoseismological excavation at the Untermaubach site reveal a complex fault zone in Holocene gravels characterized by subtle gravel deformation. Differentiation of tectonic and fluvial features was only possible with trenching, because fault structures and grain sizes of the sediments were below the resolution of the geophysical data. Despite these issues, our investigation demonstrates that valuable insight into past earthquakes and seismogenic deformation in a low-strain environment can be revealed using a multidisciplinary approach. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432.11 SN - 0305-8719 VL - 432 SP - 127 EP - 146 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Frank A1 - Kulikova, Galina A1 - Landgraf, Angela T1 - Instrumental magnitude constraints for the 11 July 1889, Chilik earthquake JF - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions N2 - A series of large-magnitude earthquakes above 6.9 occurred in the northern Tien-Shan between 1885 and 1911. The Chilik earthquake of 11 July 1889, has been listed with a magnitude of 8.3, based on sparse macroseismic intensities, constrained by reported damage. Despite the existence of several juvenile fault scarps in the epicentral region, that are possibly associated with the 1889 earthquake, no through-going surface rupture having the dimensions expected for a magnitude 8.3 earthquake has been located - a puzzling dilemma. Could the magnitude have been overestimated? This would have major implications not only for the understanding of the earthquake series, but also for regional hazard estimates. Fortunately, a fragmentary record from an early Rebeur-Paschwitz seismometer exists for the Chilik event, recorded in Wilhelmshaven (Germany). To constrain the magnitude, we compare the late coda waves of this record with those of recent events from Central Asia, recorded on modern instruments in Germany and filtered with Rebeur-Paschwitz instrument characteristics. Additional constraints come from disturbances of historic magnetograms that exist from the Chilik and the 1911 Chon-Kemin earthquakes. Scaling of these historic records confirm a magnitude of about 8 for the 1889 Chilik earthquake, pointing towards a lower crustal contribution to the fault area. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432.8 SN - 0305-8719 VL - 432 SP - 41 EP - 72 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zöller, Gert A1 - Ullah, Shahid A1 - Bindi, Dino A1 - Parolai, Stefano A1 - Mikhailova, Natalya T1 - The largest expected earthquake magnitudes in Central Asia BT - statistical inference from an earthquake catalogue with uncertain magnitudes JF - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions N2 - The knowledge of the largest expected earthquake magnitude in a region is one of the key issues in probabilistic seismic hazard calculations and the estimation of worst-case scenarios. Earthquake catalogues are the most informative source of information for the inference of earthquake magnitudes. We analysed the earthquake catalogue for Central Asia with respect to the largest expected magnitudes m(T) in a pre-defined time horizon T-f using a recently developed statistical methodology, extended by the explicit probabilistic consideration of magnitude errors. For this aim, we assumed broad error distributions for historical events, whereas the magnitudes of recently recorded instrumental earthquakes had smaller errors. The results indicate high probabilities for the occurrence of large events (M >= 8), even in short time intervals of a few decades. The expected magnitudes relative to the assumed maximum possible magnitude are generally higher for intermediate-depth earthquakes (51-300 km) than for shallow events (0-50 km). For long future time horizons, for example, a few hundred years, earthquakes with M >= 8.5 have to be taken into account, although, apart from the 1889 Chilik earthquake, it is probable that no such event occurred during the observation period of the catalogue. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432.3 SN - 0305-8719 VL - 432 SP - 29 EP - 40 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stein, Seth A1 - Liu, Mian A1 - Camelbeeck, Thierry A1 - Merino, Miguel A1 - Landgraf, Angela A1 - Hintersberger, Esther A1 - Kübler, Simon ED - Landgraf, Angelika ED - Kübler, Simon ED - Hintersberger, Esther ED - Stein, Seth T1 - Challenges in assessing seismic hazard in intraplate Europe JF - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions N2 - Intraplate seismicity is often characterized by episodic, clustered and migrating earthquakes and extended after-shock sequences. Can these observations - primarily from North America, China and Australia - usefully be applied to seismic hazard assessment for intraplate Europe? Existing assessments are based on instrumental and historical seismicity of the past c. 1000 years, as well as some data for active faults. This time span probably fails to capture typical large-event recurrence intervals of the order of tens of thousands of years. Palaeoseismology helps to lengthen the observation window, but preferentially produces data in regions suspected to be seismically active. Thus the expected maximum magnitudes of future earthquakes are fairly uncertain, possibly underestimated, and earthquakes are likely to occur in unexpected locations. These issues particularly arise in considering the hazards posed by low-probability events to both heavily populated areas and critical facilities. For example, are the variations in seismicity (and thus assumed seismic hazard) along the Rhine Graben a result of short sampling or are they real? In addition to a better assessment of hazards with new data and models, it is important to recognize and communicate uncertainties in hazard estimates. The more users know about how much confidence to place in hazard maps, the more effectively the maps can be used. