TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, Naemi D. A1 - Becker, Michael A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Brunner, Martin A1 - Kuhl, Poldi A1 - Maaz, Kai T1 - Personality across the lifespan exploring measurement invariance of a short Big Five Inventory from ages 11 to 84 JF - European journal of psychological assessment N2 - Personality is a relevant predictor for important life outcomes across the entire lifespan. Although previous studies have suggested the comparability of the measurement of the Big Five personality traits across adulthood, the generalizability to childhood is largely unknown. The present study investigated the structure of the Big Five personality traits assessed with the Big Five Inventory-SOEP Version (BFI-S; SOEP = Socio-Economic Panel) across a broad age range spanning 11-84 years. We used two samples of N = 1,090 children (52% female, M-age = 11.87) and N = 18,789 adults (53% female, M-age = 51.09), estimating a multigroup CFA analysis across four age groups (late childhood: 11-14 years; early adulthood: 17-30 years; middle adulthood: 31-60 years; late adulthood: 61-84 years). Our results indicated the comparability of the personality trait metric in terms of general factor structure, loading patterns, and the majority of intercepts across all age groups. Therefore, the findings suggest both a reliable assessment of the Big Five personality traits with the BFI-S even in late childhood and a vastly comparable metric across age groups. KW - personality traits KW - measurement invariance KW - ESEM KW - lifespan KW - late KW - childhood Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000490 SN - 1015-5759 SN - 2151-2426 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 162 EP - 173 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breit, Moritz Lion A1 - Brunner, Martin A1 - Preckel, Franzis T1 - Age and ability differentiation in children BT - a review and empirical investigation JF - Developmental psychology N2 - Differentiation hypotheses concern changes in the structural organization of cognitive abilities that depend on the level of general intelligence (ability differentiation) or age (developmental differentiation). Part 1 of this article presents a review of the literature on ability and developmental differentiation effects in children, revealing the need for studies that examine both effects simultaneously in this age group with appropriate statistical methods. Part 2 presents an empirical study in which nonlinear factor analytic models were applied to the standardization sample (N = 2,619 German elementary schoolchildren; 48% female; age: M = 8.8 years, SD = 1.2, range 6-12 years) of the THINK 1-4 intelligence test to investigate ability differentiation, developmental differentiation, and their interaction. The sample was nationally representative regarding age, gender, urbanization, and geographic location of residence but not regarding parents' education and migration background (overrepresentation of children with more educated parents, underrepresentation of children with migration background). The results showed no consistent evidence for the presence of differentiation effects or their interaction. Instead, different patterns were observed for figural, numerical, and verbal reasoning. Implications for the construction of intelligence tests, the assessment of intelligence in children, and for theories of cognitive development are discussed. KW - intelligence KW - ability differentiation KW - age differentiation KW - SLODR KW - childhood Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001147 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 325 EP - 346 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Richmond, Va. [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kellis, Eleftherios A1 - Ellinoudis, Athanasios A1 - Intziegianni, Konstantina A1 - Kofotolis, Nikolaos T1 - Muscle thickness during core stability exercises in children and adults JF - Journal of human kinetics N2 - Core stability exercises are regular part of exercise programs for asymptomatic individuals across ages. The purpose of this study was to examine deep abdominal and multifidus muscle thickness in children and adults and to determine reliability of the rehabilitative ultrasound (RUSI) imaging. Transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus thickness at rest and during core stability exercise were examined in pre-pubertal children (N = 23), adolescents (N = 20), young adults (N = 21) and middle-aged adults (N = 22). Thirty-nine participants were re-tested one week after to establish reliability. Muscle thickness at rest was lower in children and adolescents compared with young and middle-aged adults (p < 0.008). Young adults displayed the highest relative transversus abdominis thickness upon contraction (p < 0.008). Lumbar multfidus contraction thickness was greater in young-adults than middle-aged adults and prepubertal children (p < 0.008), but it was similar between young-adults and adolescents (p > 0.008). Reliability was high for both muscles (ICC3,3 = 0.76 - 0.99). The age-related differences in muscle thickness indicate that core stability exercises may be beneficial for children and middle-aged adults. KW - childhood KW - musculoskeletal ultrasound KW - repeatability KW - core exercise KW - core stability Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0079 SN - 1640-5544 SN - 1899-7562 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 131 EP - 144 PB - Academy of Physical Education CY - Katowice ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Austin, Gina A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Executive function, theory of mind, and conduct-problem symptoms in middle childhood JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Studies show relations between executive function (EF), Theory of Mind (ToM), and conduct-problem (CP) symptoms. However, many studies have involved cross-sectional data, small clinical samples, pre-school children, and/or did not consider potential mediation effects. The present study examined the longitudinal relations between EF, ToM abilities, and CP symptoms in a population-based sample of 1,657 children between 6 and 11 years (T1: M = 8.3 years, T2: M = 9.1 years; 51.9% girls). We assessed EF skills and ToM abilities via computerized tasks at first measurement (T1), CP symptoms were rated via parent questionnaires at T1 and approximately 1 year later (T2). Structural-equation models showed a negative relation between T1 EF and T2 CP symptoms even when controlling for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and other variables. This relation was fully mediated by T1 ToM abilities. The study shows how children's abilities to control their thoughts and behaviors and to understand others' mental states interact in the development of CP symptoms. KW - executive functions KW - theory of mind KW - conduct-problem symptoms KW - middle KW - childhood KW - longitudinal Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00539 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Janis A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Differential risk profiles for reactive and proactive aggression BT - a longitudinal latent profile analysis JF - Social psychology N2 - This two-wave longitudinal study identified configurations of social rejection, affiliation with aggressive peers, and academic failure and examined their predictivity for reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 1,479 children and adolescents aged between 9 and 19 years. Latent profile analysis yielded three configurations of risk factors, made up of a non-risk group, a risk group scoring high on measures of social rejection (SR), and a risk group scoring high on measures of affiliation with aggressive peers and academic failure (APAF). Latent path analysis revealed that, as predicted, only membership in the SR group at T1 predicted reactive aggression at T2 17 months later. By contrast, only membership in the APAF group at T1 predicted proactive aggression at T2. KW - reactive/proactive aggression KW - social rejection KW - aggressive peers KW - academic failure KW - childhood KW - adolescence KW - Germany Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000298 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 71 EP - 84 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Janis Moritz A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Beyond the positive reinforcement of aggression BT - Peers’ acceptance of aggression promotes aggression via external control beliefs JF - International Journal of Behavioral Development N2 - Being surrounded by peers who are accepting of aggression is a significant predictor of the development and persistence of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Whereas past research has focused on social reinforcement mechanisms as the underlying processes, the present longitudinal study analysed the role of external control beliefs as an additional mediator explaining the link between peers’ acceptance of aggression and the development of aggressive behaviour. Drawing on a large community sample of N = 1,466 male and female children and adolescents from Germany aged between 10 and 18 years, results of latent structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypotheses that peer acceptance of aggression would predict external control beliefs in the social domain, which in turn, should predict aggressive behaviour over time. Additional multigroup analyses showed that the predicted pathways were consistent across gender and age groups. KW - adolescence KW - aggression KW - aggressive peers KW - childhood KW - control beliefs KW - Germany KW - longitudinal Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416671613 SN - 0165-0254 SN - 1464-0651 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 73 EP - 82 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bogin, Barry A1 - Varea, Carlos A1 - Hermanussen, Michael A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Human life course biology BT - a centennial perspective of scholarship on the human pattern of physical growth and its place in human biocultural evolution JF - American journal of physical anthropology KW - adolescence KW - childhood KW - life history KW - menopause KW - senescence Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23357 SN - 0002-9483 SN - 1096-8644 VL - 165 IS - 4 SP - 834 EP - 854 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wuertz-Kozak, Karin A1 - Roszkowski, Martin A1 - Cambria, Elena A1 - Block, Andrea A1 - Kuhn, Gisela A. A1 - Abele, Thea A1 - Hitzl, Wolfgang A1 - Drießlein, David A1 - Müller, Ralph A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Mansuy, Isabelle M. A1 - Peters, Eva M. J. A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria T1 - Effects of