TY  - JOUR
A1  - Henrichs, Ivanina
A1  - Elsner, Claudia
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
A1  - Wilkinson, Nick
A1  - Gredeback, Gustaf
T1  - Goal certainty modulates infants' goal-directed gaze shifts
JF  - Developmental psychology
N2  - We investigated whether 12-month-old infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection in order to predict observed reaching actions. Infants' goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed action sequences in a multiple-goals design. We found that 12-month-old infants exhibited gaze shifts significantly earlier when the observed hand reached for the same goal object in all trials (frequent condition) compared with when the observed hand reached for different goal objects across trials (nonfrequent condition). Infants in the frequent condition were significantly more accurate at predicting the action goal than infants in the nonfrequent condition. In addition, findings revealed rapid learning in the case of certainty and no learning in the case of uncertainty of goal selection over the course of trials. Together, our data indicate that by the end of their first year of life, infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection to make inferences about others' action goals.
KW  - anticipation
KW  - eye movement
KW  - infant
KW  - direct matching
KW  - statistical learning
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032664
SN  - 0012-1649
SN  - 1939-0599
VL  - 50
IS  - 1
SP  - 100
EP  - 107
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Henrichs, Ivanina
A1  - Elsner, Claudia
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
A1  - Gredeback, Gustaf
T1  - Goal salience affects infants' goal-directed gaze shifts
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Around their first year of life, infants are able to anticipate the goal of others' ongoing actions. For instance, 12-month-olds anticipate the goal of everyday feeding actions and manual actions such as reaching and grasping. However, little is known whether the salience of the goal influences infants' online assessment of others' actions. The aim of the current eye-tracking study was to elucidate infants' ability to anticipate reaching actions depending on the visual salience of the goal object. In Experiment 1, 12-month-old infants' goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed a hand reaching for and grasping either a large (high-salience condition) or a small (low-salience condition) goal object. Infants exhibited predictive gaze shifts significantly earlier when the observed hand reached for the large goal object compared to when it reached for the small goal object. In addition, findings revealed rapid learning over the course of trials in the high-salience condition and no learning in the low-salience condition. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the results could not be simply attributed to the different grip aperture of the hand used when reaching for small and large objects. Together, our data indicate that by the end of their first year of life, infants rely on information about the goal salience to make inferences about the action goal.
KW  - anticipation
KW  - eye movement
KW  - salience
KW  - infant
KW  - action understanding
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00391
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 3
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  -