TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schotter, Elizabeth Roye
A1  - Leinenger, Mallorie
A1  - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban
T1  - When your mind skips what your eyes fixate
BT  - how forced fixations lead to comprehension illusions in reading
JF  - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2  - The phenomenon of forced fixations suggests that readers sometimes fixate a word (due to oculomotor constraints) even though they intended to skip it (due to parafoveal cognitive-linguistic processing). We investigate whether this leads readers to look directly at a word but not pay attention to it. We used a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm to dissociate parafoveal and foveal information (e.g., the word phone changed to scarf once the reader's eyes moved to it) and asked questions about the sentence to determine which one the reader encoded. When the word was skipped or fixated only briefly (i.e., up to 100 ms) readers were more likely to report reading the parafoveal than the fixated word, suggesting that there are cases in which readers look directly at a word but their minds ignore it, leading to the illusion of reading something they did not fixate.
KW  - Word recognition
KW  - Text comprehension
KW  - Eye movements and reading
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1356-y
SN  - 1069-9384
SN  - 1531-5320
VL  - 25
IS  - 5
SP  - 1884
EP  - 1890
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dambacher, Michael
A1  - Dimigen, Olaf
A1  - Braun, Mario
A1  - Wille, Kristin
A1  - Jacobs, Arthur M.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading
JF  - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience
N2  - Three ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly. Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a near-normal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading.
KW  - Word recognition
KW  - Sentence reading
KW  - Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)
KW  - Frequency
KW  - Predictability
KW  - Event-related potentials (ERPs)
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011
SN  - 0028-3932
VL  - 50
IS  - 8
SP  - 1852
EP  - 1870
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  -