TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schwarz, Wolfgang
T1  - Compensating tendencies in penalty kick decisions of referees in professional football evidence from the German Bundesliga 1963-2006
JF  - Journal of sports sciences
N2  - Using a large representative database (12,902 matches from the top professional football league in Germany), I show that the number (441) of two-penalty matches is larger than expected by chance, and that among these 441 matches there are considerably more matches in which each team is awarded one penalty than would be expected on the basis of independent penalty kick decisions (odds ratio=11.2, relative risk=6.34). Additional analyses based on the score in the match before a penalty is awarded and on the timing of penalties, suggest that awarding a first penalty to one team raises the referee's penalty evidence criterion for the same team, and lowers the corresponding criterion for the other team.
KW  - Decision-making
KW  - biased decisions
KW  - Bundesliga
KW  - sports statistics
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.538711
SN  - 0264-0414
VL  - 29
IS  - 5
SP  - 441
EP  - 447
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  -