TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pliatsikas, Christos
A1  - Verissimo, Joao Marques
A1  - Babcock, Laura
A1  - Pullman, Mariel Y.
A1  - Glei, Dana A.
A1  - Weinstein, Maxine
A1  - Goldman, Noreen
A1  - Ullman, Michael T.
T1  - Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education
JF  - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology
N2  - Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample (N=754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women.
KW  - Ageing
KW  - sex differences
KW  - education
KW  - working memory
KW  - n back
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818791994
SN  - 1747-0218
SN  - 1747-0226
VL  - 72
IS  - 6
SP  - 1308
EP  - 1327
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  -