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432.7 SN - 0305-8719 VL - 432 SP - 13 EP - 28 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - BOOK ED - Landgraf, Angela ED - Kübler, Simon ED - Hintersberger, Esther ED - Stein, Seth T1 - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions T3 - Geological Society of London : Special publications N2 - Palaeoseismic records and seismological data from continental interiors increasingly show that these areas of slow strain accumulation are more subject to seismic and associated natural hazards than previously thought. Moreover, some of our instincts developed for assessing hazards at plate boundaries might not apply here. Hence assessing hazards and drawing implications for the future is challenging, and how well it can be done heavily depends on the ability to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of past large earthquakes. This book explores some key issues in understanding hazards in slowly deforming areas. Examples include classic intraplate regions, such as Central and Northern Europe, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Australia, and North and South America, and regions of widely distributed strain, such as the Tien Shan Mountains in Central Asia. The papers in this volume are grouped into two sections. The first section deals with instrumental and historical earthquake data and associated hazard assessments. The second section covers methods from structural geology, palaeoseismology and tectonic geomorphology, and incorporates field evidence Y1 - 2017 UR - http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/432/1 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432 IS - 432 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Landgraf, Angela A1 - Kübler, Simon A1 - Hintersberger, Esther A1 - Stein, Seth T1 - Active tectonics, earthquakes and palaeoseismicity in slowly deforming continents JF - Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-86239-745-3 SN - 978-1-86239-964-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1144/SP432.13 SN - 0305-8719 VL - 432 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - The Geological Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR ED - Kleine-Vehn, Jürgen ED - Sauer, Michael T1 - Plant Hormones BT - Methods and Protocols JF - Methods in Molecular Biology N2 - This volume aims to present a representative cross-section of modern experimental approaches relevant to Plant Hormone Biology, ranging from relatively simple physiological to highly sophisticated methods. Chapters describe physiological, developmental, microscopy-based techniques, measure hormone contents, and heterologous systems. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. KW - phenotyping KW - four-dimensional tissue reconstruction KW - hormonal pathways KW - measure hormone contents KW - heterologous systems Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-4939-6467-3 SN - 978-1-4939-8210-3 SN - 978-1-4939-6469-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6469-7 SN - 1064-3745 SN - 1940-6029 IS - 1497 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kleine-Vehn, Jürgen A1 - Sauer, Michael ED - Kleine-Vehn, Jürgen ED - Sauer, Michael T1 - Preface T2 - Plant Hormones: Methods and Protocols Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-4939-6469-7 SN - 978-1-4939-6467-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6469-7 SN - 1064-3745 SN - 1940-6029 VL - 1497 SP - V EP - V PB - Springer CY - New York ET - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olejko, Lydia A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - FRET efficiency and antenna effect in multi-color DNA origami-based light harvesting systems JF - RSC Advances N2 - Artificial light harvesting complexes find applications in artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics and light harvesting chemical sensors. They are used to enhance the absorption of light of a reaction center which is often represented by a single acceptor. Here, we present different light harvesting systems on DNA origami structures and analyze systematically the light harvesting efficiency. By changing the number and arrangement of different fluorophores (FAM as donor, Cy3 as transmitter and Cy5 as acceptor molecules) the light harvesting efficiency is optimized to create a broadband absorption and to improve the antenna effect 1 (including two energy transfer steps) from 0.02 to 1.58, and the antenna effect 2 (including a single energy transfer step) from 0.04 to 8.7, i.e. the fluorescence emission of the acceptor is significantly higher when the light-harvesting antenna is excited at lower wavelength compared to direct excitation of the acceptor. The channeling of photo energy to the acceptor proceeds by Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and we carefully analyze also the FRET efficiency of the different light harvesting systems. Accordingly, the antenna effect can be tuned by modifying the stoichiometry of donor, transmitter and acceptor dyes, whereas the FRET efficiency is mainly governed by the spectroscopic properties of dyes and their distances. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02114c SN - 2046-2069 VL - 7 IS - 39 SP - 23924 EP - 23934 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER -