TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hilton, Matt
A1  - Twomey, Katherine Elizabeth
A1  - Westermann, Gert
T1  - Taking their eye off the ball
BT  - how shyness affects children’s attention during word learning
JF  - Journal of experimental child psychology
N2  - The current study tests the hypothesis that shy children’s reduced word learning is partly due to an effect of shyness on attention during object labeling. A sample of 20- and 26-month-old children (N = 32) took part in a looking-while-listening task in which they saw sets of familiar and novel objects while hearing familiar or novel labels. Overall, children increased attention to familiar objects when hearing their labels, and they divided their attention equally between the target and competitors when hearing novel labels. Critically, shyness reduced attention to the target object regardless of whether the heard label was novel or familiar. When children’s retention of the novel word–object mappings was tested after a delay, it was found that children who showed increased attention to novel objects during labeling showed better retention. Taken together, these findings suggest that shyer children perform less well than their less shy peers on measures of word learning because their attention to the target object is dampened. Thus, this work presents evidence that shyness modulates the low-level processes of visual attention that unfold during word learning.
KW  - Word learning
KW  - Shyness
KW  - Language development
KW  - Temperament
KW  - Individual differences
KW  - Referent Selection
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.023
SN  - 0022-0965
SN  - 1096-0457
VL  - 183
SP  - 134
EP  - 145
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hilton, Matt
A1  - Räling, Romy
A1  - Wartenburger, Isabell
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
T1  - Parallels in Processing Boundary Cues in Speech and Action
JF  - Frontiers in Psychology
N2  - Speech and action sequences are continuous streams of information that can be segmented into sub-units. In both domains, this segmentation can be facilitated by perceptual cues contained within the information stream. In speech, prosodic cues (e.g., a pause, pre-boundary lengthening, and pitch rise) mark boundaries between words and phrases, while boundaries between actions of an action sequence can be marked by kinematic cues (e.g., a pause, pre-boundary deceleration). The processing of prosodic boundary cues evokes an Event-related Potentials (ERP) component known as the Closure Positive Shift (CPS), and it is possible that the CPS reflects domaingeneral cognitive processes involved in segmentation, given that the CPS is also evoked by boundaries between subunits of non-speech auditory stimuli. This study further probed the domain-generality of the CPS and its underlying processes by investigating electrophysiological correlates of the processing of boundary cues in sequences of spoken verbs (auditory stimuli; Experiment 1; N = 23 adults) and actions (visual stimuli; Experiment 2; N = 23 adults). The EEG data from both experiments revealed a CPS-like broadly distributed positivity during the 250 ms prior to the onset of the post-boundary word or action, indicating similar electrophysiological correlates of boundary processing across domains, suggesting that the cognitive processes underlying speech and action segmentation might also be shared.
KW  - Closure Positive Shift (CPS)
KW  - Event-related Potentials (ERP)
KW  - speech segmentation
KW  - action segmentation
KW  - prosodic boundary cues
KW  - prosody processing
KW  - kinematic boundary cues
KW  - action processing
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01566
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 10
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  -