TY - RPRT A1 - Letsiou Häusler, Anna A1 - Beckenkamp, Nicolas A1 - Röthlisberger, Livia ED - Weiß, Norman T1 - New Dimensions of an Old Dilemma BT - Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression T2 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere T2 - State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers N2 - Unfolding the history of one of the oldest human val-ues, the freedom of expression, while defining its limits, is a complicated task. Does freedom stop where hate starts? This very old dilemma is -now more than ever before- revealing new dimensions. Politicians and new laws aim at regulating free expression, while disagree-ments over such regulation gradually become a source of endless conflict in newly formed multicultural, inter-connected, and digitized societies. The example of the Network Enforcement Act is used to understand the idea of restrictive legal practices in Germany, but also to enlighten the fact that law is a human construction which was created in order to regulate communication among individuals. Alternative practices, to straight legal ones, are summarized to show other dimensions of regulating hate speech without involving top-down approaches. The article proposes the approach of re-storative justice as a combination of legal and medita-tive practices in cases of hate speech. One advantage of the restorative justice approach elaborated in this arti-cle is the potential to remedy the inner hate and the pain, both of the victim and perpetrator. Finally, reveal-ing parts of history and new aspects of the ‘hate speech-puzzle’, leads to a questioning of contemporary social structures that possibly generate hate itself. N2 - Der Schutzbereich und die Grenzen der Meinungsfrei-heit müssen stets auf neue definiert und sie muss ge-gebenenfalls mit anderen Menschenrechten abgewogen werden. Hört die Freiheit dort auf, wo der Hass be-ginnt? Mit neuen Gesetzen zielen Politiker auf die Re-gulierung der freien Meinungsäußerung ab, während Meinungsverschiedenheiten über solche Regulierungen zu einer Quelle endloser Konflikte in neu gebildeten multikulturellen, miteinander verbundenen und digita-lisierten Gesellschaften werden. Am Beispiel des Netz-werkdurchsetzungsgesetzes wird die Idee restriktiver Rechtspraktiken in Deutschland untersucht, aber auch aufgezeigt, dass Recht eine menschliche Konstruktion ist, die geschaffen wurde, um die Kommunikation zwi-schen Individuen zu regeln. Alternative, nicht aus-schließlich juristische Praktiken werden zusammenge-fasst, um andere Dimensionen der Regulierung von Hassreden aufzuzeigen, die ohne Top-down-Ansätze auskommen. Wir schlagen den Ansatz der restorativen Gerechtigkeit als eine Kombination aus rechtlichen und meditativen Praktiken in Fällen von Hassrede vor. Ein Vorteil des in diesem Artikel erarbeiteten restaurativen Gerechtigkeitsansatzes ist das Potenzial, den inneren Hass und den Schmerz von Opfern und Tätern zu beseitigen. T3 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere = State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers - 7 KW - Freedom of expression KW - Hate speech Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-424869 SN - 2509-6974 IS - 7 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krieger, Heike A1 - Liese, Andrea Margit T1 - A Metamorphosis of International Law? BT - Value changes in the international legal order from the perspectives of legal and political science T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The paper aims to lay out a framework for evaluating value shifts in the international legal order for the purposes of a forthcoming book. In view of current contestations it asks whether we are observing yet another period of norm change (Wandel) or even a more fundamental transformation of international law – a metamorphosis (Verwandlung). For this purpose it suggests to look into the mechanisms of how norms change from the perspective of legal and political science and also to approximate a reference point where change turns into metamorphosis. It submits that such a point may be reached where specific legally protected values are indeed changing (change of legal values) or where the very idea of protecting certain values through law is renounced (delegalizing of values). The paper discusses the benefits of such an interdisciplinary exchange and tries to identify differences and commonalities among both disciplinary perspectives. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 27 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426088 IS - 27 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hartmann, Niklas K. A1 - Jacob, Boris A1 - Weiß, Nadin T1 - RISE-DE – Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement N2 - Mit RISE-DE liegt als FDMentor-Projektergebnis ein Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM) vor. RISE-DE bietet einen Bewertungsrahmen zur Selbstevaluation und Zielbestimmung und eignet sich als Werkzeug zur Gestaltung einer strukturierten, Stakeholder-orientierten Strategieentwicklung für das FDM an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. RISE-DE basiert auf dem lose an Reifegradenmodellen orientierten Research Infrastructure Self-Evaluation Framework (RISE v1.1) des Digital Curation Centre (DCC), wurde aber für den Einsatz in partizipativen Prozessen deutlich überarbeitet sowie inhaltlich an den deutschen Wissenschaftskontext und Entwicklungen in der guten Praxis im FDM angepasst. Eine mit Hilfe von RISE-DE erarbeitete Strategie erfüllt zugleich die von der Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK) und der League of European Research Universities (LERU) formulierten Empfehlungen. Die hier vorliegende RISE-DE Version 1.0 nimmt Erfahrungen aus dem Piloteinsatz an der Universität Potsdam sowie Feedback aus der Community auf. Es beinhaltet gegenüber der Vorversion zum einen Veränderungen an den Themen des Referenzmodells, zum anderen wurden Empfehlungen für FDM-Beginner deutlich erweitert und Erläuterungen für die Durchführung partizipativer Strategieprozesse hinzugefügt. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg entstand außerdem ein digitales Evaluations-Tool. N2 - RISE-DE, an output of the FDMentor project, is a reference model for strategy processes in institutional research data management (RDM). RISE-DE provides a framework for self-evaluation and definition of objectives and is useful as a tool to design a structured, stakeholder-oriented strategy process for RDM in higher education and research institutions. RISE-DE is based on the Digital Curation Centre’s (DCC) Research Infrastructure Self-Evaluation Framework (RISE v1.1), which is loosely based on capability maturity models. RISE-DE has been significantly revised for use in participatory processes and adapted to the German academic context and developments in good practice in RDM. A strategy developed using RISE-DE will simultaneously fulfill the recommendations set out by the German Rectors’ Conference (HRK) and the League of European Research Universities (LERU). The version at hand, RISE-DE v1.0, takes up experiences from the pilot application at the University of Potsdam as well as feedback from the community and contains both improvements in the service areas of the reference model and more extensive guidance on using RISE-DE. In corporation with the HAW Hamburg a digital evaluation tool was created. KW - Forschungsdaten KW - Research Data Management KW - Strategy Process KW - Self-Evaluation KW - Higher Education Institutions KW - Research Institutions KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement KW - Strategieentwicklung KW - Selbstevaluation KW - Hochschulen KW - Forschungseinrichtungen Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-443611 N1 - Hauptdokument: Publiziert unter DOI https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2549343 Dort auch weitere ergänzende Materialien. ET - Version 1.0 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hartmann, Niklas K. A1 - Jacob, Boris A1 - Weiß, Nadin T1 - RISE-DE – Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement N2 - Mit RISE-DE liegt als FDMentor-Projektergebnis ein Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement vor. RISE-DE bietet einen Bewertungsrahmen zur Selbstevaluation und Zielbestimmung und eignet sich als Werkzeug zur Gestaltung einer strukturierten, Stakeholder-orientierten Strategieentwicklung für das Forschungsdatenmanagement an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. RISE-DE basiert auf dem lose an Reifegradenmodellen orientierten RISE-Framework des DCC (RISE v1.1), wurde aber für den Einsatz in partizipativen Prozessen deutlich überarbeitet sowie inhaltlich an den deutschen Wissenschaftskontext und Entwicklungen in der guten Praxis im FDM angepasst. Ein mit Hilfe von RISE-DE erarbeitete Strategie erfüllt zugleich die von der Hochschulrektorenkonferenz und der League of European Research Universities formulierten Anforderungen. KW - Forschungsdaten KW - Research Data Management KW - Strategy Process KW - Self-Evaluation KW - Higher Education Institutions KW - Research Institutions KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement KW - Strategieentwicklung KW - Selbstevaluation KW - Hochschulen KW - Forschungseinrichtungen Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2549344 ET - Version 0.9 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - New Evidence on Long-Term Effects of Start-Up Subsidies BT - Matching Estimates and their Robustness T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - The German start-up subsidy (SUS) program for the unemployed has recently undergone a major make-over, altering its institutional setup, adding an additional layer of selection and leading to ambiguous predictions of the program’s effectiveness. Using propensity score matching (PSM) as our main empirical approach, we provide estimates of long-term effects of the post-reform subsidy on individual employment prospects and labor market earnings up to 40 months after entering the program. Our results suggest large and persistent long-term effects of the subsidy on employment probabilities and net earned income. These effects are larger than what was estimated for the pre-reform program. Extensive sensitivity analyses within the standard PSM framework reveal that the results are robust to different choices regarding the implementation of the weighting procedure and also with respect to deviations from the conditional independence assumption. As a further assessment of the results’ sensitivity, we go beyond the standard selection-on-observables approach and employ an instrumental variable setup using regional variation in the likelihood of receiving treatment. Here, we exploit the fact that the reform increased the discretionary power of local employment agencies in allocating active labor market policy funds, allowing us to obtain a measure of local preferences for SUS as the program of choice. The results based on this approach give rise to similar estimates. Thus, our results indicating that SUS are still an effective active labor market program after the reform do not appear to be driven by “hidden bias”. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 6 KW - Start-Up Subsidies KW - Policy Reform KW - Matching KW - Instrumental Variables Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426798 SN - 2628-653X IS - 6 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - Do Start-Up Subsidies for the Unemployed Affect Participants’ Well-Being? BT - A Rigorous Look at (Un-)Intended Consequences of Labor Market Policies T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We estimate the long-term effects of start-up subsidies (SUS) for the unemployed on subjective outcome indicators of well-being, as measured by the participants’ satisfaction in different domains. This extends previous analyses of the current German SUS program (“Gründungszuschuss”) that focused on objective outcomes – such as employment and income – and allows us to make a more complete judgment about the overall effects of SUS at the individual level. This is especially important because subsidizing the transition into self-employment may have unintended adverse effects on participants’ well-being due to its risky nature and lower social security protection, especially in the long run. Having access to linked administrative-survey data providing us with rich information on pre-treatment characteristics, we base our analysis on the conditional independence assumption and use propensity score matching to estimate causal effects within the potential outcomes framework. We find long-term positive effects on job satisfaction but negative effects on individuals’ satisfaction with their social security situation. Further findings suggest that the negative effect on satisfaction with social security may be driven by negative effects on unemployment and retirement insurance coverage. Our heterogeneity analysis reveals substantial variation in effects across gender, age groups and skill levels. The sensitivity analyses show that these findings are highly robust. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 14 KW - Start-Up Subsidies KW - Propensity Score Matching KW - Counterfactual Analysis KW - Well-Being Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437468 SN - 2628-653X IS - 14 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Schröder, Carsten A1 - Wittbrodt, Linda T1 - The Causal Effects of the Minimum Wage Introduction in Germany BT - An Overview T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - In 2015, Germany introduced a statutory hourly minimum wage that was not only universally binding but also set at a relatively high level. We discuss the short-run effects of this new minimum wage on a wide set of socio-economic outcomes, such as employment and working hours, earnings and wage inequality, dependent and self-employment, as well as reservation wages and satisfaction. We also discuss difficulties in the implementation of the minimum wage and the measurement of its effects related to non-compliance and suitability of data sources. Two years after the minimum wage introduction, the following conclusions can be drawn: while hourly wages increased for low-wage earners, some small negative employment effects are also identifiable. The effects on aspired goals, such as poverty and inequality reduction, have not materialized in the short run. Instead, a tendency to reduce working hours is found, which alleviates the desired positive impact on monthly income. Additionally, the level of non-compliance was substantial in the short run, thus drawing attention to problems when implementing such a wide-reaching policy. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 1 KW - Minimum Wage KW - Evaluation KW - Earnings KW - Working Hours KW - Employment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426929 SN - 2628-653X IS - 1 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Catching up or Lagging Behind? BT - The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 12 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-up Subsidies KW - Business Grow KW - Innovation KW - Job Creation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437012 SN - 2628-653X IS - 12 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 11 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-ups KW - Persistence KW - Survival Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563 SN - 2628-653X IS - 11 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Fossen, Frank M. A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - What Makes an Employer? T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 13 KW - employer KW - entrepreneurship KW - business venturing KW - firm growth KW - employment growth KW - personality Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437360 SN - 2628-653X IS - 13 ER -