TY  - JOUR
A1  - Faber, Eike
T1  - Anti-Germanism in Constantinople or the Revolt of Gainas?
JF  - New perspectives on late antiquity
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 978-1-4438-2718-8
SN  - 978-1-4438-2809-3
SP  - 124
EP  - 135
PB  - Cambridge Scholars
CY  - Newcastle upon Tyne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abdo, A. A.
A1  - Ackermann, Margit
A1  - Ajello, M.
A1  - Allafort, A. J.
A1  - Baldini, L.
A1  - Ballet, J.
A1  - Barbiellini, G.
A1  - Baring, M. G.
A1  - Bastieri, D.
A1  - Bechtol, K. C.
A1  - Bellazzini, R.
A1  - Berenji, B.
A1  - Blandford, R. D.
A1  - Bloom, E. D.
A1  - Bonamente, E.
A1  - Borgland, A. W.
A1  - Bouvier, A.
A1  - Brandt, T. J.
A1  - Bregeon, Johan
A1  - Brez, A.
A1  - Brigida, M.
A1  - Bruel, P.
A1  - Buehler, R.
A1  - Buson, S.
A1  - Caliandro, G. A.
A1  - Cameron, R. A.
A1  - Cannon, A.
A1  - Caraveo, P. A.
A1  - Carrigan, Svenja
A1  - Casandjian, J. M.
A1  - Cavazzuti, E.
A1  - Cecchi, C.
A1  - Celik, O.
A1  - Charles, E.
A1  - Chekhtman, A.
A1  - Cheung, C. C.
A1  - Chiang, J.
A1  - Ciprini, S.
A1  - Claus, R.
A1  - Cohen-Tanugi, J.
A1  - Conrad, Jan
A1  - Cutini, S.
A1  - Dermer, C. D.
A1  - de Palma, F.
A1  - do Couto e Silva, E.
A1  - Drell, P. S.
A1  - Dubois, R.
A1  - Dumora, D.
A1  - Favuzzi, C.
A1  - Fegan, S. J.
A1  - Ferrara, E. C.
A1  - Focke, W. B.
A1  - Fortin, P.
A1  - Frailis, M.
A1  - Fuhrmann, L.
A1  - Fukazawa, Y.
A1  - Funk, S.
A1  - Fusco, P.
A1  - Gargano, F.
A1  - Gasparrini, D.
A1  - Gehrels, N.
A1  - Germani, S.
A1  - Giglietto, N.
A1  - Giordano, F.
A1  - Giroletti, M.
A1  - Glanzman, T.
A1  - Godfrey, G.
A1  - Grenier, I. A.
A1  - Guillemot, L.
A1  - Guiriec, S.
A1  - Hayashida, M.
A1  - Hays, E.
A1  - Horan, D.
A1  - Hughes, R. E.
A1  - Johannesson, G.
A1  - Johnson, A. S.
A1  - Johnson, W. N.
A1  - Kadler, M.
A1  - Kamae, T.
A1  - Katagiri, H.
A1  - Kataoka, J.
A1  - Knoedlseder, J.
A1  - Kuss, M.
A1  - Lande, J.
A1  - Latronico, L.
A1  - Lee, S. -H.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Longo, F.
A1  - Loparco, F.
A1  - Lott, B.
A1  - Lovellette, M. N.
A1  - Lubrano, P.
A1  - Madejski, G. M.
A1  - Makeev, A.
A1  - Max-Moerbeck, W.
A1  - Mazziotta, Mario Nicola
A1  - McEnery, J. E.
A1  - Mehault, J.
A1  - Michelson, P. F.
A1  - Mitthumsiri, W.
A1  - Mizuno, T.
A1  - Moiseev, A. A.
A1  - Monte, C.
A1  - Monzani, M. E.
A1  - Morselli, A.
A1  - Moskalenko, I. V.
A1  - Murgia, S.
A1  - Naumann-Godo, M.
A1  - Nishino, S.
A1  - Nolan, P. L.
A1  - Norris, J. P.
A1  - Nuss, E.