Early Life Stress on Bone Homeostasis in Mice and Humans JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Bone pathology is frequent in stressed individuals. A comprehensive examination of mechanisms linking life stress, depression and disturbed bone homeostasis is missing. In this translational study, mice exposed to early life stress (MSUS) were examined for bone microarchitecture (μCT), metabolism (qPCR/ELISA), and neuronal stress mediator expression (qPCR) and compared with a sample of depressive patients with or without early life stress by analyzing bone mineral density (BMD) (DXA) and metabolic changes in serum (osteocalcin, PINP, CTX-I). MSUS mice showed a significant decrease in NGF, NPYR1, VIPR1 and TACR1 expression, higher innervation density in bone, and increased serum levels of CTX-I, suggesting a milieu in favor of catabolic bone turnover. MSUS mice had a significantly lower body weight compared to control mice, and this caused minor effects on bone microarchitecture. Depressive patients with experiences of childhood neglect also showed a catabolic pattern. A significant reduction in BMD was observed in depressive patients with childhood abuse and stressful life events during childhood. Therefore, future studies on prevention and treatment strategies for both mental and bone disease should consider early life stress as a risk factor for bone pathologies. KW - psychosocial stress KW - bone pathologies KW - osteoporosis KW - bone mineral density KW - childhood KW - neuroendocrine Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186634 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 21 IS - 18 PB - Molecular Diversity Preservation International CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Sahyazici-Knaak, Fidan A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Long-Term Associations of Justice Sensitivity, Rejection Sensitivity, and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Depressive symptoms have been related to anxious rejection sensitivity, but little is known about relations with angry rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity. We measured rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and depressive symptoms in 1,665 9-to-21-year olds at two points of measurement. Participants with high T1 levels of depressive symptoms reported higher anxious and angry rejection sensitivity and higher justice sensitivity than controls at T1 and T2. T1 rejection, but not justice sensitivity predicted T2 depressive symptoms; high victim justice sensitivity, however, added to the stabilization of depressive symptoms. T1 depressive symptoms positively predicted T2 anxious and angry rejection and victim justice sensitivity. Hence, sensitivity toward negative social cues may be cause and consequence of depressive symptoms and requires consideration in cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression. KW - justice sensitivity KW - rejection sensitivity KW - depressive symptoms KW - childhood KW - adolescence Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01446 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Holl, Anna K. A1 - Kirsch, Fabian A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Longitudinal Links between Executive Function, Anger, and Aggression in Middle Childhood JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Previous research has indicated that executive function (EF) is negatively associated with aggressive behavior in childhood. However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have examined the effect of deficits in EF on aggression over time and taken into account different forms and functions of aggression at the same time. Furthermore, only few studies have analyzed the role of underlying variables that may explain the association between EF and aggression. The present study examined the prospective paths between EF and different forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression. The habitual experience of anger was examined as a potential underlying mechanism of the link between EF and aggression, because the tendency to get angry easily has been found to be both a consequence of deficits in EF and a predictor of aggression. The study included 1,652 children (between 6 and 11 years old at the first time point), who were followed over three time points (T1, T2, and T3) covering 3 years. At T1, a latent factor of EF comprised measures of planning, rated via teacher reports, as well as inhibition, set shifting, and working-memory updating, assessed experimentally. Habitual anger experience was assessed via parent reports at T1 and T2. The forms and functions of aggression were measured via teacher reports at all three time points. Structural equation modeling revealed that EF at T1 predicted physical, relational, and reactive aggression at T3, but was unrelated to proactive aggression at T3. Furthermore, EF at T1 was indirectly linked to physical aggression at T3, mediated through habitual anger experience at T2. The results indicate that deficits in EF influence the later occurrence of aggression in middle childhood, and the tendency to get angry easily mediates this relation. KW - executive function KW - anger KW - relational aggression KW - reactive aggression KW - proactive aggression KW - childhood KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00027 SN - 1662-5153 VL - 12 IS - 27 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER -