TY  - JOUR
A1  - Konon, Alexander
A1  - Fritsch, Michael
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
T1  - Business cycles and start-ups across industries
BT  - An empirical analysis of German regions
JF  - Journal of Business Venturing Insights
N2  - We analyze whether start-up rates in different industries systematically change with business cycle variables. Using a unique data set at the industry level, we mostly find correlations that are consistent with counter-cyclical influences of the business cycle on entries in both innovative and non-innovative industries. Entries into the large-scale industries, including the innovative part of manufacturing, are only influenced by changes in the cyclical component of unemployment, while entries into small-scale industries, like knowledge intensive services, are mostly influenced by changes in the cyclical component of GDP. Thus, our analysis suggests that favorable conditions in terms of high GDP might not be germane for start-ups. Given that both innovative and non-innovative businesses react counter-cyclically in ‘regular’ recessions, business formation may have a stabilizing effect on the economy.
KW  - New business formation
KW  - Entrepreneurship
KW  - Business cycle
KW  - Manufacturing
KW  - Services
KW  - Innovative industries
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.04.006
SN  - 0883-9026
SN  - 1873-2003
VL  - 33
IS  - 6
SP  - 742
EP  - 761
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fritsch, Michael
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Pijnenburg, Katharina
T1  - Business cycles, unemployment and entrepreneurial entry-evidence from Germany
JF  - International entrepreneurship and management journal
N2  - We investigate whether people are more willing to become self-employed during boom periods or during recessions and to what extent business cycles and unemployment levels influence entries into entrepreneurship. Our analysis for Germany reveals that there is a positive relationship between unemployment rates and start-up activities. Moreover, new business formation is higher during recessions than in boom periods, implying that it is counter-cyclical. When disentangling periods of low and high unemployment we find that the effect of unemployment on new business formation is only statistically significant if the level of unemployment is below the trend, indicating a "low unemployment retain effect".
KW  - Self-employment
KW  - Business cycle
KW  - Unemployment
KW  - Start-up
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0326-3
SN  - 1554-7191
SN  - 1555-1938
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
SP  - 267
EP  - 286
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  -