A1  - Ohsugi, T.
A1  - Okumura, A.
A1  - Omodei, N.
A1  - Orlando, E.
A1  - Ormes, J. F.
A1  - Paneque, D.
A1  - Panetta, J. H.
A1  - Parent, D.
A1  - Pavlidou, V.
A1  - Pearson, T. J.
A1  - Pelassa, V.
A1  - Pepe, M.
A1  - Pesce-Rollins, M.
A1  - Piron, F.
A1  - Porter, T. A.
A1  - Raino, S.
A1  - Rando, R.
A1  - Razzano, M.
A1  - Readhead, A.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Richards, J. L.
A1  - Ripken, J.
A1  - Ritz, S.
A1  - Roth, M.
A1  - Sadrozinski, H. F. -W.
A1  - Sanchez, D.
A1  - Sander, A.
A1  - Scargle, J. D.
A1  - Sgro, C.
A1  - Siskind, E. J.
A1  - Smith, P. D.
A1  - Spandre, G.
A1  - Spinelli, P.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Stevenson, M.
A1  - Strickman, M. S.
A1  - Sokolovsky, K. V.
A1  - Suson, D. J.
A1  - Takahashi, H.
A1  - Takahashi, T.
A1  - Tanaka, T.
A1  - Thayer, J. B.
A1  - Thayer, J. G.
A1  - Thompson, D. J.
A1  - Tibaldo, L.
A1  - Torres, F.
A1  - Tosti, G.
A1  - Tramacere, A.
A1  - Uchiyama, Y.
A1  - Usher, T. L.
A1  - Vandenbroucke, J.
A1  - Vasileiou, V.
A1  - Vilchez, N.
A1  - Vitale, V.
A1  - Waite, A. P.
A1  - Wang, P.
A1  - Wehrle, A. E.
A1  - Winer, B. L.
A1  - Wood, K. S.
A1  - Yang, Z.
A1  - Ylinen, T.
A1  - Zensus, J. A.
A1  - Ziegler, M.
A1  - Aleksic, J.
A1  - Antonelli, L. A.
A1  - Antoranz, P.
A1  - Backes, Michael
A1  - Barrio, J. A.
A1  - Gonzalez, J. Becerra
A1  - Bednarek, W.
A1  - Berdyugin, A.
A1  - Berger, K.
A1  - Bernardini, E.
A1  - Biland, A.
A1  - Blanch Bigas, O.
A1  - Bock, R. K.
A1  - Boller, A.
A1  - Bonnoli, G.
A1  - Bordas, Pol
A1  - Tridon, D. Borla
A1  - Bosch-Ramon, Valentin
A1  - Bose, D.
A1  - Braun, I.
A1  - Bretz, T.
A1  - Camara, M.
A1  - Carmona, E.
A1  - Carosi, A.
A1  - Colin, P.
A1  - Colombo, E.
A1  - Contreras, J. L.
A1  - Cortina, J.
A1  - Covino, S.
A1  - Dazzi, F.
A1  - de Angelis, A.
A1  - del Pozo, E. De Cea
A1  - De Lotto, B.
A1  - De Maria, M.
A1  - De Sabata, F.
A1  - Mendez, C. Delgado
A1  - Ortega, A. Diago
A1  - Doert, M.
A1  - Dominguez, A.
A1  - Prester, Dijana Dominis
A1  - Dorner, D.
A1  - Doro, M.
A1  - Elsaesser, D.
A1  - Ferenc, D.
A1  - Fonseca, M. V.
A1  - Font, L.
A1  - Lopen, R. J. Garcia
A1  - Garczarczyk, M.
A1  - Gaug, M.
A1  - Giavitto, G.
A1  - Godinovi, N.
A1  - Hadasch, D.
A1  - Herrero, A.
A1  - Hildebrand, D.
A1  - Hoehne-Moench, D.
A1  - Hose, J.
A1  - Hrupec, D.
A1  - Jogler, T.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Kraehenbuehl, T.
A1  - Kranich, D.
A1  - Krause, J.
A1  - La Barbera, A.
A1  - Leonardo, E.
A1  - Lindfors, E.
A1  - Lombardi, S.
A1  - Lopez, M.
A1  - Lorenz, E.
A1  - Majumdar, P.
A1  - Makariev, E.
A1  - Maneva, G.
A1  - Mankuzhiyil, N.
A1  - Mannheim, K.
A1  - Maraschi, L.
A1  - Mariotti, M.
A1  - Martinez, M.
A1  - Mazin, D.
A1  - Meucci, M.
A1  - Miranda, J. M.
A1  - Mirzoyan, R.
A1  - Miyamoto, H.
A1  - Moldon, J.
A1  - Moralejo, A.
A1  - Nieto, D.
A1  - Nilsson, K.
A1  - Orito, R.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Paoletti, R.
A1  - Paredes, J. M.
A1  - Partini, S.
A1  - Pasanen, M.
A1  - Pauss, F.
A1  - Pegna, R. G.
A1  - Perez-Torres, M. A.
A1  - Persic, M.
A1  - Peruzzo, J.
A1  - Pochon, J.
A1  - Moroni, P. G. Prada
A1  - Prada, F.
A1  - Prandini, E.
A1  - Puchades, N.
A1  - Puljak, I.
A1  - Reichardt, T.
A1  - Reinthal, R.
A1  - Rhode, W.
A1  - Ribo, M.
A1  - Rico, J.
A1  - Rissi, M.
A1  - Ruegamer, S.
A1  - Saggion, A.
A1  - Saito, K.
A1  - Saito, T. Y.
A1  - Salvati, M.
A1  - Sanchez-Conde, M.
A1  - Satalecka, K.
A1  - Scalzotto, V.
A1  - Scapin, V.
A1  - Schultz, C.
A1  - Schweizer, T.
A1  - Shayduk, M.
A1  - Shore, S. N.
A1  - Sierpowska-Bartosik, A.
A1  - Sillanpaa, A.
A1  - Sitarek, J.
A1  - Sobczynska, D.
A1  - Spanier, F.
A1  - Spiro, S.
A1  - Stamerra, A.
A1  - Steinke, B.
A1  - Storz, J.
A1  - Strah, N.
A1  - Struebig, J. C.
A1  - Suric, T.
A1  - Takalo, L. O.
A1  - Tavecchio, F.
A1  - Temnikov, P.
A1  - Terzic, T.
A1  - Tescaro, D.
A1  - Teshima, M.
A1  - Vankov, H.
A1  - Wagner, R. M.
A1  - Weitzel, Q.
A1  - Zabalza, V.
A1  - Zandanel, F.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Acciari, V. A.
A1  - Arlen, T.
A1  - Aune, T.
A1  - Benbow, W.
A1  - Boltuch, D.
A1  - Bradbury, S. M.
A1  - Buckley, J. H.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Cannon, A.
A1  - Cesarini, A.
A1  - Ciupik, L.
A1  - Cui, W.
A1  - Dickherber, R.
A1  - Errando, M.
A1  - Falcone, A.
A1  - Finley, J. P.
A1  - Finnegan, G.
A1  - Fortson, L.
A1  - Furniss, A.
A1  - Galante, N.
A1  - Gall, D.
A1  - Gillanders, G. H.
A1  - Godambe, S.
A1  - Grube, J.
A1  - Guenette, R.
A1  - Gyuk, G.
A1  - Hanna, D.
A1  - Holder, J.
A1  - Huang, D.
A1  - Hui, C. M.
A1  - Humensky, T. B.
A1  - Kaaret, P.
A1  - Karlsson, N.
A1  - Kertzman, M.
A1  - Kieda, D.
A1  - Konopelko, A.
A1  - Krawczynski, H.
A1  - Krennrich, F.
A1  - Lang, M. J.
A1  - Maier, G.
A1  - McArthur, S.
A1  - McCann, A.
A1  - McCutcheon, M.
A1  - Moriarty, P.
A1  - Mukherjee, R.
A1  - Ong, R.
A1  - Otte, N.
A1  - Pandel, D.
A1  - Perkins, J. S.
A1  - Pichel, A.
A1  - Pohl, M.
A1  - Quinn, J.
A1  - Ragan, K.
A1  - Reyes, L. C.
A1  - Reynolds, P. T.
A1  - Roache, E.
A1  - Rose, H. J.
A1  - Rovero, A. C.
A1  - Schroedter, M.
A1  - Sembroski, G. H.
A1  - Senturk, G. D.
A1  - Steele, D.
A1  - Swordy, S. P.
A1  - Tesic, G.
A1  - Theiling, M.
A1  - Thibadeau, S.
A1  - Varlotta, A.
A1  - Vincent, S.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Ward, J. E.
A1  - Weekes, T. C.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - Weisgarber, T.
A1  - Williams, D. A.
A1  - Wood, M.
A1  - Zitzer, B.
A1  - Villata, M.
A1  - Raiteri, C. M.
A1  - Aller, H. D.
A1  - Aller, M. F.
A1  - Arkharov, A. A.
A1  - Blinov, D. A.
A1  - Calcidese, P.
A1  - Chen, W. P.
A1  - Efimova, N. V.
A1  - Kimeridze, G.
A1  - Konstantinova, T. S.
A1  - Kopatskaya, E. N.
A1  - Koptelova, E.
A1  - Kurtanidze, O. M.
A1  - Kurtanidze, S. O.
A1  - Lahteenmaki, A.
A1  - Larionov, V. M.
A1  - Larionova, E. G.
A1  - Larionova, L. V.
A1  - Ligustri, R.
A1  - Morozova, D. A.
A1  - Nikolashvili, M. G.
A1  - Sigua, L. A.
A1  - Troitsky, I. S.
A1  - Angelakis, E.
A1  - Capalbi, M.
A1  - Carraminana, A.
A1  - Carrasco, L.
A1  - Cassaro, P.
A1  - de la Fuente, E.
A1  - Gurwell, M. A.
A1  - Kovalev, Y. Y.
A1  - Kovalev, Yu. A.
A1  - Krichbaum, T. P.
A1  - Krimm, H. A.
A1  - Leto, Paolo
A1  - Lister, M. L.
A1  - Maccaferri, G.
A1  - Moody, J. W.
A1  - Mori, Y.
A1  - Nestoras, I.
A1  - Orlati, A.
A1  - Pagani, C.
A1  - Pace, C.
A1  - Pearson, R.
A1  - Perri, M.
A1  - Piner, B. G.
A1  - Pushkarev, A. B.
A1  - Ros, E.
A1  - Sadun, A. C.
A1  - Sakamoto, T.
A1  - Tornikoski, M.
A1  - Yatsu, Y.
A1  - Zook, A.
T1  - Insights into the high-energy gamma-Ray emission of markarian 501 fromextensive multifrequency observations in the fermi era
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - We report on the gamma-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 +/- 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 +/- 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 +/- 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size less than or similar to 0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (similar or equal to 10(44) erg s(-1)) constitutes only a small fraction (similar to 10(-3)) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20 GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude.
KW  - acceleration of particles
KW  - BL Lacertae objects: general
KW  - BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501)
KW  - galaxies: active
KW  - gamma rays: general
KW  - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/129
SN  - 0004-637X
VL  - 727
IS  - 2
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Di Giacomo, Domenico
A1  - Bindi, Dino
A1  - Parolai, Stefano
A1  - Oth, Adrien
T1  - Residual analysis of teleseismic P-wave energy magnitude estimates: inter- and intrastation variability
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - P>Computing the magnitude of an earthquake requires correcting for the propagation effects from the source to the receivers. This is often accomplished by performing numerical simulations using a suitable Earth model. In this work, the energy magnitude M(e) is considered and its determination is performed using theoretical spectral amplitude decay functions over teleseismic distances based on the global Earth model AK135Q. Since the high frequency part (above the corner frequency) of the source spectrum has to be considered in computing M(e), the influence of propagation and site effects may not be negligible and they could bias the single station M(e) estimations. Therefore, in this study we assess the inter- and intrastation distributions of errors by considering the M(e) residuals computed for a large data set of earthquakes recorded at teleseismic distances by seismic stations deployed worldwide. To separate the inter- and intrastation contribution of errors, we apply a maximum likelihood approach to the M(e) residuals. We show that the interstation errors (describing a sort of site effect for a station) are within +/- 0.2 magnitude units for most stations and their spatial distribution reflects the expected lateral variation affecting the velocity and attenuation of the Earth's structure in the uppermost layers, not accounted for by the 1-D AK135Q model. The variance of the intrastation error distribution (describing the record-to-record component of variability) is larger than the interstation one (0.240 against 0.159), and the spatial distribution of the errors is not random but shows specific patterns depending on the source-to-station paths. The set of coefficients empirically determined may be used in the future to account for the heterogeneities of the real Earth not considered in the theoretical calculations of the spectral amplitude decay functions used to correct the recorded data for propagation effects.
KW  - Time series analysis
KW  - Earthquake source observations
KW  - Body waves
KW  - Site effects
KW  - Wave propagation
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05019.x
SN  - 0956-540X
VL  - 185
IS  - 3
SP  - 1444
EP  - 1454
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Malden
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lück, Erika
A1  - Rühlmann, Jörg
A1  - Kirchmann, Holger
T1  - Properties of soils from the Swedish long-term fertility experiments  VI. Mapping soil electrical conductivity with different geophysical methods
JF  - Acta agriculturae Scandinavica : Section B, Soil and plant science
N2  - Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments were used to investigate the effect of texture and fertilization regime on soil electrical conductivity. In one geophysical approach, fields were mapped to characterize the horizontal variability in apparent electrical conductivity down to 1.5 m soil depth using an electromagnetic induction meter (EM38 device). The data obtained were geo-referenced by dGPS. The other approach consisted of measuring the vertical variability in electrical conductivity along transects using a multi-electrode apparatus for electrical resistivity tomography (GeoTom RES/IP device) down to 2 m depth. Geophysical field work was complemented by soil analyses. The results showed that despite 40 years of different fertilization regimes, treatments had no significant effects on the apparent electrical conductivity. Instead, the comparison of sites revealed high and low conductivity soils, with gradual differences explained by soil texture. A significant, linear relationship found between apparent electrical conductivity and soil clay content explained 80% of the variability measured. In terms of soil depth, both low and high electrical conductivity values were measured. Abrupt changes in electrical conductivity within a field revealed the presence of 'deviating areas'. Higher values corresponded well with layers with a high clay content, while local inclusions of coarse-textured materials caused a high variability in conductivity in some fields. The geophysical methods tested provided useful information on the variability in soil texture at the experimental sites. The use of spatial EC variability as a co-variable in statistical analysis could be a complementary tool in the evaluation of experimental results.
KW  - Conductivity depth model
KW  - conductivity map
KW  - electrical resistivity
KW  - soil heterogeneity
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2010.502124
SN  - 0906-4710
VL  - 61
IS  - 5
SP  - 438
EP  - 447
PB  - Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Oslo
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Sperfeld, Erik
T1  - Effects of temperature and co-limiting nutritional components on life history traits of Daphnia magna and its biochemical composition
Y1  - 2011
CY  - Potsdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Konrad-Schmolke, Matthias
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick J.
A1  - Zack, Thomas
T1  - Fluid Migration above a Subducted Slab-Constraints on Amount, Pathways and Major Element Mobility from Partially Overprinted Eclogite-facies Rocks (Sesia Zone, Western Alps)
JF  - Journal of petrology
N2  - The Western Alpine Sesia-Lanzo Zone (SLZ) is a sliver of eclogite-facies continental crust exhumed from mantle depths in the hanging wall of a subducted oceanic slab. Eclogite-facies felsic and basic rocks sampled across the internal SLZ show different degrees of retrograde metamorphic overprint associated with fluid influx. The weakly deformed samples preserve relict eclogite-facies mineral assemblages that show partial fluid-induced compositional re-equilibration along grain boundaries, brittle fractures and other fluid pathways. Multiple fluid influx stages are indicated by replacement of primary omphacite by phengite, albitic plagioclase and epidote as well as partial re-equilibration and/or overgrowths in phengite and sodic amphibole, producing characteristic step-like compositional zoning patterns. The observed textures, together with the map-scale distribution of the samples, suggest open-system, pervasive and reactive fluid flux across large rock volumes above the subducted slab. Thermodynamic modelling indicates a minimum amount of fluid of 0 center dot 1-0 center dot 5 wt % interacting with the wall-rocks. Phase relations and reaction textures indicate mobility of K, Ca, Fe and Mg, whereas Al is relatively immobile in these medium-temperature-high-pressure fluids. Furthermore, the thermodynamic models show that recycling of previously fractionated material, such as in the cores of garnet porphyroblasts, largely controls the compositional re-equilibration of the exhumed rock body.
KW  - fluid migration
KW  - subduction
KW  - fluid-rock interaction
KW  - Sesia Zone
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq087
SN  - 0022-3530
VL  - 52
IS  - 3
SP  - 457
EP  - 486
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Konrad-Schmolke, Matthias
A1  - Zack, Thomas
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick J.
A1  - Barth, Matthias
T1  - Fluid migration above a subducted slab - Thermodynamic and trace element modelling of fluid-rock interaction in partially overprinted eclogite-facies rocks (Sesia Zone, Western Alps)
JF  - Earth & planetary science letters
N2  - The amount and composition of subduction zone fluids and the effect of fluid-rock interaction at a slab-mantle interface have been constrained by thermodynamic and trace element modelling of partially overprinted blueschist-facies rocks from the Sesia Zone (Western Alps). Deformation-induced differences in fluid flux led to a partial preservation of pristine mineral cores in weakly deformed samples that were used to quantify Li, B, Stand Pb distribution during mineral growth, -breakdown and modification induced by fluid-rock interaction. Our results show that Li and 13 budgets are fluid-controlled, thus acting as tracers for fluid-rock interaction processes, whereas Stand Pb budgets are mainly controlled by the fluid-induced formation of epidote. Our calculations show that fluid-rock interaction caused significant Li and B depletion in the affected rocks due to leaching effects, which in turn can lead to a drastic enrichment of these elements in the percolating fluid. Depending on available fluid-mineral trace element distribution coefficients modelled fluid rock ratios were up to 0.06 in weakly deformed samples and at least 0.5 to 4 in shear zone mylonites. These amounts lead to time integrated fluid fluxes of up to 1.4-10(2) m(3) m(-2) in the weakly deformed rocks and 1-8-10(3) m(3) m(-2) in the mylonites. Combined thermodynamic and trace element models can be used to quantify metamorphic fluid fluxes and the associated element transfer in complex, reacting rock systems and help to better understand commonly observed fluid-induced trace element trends in rocks and minerals from different geodynamic environments.
KW  - fluid-rock interaction
KW  - subduction zone
KW  - fluid migration
KW  - slab-mantle interface
KW  - trace element transport
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.025
SN  - 0012-821X
VL  - 311
IS  - 3-4
SP  - 287
EP  - 298
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Alexander
A1  - Mezger, Klaus
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick J.
T1  - The time of eclogite formation in the ultrahigh pressure rocks of the Sulu terrane Constraints from Lu-Hf garnet geochronology
JF  - Lithos : an international journal of mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry
N2  - Eclogites from the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling project yield highly precise Lu-Hf garnet-clinopyroxene ages of 216.9 +/- 1.2 Ma (four samples) and 220.5 +/- 2.7 Ma (one sample). The spatial distribution of the rare earth elements in garnet is consistent with the preservation of primary growth zoning, unmodified by diffusion, which supports the interpretation that the Lu-Hf ages date the time of formation of garnet, the major rock forming mineral in the eclogites. The preservation of primary REE-zoning, despite peak metamorphic temperatures around 800-850 degrees C. indicates that the Lu-Hf chronometer is perfectly suitable to date garnet-forming reactions in high grade rocks. The range of Lu-Hf ages for eclogites in the Dabie-Sulu UHP terrane point to episodic rather than continuous growth of garnets and thus punctuated metamorphism during the collision of the North China Block and the Yangtze Block. The U-Pb ages and Hf-isotope systematics of zircon grains from one eclogite sample imply a protracted geologic history of the eclogite precursors that started around 2 Ga and culminated in the UHP metamorphism around 220 Ma.
KW  - Lu-Hf
KW  - Eclogite
KW  - Garnet
KW  - Geochronology
KW  - Ultrahigh-pressure
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.04.004
SN  - 0024-4937
VL  - 125
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 743
EP  - 756
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kotkova, Jana
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick J.
A1  - Ziemann, Martin Andreas
T1  - Diamond and coesite discovered in Saxony-type granulite solution to the Variscan garnet peridotite enigma
JF  - Geology
N2  - The pressures required for diamond and coesite formation far exceed conditions reached by even the deepest present-day orogenic crustal roots. Therefore the occurrence of metamorphosed continental crust containing these minerals requires processes other than crustal thickening to have operated in the past. Here we report the first in situ finding of diamond and coesite, characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy, in high-pressure granulites otherwise indistinguishable from granulites found associated with garnet peridotite throughout the European Variscides. Our discovery confirms the provenance of Europe's first reliable diamond, the "Bohemian diamond," found in A.D. 1870, and also represents the first robust evidence for ultrahigh-pressure conditions in a major Variscan crustal rock type. A process of deep continental subduction is required to explain the metamorphic pressures and the granulite-garnet peridotite association, and thus tectonometamorphic models for these rocks involving a deep orogenic crustal root need to be significantly modified.
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1130/G31971.1
SN  - 0091-7613
VL  - 39
IS  - 7
SP  - 667
EP  - 670
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Boulder
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sammler, Svenja
A1  - Bleidorn, Christoph
A1  - Tiedemann, Ralph
T1  - Full mitochondrial genome sequences of two endemic Philippine hornbill species (Aves: Bucerotidae) provide evidence for pervasive mitochondrial DNA recombination
JF  - BMC genomics
N2  - Background: Although nowaday it is broadly accepted that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may undergo recombination, the frequency of such recombination remains controversial. Its estimation is not straightforward, as recombination under homoplasmy (i.e., among identical mt genomes) is likely to be overlooked. In species with tandem duplications of large mtDNA fragments the detection of recombination can be facilitated, as it can lead to gene conversion among duplicates. Although the mechanisms for concerted evolution in mtDNA are not fully understood yet, recombination rates have been estimated from "one per speciation event" down to 850 years or even "during every replication cycle".
 Results: Here we present the first complete mt genome of the avian family Bucerotidae, i.e., that of two Philippine hornbills, Aceros waldeni and Penelopides panini. The mt genomes are characterized by a tandemly duplicated region encompassing part of cytochrome b, 3 tRNAs, NADH6, and the control region. The duplicated fragments are identical to each other except for a short section in domain I and for the length of repeat motifs in domain III of the control region. Due to the heteroplasmy with regard to the number of these repeat motifs, there is some size variation in both genomes; with around 21,657 bp (A. waldeni) and 22,737 bp (P. panini), they significantly exceed the hitherto longest known avian mt genomes, that of the albatrosses. We discovered concerted evolution between the duplicated fragments within individuals. The existence of differences between individuals in coding genes as well as in the control region, which are maintained between duplicates, indicates that recombination apparently occurs frequently, i. e., in every generation.
 Conclusions: The homogenised duplicates are interspersed by a short fragment which shows no sign of recombination. We hypothesize that this region corresponds to the so-called Replication Fork Barrier (RFB), which has been described from the chicken mitochondrial genome. As this RFB is supposed to halt replication, it offers a potential mechanistic explanation for frequent recombination in mitochondrial genomes.
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-35
SN  - 1471-2164
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
PB  - BioMed Central
CY  - London
ER  -