TY - INPR A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang A1 - Miller, Jeff O. T1 - When less equals more: probability summation without sensitivity improvement T2 - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many perceptual and cognitive tasks permit or require the integrated cooperation of specialized sensory channels, detectors, or other functionally separate units. In compound detection or discrimination tasks, 1 prominent general mechanism to model the combination of the output of different processing channels is probability summation. The classical example is the binocular summation model of Pirenne (1943), according to which a weak visual stimulus is detected if at least 1 of the 2 eyes detects this stimulus; as we review briefly, exactly the same reasoning is applied in numerous other fields. It is generally accepted that this mechanism necessarily predicts performance based on 2 (or more) channels to be superior to single channel performance, because 2 separate channels provide "2 chances" to succeed with the task. We argue that this reasoning is misleading because it neglects the increased opportunity with 2 channels not just for hits but also for false alarms and that there may well be no redundancy gain at all when performance is measured in terms of receiver operating characteristic curves. We illustrate and support these arguments with a visual detection experiment involving different spatial uncertainty conditions. Our arguments and findings have important implications for all models that, in one way or another, rest on, or incorporate, the notion of probability summation for the analysis of detection tasks, 2-alternative forced-choice tasks, and psychometric functions. KW - probability summation KW - compound detection or discrimination KW - redundancy gain KW - ROC curve KW - 2AFC KW - psychometric functions Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037548 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 2091 EP - 2100 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - INPR A1 - Hocher, Berthold A1 - Reichetzeder, Christoph T1 - Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women how to translate preclinical evidence into benefit for patients T2 - Kidney international : official journal of the International Society of Nephrology N2 - Preclinical work indicates that calcitriol restores vascular function by normalizing the endothelial expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane-prostanoid receptors in conditions of estrogen deficiency and thus prevents the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor activation-induced inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Since endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, this finding may have an important translational impact. It provides a clear rationale to use endothelial function in clinical trials aiming to find the optimal dose of vitamin D for the prevention of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.139 SN - 0085-2538 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 9 EP - 11 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Caligiore, Daniele A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Vision, action and language unified through embodiment T2 - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0417-0 SN - 0340-0727 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - INPR A1 - Rosamond, Frances A1 - Bardohl, Roswitha A1 - Diehl, Stephan A1 - Geisler, Uwe A1 - Bolduan, Gordon A1 - Lessmoellmann, Annette A1 - Schwill, Andreas A1 - Stege, Ulrike T1 - Virtual extension reaching out to the media become a computer science ambassador T2 - Communications of the ACM / Association for Computing Machinery Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/1897852.1897880 SN - 0001-0782 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 113 EP - 116 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kröning, Daniel A1 - Margaria, Tiziana A1 - Woodcock, Jim T1 - Untitled T2 - Formal aspects of computing : the international journal of formal methods Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-011-0201-8 SN - 0934-5043 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 585 EP - 588 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Wellstein, Camilla A1 - Schröder-Esselbach, Boris A1 - Reineking, Bjoern A1 - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. T1 - Understanding species and community response to environmental change - A functional trait perspective T2 - Agriculture, ecosystems & environment : an international journal for scientific research on the relationship of agriculture and food production to the biosphere KW - Functional traits KW - Functional diversity KW - Database KW - Land use KW - Management KW - Climate change KW - Landscape KW - Ecosystem function KW - Clonal plants KW - Dispersal KW - Plant growth KW - Orthoptera Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.024 SN - 0167-8809 VL - 145 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - INPR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Two steps to space for numbers T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - spatial-nunmerical association KW - SNARC KW - mental number line KW - numerical cognition KW - spatial cognition Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00612 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Thiol-X chemistry in polymer science T2 - Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.020 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 55 IS - 22 SP - 5509 EP - 5510 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - INPR A1 - Scheffler, Franziska A1 - Oberhänsli, Roland A1 - Pourteau, Amaury A1 - Candan, Osman A1 - Di Lucia, Matteo T1 - The rosetta marbles from feslegen, A-ren unit, SW Anatolia T2 - International journal of earth sciences Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0936-y SN - 1437-3254 SN - 1437-3262 VL - 103 IS - 2 SP - 485 EP - 486 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Daviter, Falk T1 - The political use of knowledge in the policy process T2 - Policy sciences : integrating knowledge and practice to advance human dignity N2 - The role of knowledge in the policy process remains a central theoretical puzzle in policy analysis and political science. This article argues that an important yet missing piece of this puzzle is the systematic exploration of the political use of policy knowledge. While much of the recent debate has focused on the question of how the substantive use of knowledge can improve the quality of policy choices, our understanding of the political use of knowledge and its effects in the policy process has remained deficient in key respects. A revised conceptualization of the political use of knowledge is introduced that emphasizes how conflicting knowledge can be used to contest given structures of policy authority. This allows the analysis to differentiate between knowledge creep and knowledge shifts as two distinct types of knowledge effects in the policy process. While knowledge creep is associated with incremental policy change within existing policy structures, knowledge shifts are linked to more fundamental policy change in situations when the structures of policy authority undergo some level of transformation. The article concludes by identifying characteristics of the administrative structure of policy systems or sectors that make knowledge shifts more or less likely. KW - Evidence-based policy making KW - Knowledge creep KW - Knowledge utilization KW - Organizational epistemology KW - Punctuated equilibrium theory Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-015-9232-y SN - 0032-2687 SN - 1573-0891 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 491 EP - 505 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER -