TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bouwer, Laurens M.
A1  - Papyrakis, Elissaios
A1  - Poussin, Jennifer
A1  - Pfurtscheller, Clemens
A1  - Thieken, Annegret
T1  - The costing of measures for natural hazard mitigation in Europe
JF  - Natural hazards review
N2  - The literature on the costing of mitigation measures for reducing impacts of natural hazards is rather fragmented. This paper provides a concise overview of the current state of knowledge in Europe on the costing of mitigation measures for the reduction of natural hazard risks (droughts, floods, storms and induced coastal hazards as well as alpine hazards) and identifies knowledge gaps and related research recommendations. Furthermore, it provides a taxonomy of related mitigation options, classifying them into nine categories: (1) management plans, land-use planning, and climate adaptation; (2) hazard modification; (3) infrastructure; (4) mitigation measures (stricto sensu); (5) communication in advance of events; (6) monitoring and early warning systems; (7) emergency response and evacuation; (8) financial incentives; and (9) risk transfer (including insurance). It is found that the costing of mitigation measures in European and in other countries has almost exclusively focused on estimating direct costs. A cost assessment framework that addresses a range of costs, possibly informed by multiple stakeholders, would provide more accurate estimates and could provide better guidance to decision makers. (C) 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
KW  - Natural hazards
KW  - Mitigation
KW  - Costs
KW  - Adaptation
KW  - Risk reduction
KW  - Floods
KW  - Droughts
KW  - Coastal hazards
KW  - Alpine hazards
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000133
SN  - 1527-6988
SN  - 1527-6996
VL  - 15
IS  - 4
PB  - American Society of Civil Engineers
CY  - Reston
ER  -