TY - JOUR A1 - Kaplan, Aaron A1 - Harel, Moshe A1 - Kaplan-Levy, Ruth N. A1 - Hadas, Ora A1 - Sukenik, Assaf A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke T1 - The languages spoken in the water body (or the biological role of cyanobacterial toxins) JF - Frontiers in microbiology N2 - Although intensification of toxic cyanobacterial blooms over the last decade is a matter of growing concern due to bloom impact on water quality, the biological role of most of the toxins produced is not known. In this critical review we focus primarily on the biological role of two toxins, microcystins and cylindrospermopsin, in inter- and intra-species communication and in nutrient acquisition. We examine the experimental evidence supporting some of the dogmas in the field and raise several open questions to be dealt with in future research. We do not discuss the health and environmental implications of toxin presence in the water body. KW - aoa KW - cylindrospermopsin KW - microcystin KW - cyr KW - mcy Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00138 SN - 1664-302X VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mantzouki, Evanthia A1 - Lurling, Miquel A1 - Fastner, Jutta A1 - Domis, Lisette Nicole de Senerpont A1 - Wilk-Wozniak, Elzbieta A1 - Koreiviene, Judita A1 - Seelen, Laura A1 - Teurlincx, Sven A1 - Verstijnen, Yvon A1 - Krzton, Wojciech A1 - Walusiak, Edward A1 - Karosiene, Jurate A1 - Kasperoviciene, Jurate A1 - Savadova, Ksenija A1 - Vitonyte, Irma A1 - Cillero-Castro, Carmen A1 - Budzynska, Agnieszka A1 - Goldyn, Ryszard A1 - Kozak, Anna A1 - Rosinska, Joanna A1 - Szelag-Wasielewska, Elzbieta A1 - Domek, Piotr A1 - Jakubowska-Krepska, Natalia A1 - Kwasizur, Kinga A1 - Messyasz, Beata A1 - Pelechata, Aleksandra A1 - Pelechaty, Mariusz A1 - Kokocinski, Mikolaj A1 - Garcia-Murcia, Ana A1 - Real, Monserrat A1 - Romans, Elvira A1 - Noguero-Ribes, Jordi A1 - Parreno Duque, David A1 - Fernandez-Moran, Elisabeth A1 - Karakaya, Nusret A1 - Haggqvist, Kerstin A1 - Demir, Nilsun A1 - Beklioglu, Meryem A1 - Filiz, Nur A1 - Levi, Eti E. A1 - Iskin, Ugur A1 - Bezirci, Gizem A1 - Tavsanoglu, Ulku Nihan A1 - Ozhan, Koray A1 - Gkelis, Spyros A1 - Panou, Manthos A1 - Fakioglu, Ozden A1 - Avagianos, Christos A1 - Kaloudis, Triantafyllos A1 - Celik, Kemal A1 - Yilmaz, Mete A1 - Marce, Rafael A1 - Catalan, Nuria A1 - Bravo, Andrea G. A1 - Buck, Moritz A1 - Colom-Montero, William A1 - Mustonen, Kristiina A1 - Pierson, Don A1 - Yang, Yang A1 - Raposeiro, Pedro M. A1 - Goncalves, Vitor A1 - Antoniou, Maria G. A1 - Tsiarta, Nikoletta A1 - McCarthy, Valerie A1 - Perello, Victor C. A1 - Feldmann, Tonu A1 - Laas, Alo A1 - Panksep, Kristel A1 - Tuvikene, Lea A1 - Gagala, Ilona A1 - Mankiewicz-Boczek, Joana A1 - Yagci, Meral Apaydin A1 - Cinar, Sakir A1 - Capkin, Kadir A1 - Yagci, Abdulkadir A1 - Cesur, Mehmet A1 - Bilgin, Fuat A1 - Bulut, Cafer A1 - Uysal, Rahmi A1 - Obertegger, Ulrike A1 - Boscaini, Adriano A1 - Flaim, Giovanna A1 - Salmaso, Nico A1 - Cerasino, Leonardo A1 - Richardson, Jessica A1 - Visser, Petra M. A1 - Verspagen, Jolanda M. H. A1 - Karan, Tunay A1 - Soylu, Elif Neyran A1 - Maraslioglu, Faruk A1 - Napiorkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka A1 - Ochocka, Agnieszka A1 - Pasztaleniec, Agnieszka A1 - Antao-Geraldes, Ana M. A1 - Vasconcelos, Vitor A1 - Morais, Joao A1 - Vale, Micaela A1 - Koker, Latife A1 - Akcaalan, Reyhan A1 - Albay, Meric A1 - Maronic, Dubravka Spoljaric A1 - Stevic, Filip A1 - Pfeiffer, Tanja Zuna A1 - Fonvielle, Jeremy Andre A1 - Straile, Dietmar A1 - Rothhaupt, Karl-Otto A1 - Hansson, Lars-Anders A1 - Urrutia-Cordero, Pablo A1 - Blaha, Ludek A1 - Geris, Rodan A1 - Frankova, Marketa A1 - Kocer, Mehmet Ali Turan A1 - Alp, Mehmet Tahir A1 - Remec-Rekar, Spela A1 - Elersek, Tina A1 - Triantis, Theodoros A1 - Zervou, Sevasti-Kiriaki A1 - Hiskia, Anastasia A1 - Haande, Sigrid A1 - Skjelbred, Birger A1 - Madrecka, Beata A1 - Nemova, Hana A1 - Drastichova, Iveta A1 - Chomova, Lucia A1 - Edwards, Christine A1 - Sevindik, Tugba Ongun A1 - Tunca, Hatice A1 - OEnem, Burcin A1 - Aleksovski, Boris A1 - Krstic, Svetislav A1 - Vucelic, Itana Bokan A1 - Nawrocka, Lidia A1 - Salmi, Pauliina A1 - Machado-Vieira, Danielle A1 - de Oliveira, Alinne Gurjao A1 - Delgado-Martin, Jordi A1 - Garcia, David A1 - Cereijo, Jose Luis A1 - Goma, Joan A1 - Trapote, Mari Carmen A1 - Vegas-Vilarrubia, Teresa A1 - Obrador, Biel A1 - Grabowska, Magdalena A1 - Karpowicz, Maciej A1 - Chmura, Damian A1 - Ubeda, Barbara A1 - Angel Galvez, Jose A1 - Ozen, Arda A1 - Christoffersen, Kirsten Seestern A1 - Warming, Trine Perlt A1 - Kobos, Justyna A1 - Mazur-Marzec, Hanna A1 - Perez-Martinez, Carmen A1 - Ramos-Rodriguez, Eloisa A1 - Arvola, Lauri A1 - Alcaraz-Parraga, Pablo A1 - Toporowska, Magdalena A1 - Pawlik-Skowronska, Barbara A1 - Niedzwiecki, Michal A1 - Peczula, Wojciech A1 - Leira, Manel A1 - Hernandez, Armand A1 - Moreno-Ostos, Enrique A1 - Maria Blanco, Jose A1 - Rodriguez, Valeriano A1 - Juan Montes-Perez, Jorge A1 - Palomino, Roberto L. A1 - Rodriguez-Perez, Estela A1 - Carballeira, Rafael A1 - Camacho, Antonio A1 - Picazo, Antonio A1 - Rochera, Carlos A1 - Santamans, Anna C. A1 - Ferriol, Carmen A1 - Romo, Susana A1 - Miguel Soria, Juan A1 - Dunalska, Julita A1 - Sienska, Justyna A1 - Szymanski, Daniel A1 - Kruk, Marek A1 - Kostrzewska-Szlakowska, Iwona A1 - Jasser, Iwona A1 - Zutinic, Petar A1 - Udovic, Marija Gligora A1 - Plenkovic-Moraj, Andelka A1 - Frak, Magdalena A1 - Bankowska-Sobczak, Agnieszka A1 - Wasilewicz, Michal A1 - Ozkan, Korhan A1 - Maliaka, Valentini A1 - Kangro, Kersti A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Paerl, Hans W. A1 - Carey, Cayelan C. A1 - Ibelings, Bas W. T1 - Temperature effects explain continental scale distribution of cyanobacterial toxins JF - Toxins N2 - Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains. KW - microcystin KW - anatoxin KW - cylindrospermopsin KW - temperature KW - direct effects KW - indirect effects KW - spatial distribution KW - European Multi Lake Survey Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040156 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 10 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - des Aulnois, Maxime Georges A1 - Réveillon, Damien A1 - Robert, Elise A1 - Caruana, Amandine A1 - Briand, Enora A1 - Guljamow, Arthur A1 - Dittmann, Elke A1 - Amzil, Zouher A1 - Bormans, Myriam T1 - Salt shock responses of Microcystis revealed through physiological, transcript, and metabolomic analyses JF - Toxins N2 - The transfer of Microcystis aeruginosa from freshwater to estuaries has been described worldwide and salinity is reported as the main factor controlling the expansion of M. aeruginosa to coastal environments. Analyzing the expression levels of targeted genes and employing both targeted and non-targeted metabolomic approaches, this study investigated the effect of a sudden salt increase on the physiological and metabolic responses of two toxic M. aeruginosa strains separately isolated from fresh and brackish waters, respectively, PCC 7820 and 7806. Supported by differences in gene expressions and metabolic profiles, salt tolerance was found to be strain specific. An increase in salinity decreased the growth of M. aeruginosa with a lesser impact on the brackish strain. The production of intracellular microcystin variants in response to salt stress correlated well to the growth rate for both strains. Furthermore, the release of microcystins into the surrounding medium only occurred at the highest salinity treatment when cell lysis occurred. This study suggests that the physiological responses of M. aeruginosa involve the accumulation of common metabolites but that the intraspecific salt tolerance is based on the accumulation of specific metabolites. While one of these was determined to be sucrose, many others remain to be identified. Taken together, these results provide evidence that M. aeruginosa is relatively salt tolerant in the mesohaline zone and microcystin (MC) release only occurs when the capacity of the cells to deal with salt increase is exceeded. KW - Microcystis aeruginosa KW - microcystin KW - salt stress KW - metabolomic KW - transcript Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030192 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 12 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Svanys, Algirdas A1 - Eigemann, Falk A1 - Großart, Hans-Peter A1 - Hilt, Sabine T1 - Microcystins do not necessarily lower the sensitivity of Microcystis aeruginosa to tannic acid JF - FEMS microbiology letters N2 - Different phytoplankton strains have been shown to possess varying sensitivities towards macrophyte allelochemicals, yet the reasons for this are largely unknown. To test whether microcystin (MC) is responsible for strain-specific sensitivities of Microcystis aeruginosa to macrophyte allelochemicals, we compared the sensitivity of 12 MC- and non-MC-producing M. aeruginosa strains, including an MC-deficient mutant and its wild type, to the polyphenolic allelochemical tannic acid (TA). Non-MC-producing strains showed a significantly higher sensitivity to TA than MC-producing strains, both in Chlorophyll a concentrations and quantum yields of photosystem II. In contrast, an MC-deficient mutant displayed a higher fitness against TA compared to its wild type. These results suggest that the resistance of M. aeruginosa to polyphenolic allelochemicals is not primarily related to MCs per se, but to other yet unknown protective mechanisms related to MCs. KW - allelopathy KW - Delta mcyB mutant KW - microcystin KW - Microcystis aeruginosa KW - tannic acid Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv227 SN - 0378-1097 SN - 1574-6968 VL - 363 SP - 53 EP - 77 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guljamow, Arthur A1 - Barchewitz, Tino A1 - Große, Rebecca A1 - Timm, Stefan A1 - Hagemann, Martin A1 - Dittmann, Elke T1 - Diel Variations of Extracellular Microcystin Influence the Subcellular Dynamics of RubisCO in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 JF - Microorganisms : open access journal N2 - The ubiquitous freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis is remarkably successful, showing a high tolerance against fluctuations in environmental conditions. It frequently forms dense blooms which can accumulate significant amounts of the hepatotoxin microcystin, which plays an extracellular role as an infochemical but also acts intracellularly by interacting with proteins of the carbon metabolism, notably with the CO2 fixing enzyme RubisCO. Here we demonstrate a direct link between external microcystin and its intracellular targets. Monitoring liquid cultures of Microcystis in a diel experiment revealed fluctuations in the extracellular microcystin content that correlate with an increase in the binding of microcystin to intracellular proteins. Concomitantly, reversible relocation of RubisCO from the cytoplasm to the cell’s periphery was observed. These variations in RubisCO localization were especially pronounced with cultures grown at higher cell densities. We replicated these effects by adding microcystin externally to cultures grown under continuous light. Thus, we propose that microcystin may be part of a fast response to conditions of high light and low carbon that contribute to the metabolic flexibility and the success of Microcystis in the field. KW - cyanobacterial bloom KW - Microcystis KW - microcystin KW - RubisCO KW - extracellular signaling Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061265 SN - 2076-2607 VL - 9 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke A1 - Fewer, David P. A1 - Neilan, Brett A. T1 - Cyanobacterial toxins biosynthetic routes and evolutionary roots JF - FEMS microbiology reviews N2 - Cyanobacteria produce an unparalleled variety of toxins that can cause severe health problems or even death in humans, and wild or domestic animals. In the last decade, biosynthetic pathways have been assigned to the majority of the known toxin families. This review summarizes current knowledge about the enzymatic basis for the production of the hepatotoxins microcystin and nodularin, the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin, the neurotoxins anatoxin and saxitoxin, and the dermatotoxin lyngbyatoxin. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of the toxins has paved the way for the development of molecular techniques for the detection and quantification of the producing cyanobacteria in different environments. Phylogenetic analyses of related clusters from a large number of strains has also allowed for the reconstruction of the evolutionary scenarios that have led to the emergence, diversification, and loss of such gene clusters in different strains and genera of cyanobacteria. Advances in the understanding of toxin biosynthesis and evolution have provided new methods for drinking-water quality control and may inspire the development of techniques for the management of bloom formation in the future. KW - microcystin KW - cylindrospermopsin KW - anatoxin KW - saxitoxin KW - cyanobacteria Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.12000.x SN - 0168-6445 SN - 1574-6976 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 43 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER -