TY - THES A1 - Bartsch, Bernhard A1 - Jodexnis, Marion T1 - Sexuelle Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen von StudentenInnen und KrankenpflegeschülernInnen unter der Bedrohung durch AIDS : eine empirische Untersuchung an LehramtsstudentenInnen der Primarstufe, DesignstudentenInnen und KrankenpflegeschülernInn N2 - Die Autoren untersuchten mit Hilfe einer Fragebogenstudie das Sexualverhalten von StudentenInnen und KrankenpflegeschülernInnen unter der Bedrohung durch AIDS(n = 593). Als Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass unterschiedliche Personengruppen mit unterschiedlichen Einstellungen, mit unterschiedlichem Wissen über HIV und AIDS, mit unterschiedlichem Sexualverhalten sowie einem unterschiedlichen Grad von persönlicher Betroffenheit auf differenzierte Weise angesprochen und zur Prävention angeleitet werden müssen. Die berufliche Nähe zu HIV und AIDS hat keinen Einfluss auf die sexuellen Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen. Nur durch eine Selbststeuerung kann einer Gefahrensituation, wie sie eine mögliche HIV-Infektion darstellt, begegnet werden. Von daher muss neben der persönlichen Betroffenheit auch die Einsicht gegeben sein, dass ich mich als Individuum eigenständig vor dieser Gefahr schützen kann. Ferner muss dieses Verhalten in die eigene Lebenswelt eingepasst und von der eigenen sozialen Umgebung getragen werden. Präventionsbemühungen müssen auf kompetenzsteigernde, ressourcenorientierte und differenzierte Maßnahmen setzen. Ansätze von Furchtappellen und Lustfeindlichkeit wirken kontraproduktiv. Eine Beschränkung der Prävention auf individuumzentrierte Maßnahmen ist wenig effektiv, sofern gesellschaftliche und strukturelle Bedingungen ausgeblendet werden. Ziel von Sexualpädagogik und AIDS-Präventionsarbeit muss es daher sein, eine von allen geteilte Kommunikationsstruktur für Intimität zu entwickeln. N2 - The authors examined by means of a study basing on a questionnaire the sexual behaviour of female and male students and nurses and male nurses under the threat of AIDS (n = 593). As a result can be noticed that different groups of persons with different attitudes towards and different knowledge about HIV and AIDS and different sexual behaviour and a different level of personal affection as well have to be addressed in different ways and to be instructed about preventive measures regarding AIDS. The nearness on profession to HIV and AIDS has no influence to sexual views and behaviours. Only by the means of self - determination you can face a dangerous situation like the possible infection by AIDS. Beneath the personal affection from that point of view there has to be reason that I myself as an individual can protect myself from this danger. Further the behaviour has to be fitted into one's own way of life and to be supported of one's own social environment. Struggles of prevention have to back on increase of competence orientated by oneself capabilities and distinguished steps. Approaches of appeals to fear and to make someone lose all interest in lust are contra-productive. A restriction of prevention on individual centring steps is little effective as far as social and structural conditions are out of focus. Target of sexual pedagogy and work on prevention of AIDS therefore has to be to develop a shared by all structure of communication for intimacy. T2 - Sexuelle Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen von StudentenInnen und KrankenpflegeschülernInnen unter der Bedrohung durch AIDS : eine empirische Untersuchung an LehramtsstudentenInnen der Primarstufe, DesignstudentenInnen und KrankenpflegeschülernInn KW - AIDS und sexuelle Verhaltensänderungen KW - Studenten KW - Sexualverhalten KW - HIV KW - AIDS and change in sexual behaviour KW - students KW - sexual behaviour KW - HIV Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001603 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Idzik, Krzysztof Ryszard A1 - Cywinski, Piotr J. A1 - Cranfield, Charles G. A1 - Mohr, Gerhard J. A1 - Beckert, Rainer T1 - Molecular recognition of the antiretroviral drug Abacavir BT - towards the development of a novel carbazole-based fluorosensor T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Due to their optical and electro-conductive attributes, carbazole derivatives are interesting materials for a large range of biosensor applications. In this study, we present the synthesis routes and fluorescence evaluation of newly designed carbazole fluorosensors that, by modification with uracil, have a special affinity for antiretroviral drugs via either Watson–Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing. To an N-octylcarbazole-uracil compound, four different groups were attached, namely thiophene, furane, ethylenedioxythiophene, and another uracil; yielding four different derivatives. Photophysical properties of these newly obtained derivatives are described, as are their interactions with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine and didanosine. The influence of each analyte on biosensor fluorescence was assessed on the basis of the Stern–Volmer equation and represented by Stern–Volmer constants. Consequently we have demonstrated that these structures based on carbazole, with a uracil group, may be successfully incorporated into alternative carbazole derivatives to form biosensors for the molecular recognition of antiretroviral drugs. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 847 KW - HIV KW - HAART KW - antiretroviral drugs KW - carbazole KW - base pairing KW - fluorescence spectroscopy Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-430372 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 847 SP - 1195 EP - 1204 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferir, Geoffrey A1 - Vermeire, Kurt A1 - Huskens, Dana A1 - Balzarini, Jan A1 - Van Damme, Els J. M. A1 - Kehr, Jan-Christoph A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke A1 - Swanson, Michael D. A1 - Markovitz, David M. A1 - Schols, Dominique T1 - Synergistic in vitro anti-HIV type 1 activity of tenofovir with carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) JF - Antiviral research N2 - Tenofovir, a well-known and highly prescribed anti-HIV-1 drug for the treatment of HIV/AIDS infections, has recently also shown its effectiveness as a potential microbicide drug in the prevention of HIV transmission. Here, we evaluated the combination of tenofovir with various members of the class of carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) targeting the glycans on the viral envelope gp120 for their anti-HIV efficacy. The tenofovir/CBA combinations predominantly showed synergistic antiviral activity using the median effect principle. These findings illustrate that combination of tenofovir with CBAs may increase the antiviral potency of the individual drugs and reducing the risk on potential side-effects. KW - Tenofovir KW - Carbohydrate-binding agents KW - HIV KW - Synergy KW - Microbicide Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.188 SN - 0166-3542 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - 200 EP - 204 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Idzik, Krzysztof Ryszard A1 - Cywinski, Piotr J. A1 - Cranfield, Charles G. A1 - Mohr, Gerhard J. A1 - Beckert, Rainer T1 - Molecular recognition of the antiretroviral drug abacavir towards the development of a novel carbazole-based fluorosensor JF - Journal of fluorescence N2 - Due to their optical and electro-conductive attributes, carbazole derivatives are interesting materials for a large range of biosensor applications. In this study, we present the synthesis routes and fluorescence evaluation of newly designed carbazole fluorosensors that, by modification with uracil, have a special affinity for antiretroviral drugs via either Watson-Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing. To an N-octylcarbazole-uracil compound, four different groups were attached, namely thiophene, furane, ethylenedioxythiophene, and another uracil; yielding four different derivatives. Photophysical properties of these newly obtained derivatives are described, as are their interactions with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine and didanosine. The influence of each analyte on biosensor fluorescence was assessed on the basis of the Stern-Volmer equation and represented by Stern-Volmer constants. Consequently we have demonstrated that these structures based on carbazole, with a uracil group, may be successfully incorporated into alternative carbazole derivatives to form biosensors for the molecular recognition of antiretroviral drugs. KW - HIV KW - HAART KW - Antiretroviral drugs KW - Carbazole KW - Base pairing KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-010-0798-7 SN - 1053-0509 SN - 1573-4994 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 1195 EP - 1204 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Gopalakrishnan, Sathej T1 - Mathematical modelling of host-disease-drug interactions in HIV disease T1 - Mathematische Modellierung von Pathogen-Wirkstoff-Wirt-Interaktionen im Kontext der HIV Erkrankung N2 - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has resisted nearly three decades of efforts targeting a cure. Sustained suppression of the virus has remained a challenge, mainly due to the remarkable evolutionary adaptation that the virus exhibits by the accumulation of drug-resistant mutations in its genome. Current therapeutic strategies aim at achieving and maintaining a low viral burden and typically involve multiple drugs. The choice of optimal combinations of these drugs is crucial, particularly in the background of treatment failure having occurred previously with certain other drugs. An understanding of the dynamics of viral mutant genotypes aids in the assessment of treatment failure with a certain drug combination, and exploring potential salvage treatment regimens. Mathematical models of viral dynamics have proved invaluable in understanding the viral life cycle and the impact of antiretroviral drugs. However, such models typically use simplified and coarse-grained mutation schemes, that curbs the extent of their application to drug-specific clinical mutation data, in order to assess potential next-line therapies. Statistical models of mutation accumulation have served well in dissecting mechanisms of resistance evolution by reconstructing mutation pathways under different drug-environments. While these models perform well in predicting treatment outcomes by statistical learning, they do not incorporate drug effect mechanistically. Additionally, due to an inherent lack of temporal features in such models, they are less informative on aspects such as predicting mutational abundance at treatment failure. This limits their application in analyzing the pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs, in particular, time-dependent characteristics of HIV therapy such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and also in understanding the impact of drug efficacy on mutation dynamics. In this thesis, we develop an integrated model of in vivo viral dynamics incorporating drug-specific mutation schemes learned from clinical data. Our combined modelling approach enables us to study the dynamics of different mutant genotypes and assess mutational abundance at virological failure. As an application of our model, we estimate in vivo fitness characteristics of viral mutants under different drug environments. Our approach also extends naturally to multiple-drug therapies. Further, we demonstrate the versatility of our model by showing how it can be modified to incorporate recently elucidated mechanisms of drug action including molecules that target host factors. Additionally, we address another important aspect in the clinical management of HIV disease, namely drug pharmacokinetics. It is clear that time-dependent changes in in vivo drug concentration could have an impact on the antiviral effect, and also influence decisions on dosing intervals. We present a framework that provides an integrated understanding of key characteristics of multiple-dosing regimens including drug accumulation ratios and half-lifes, and then explore the impact of drug pharmacokinetics on viral suppression. Finally, parameter identifiability in such nonlinear models of viral dynamics is always a concern, and we investigate techniques that alleviate this issue in our setting. N2 - Das Humane Immundefiecienz-Virus (HIV) widerstanden hat fast drei Jahrzehnten eff Orts targeting eine Heilung. Eine anhaltende Unterdrückung des Virus hat noch eine Herausforderung, vor allem aufgrund der bemerkenswerten evolutionären Anpassung, dass das Virus Exponate durch die Ansammlung von Medikamenten-resistenten Mutationen in seinem Genom. Aktuelle therapeutische Strategien zielen auf das Erreichen und die Erhaltung einer niedrigen virale Belastung und umfassen in der Regel mehrere Medikamente. Die Wahl der optimalen Kombinationen dieser Medikamente ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, besonders im Hintergrund der Behandlung Fehler eingetreten, die zuvor mit bestimmten anderen Medikamenten. Ein Verständnis für die Dynamik der viralen mutierten Genotypen Aids in die Bewertung der Behandlung Fehler mit einer bestimmten Kombination und der Erkundung potenzieller Bergung Behandlungsschemata. Mathematische Modelle für virale Dynamik haben sich als unschätzbar erwiesen hat im Verständnis der viralen Lebenszyklus und die Auswirkungen von antiretroviralen Medikamenten. Allerdings sind solche Modelle verwenden in der Regel simplified und grobkörnigen Mutation Regelungen, dass Aufkantungen den Umfang ihrer Anwendung auf Arzneimittel-ganz speziellec Mutation klinische Daten, um zu beurteilen, mögliche nächste-line Therapien. Statistische Modelle der Mutation Anhäufung gedient haben gut in präparieren Mechanismen der Resistenz Evolution durch Mutation Rekonstruktion Pathways unter verschiedenen Medikamenten-Umgebungen. Während diese Modelle führen gut in der Vorhersage der Ergebnisse der Behandlung durch statistische lernen, sie enthalten keine Droge E ffect mechanistisch. Darüber hinaus aufgrund einer innewohnenden Mangel an zeitlichen Funktionen in solchen Modellen, sie sind weniger informativ auf Aspekte wie die Vorhersage mutational Fülle an Versagen der Behandlung. Dies schränkt die Anwendung in der Analyse der Pharmakologie von antiretroviralen Medikamenten, insbesondere, Zeit-abhängige Merkmale der HIV-Therapie wie Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik, und auch in dem Verständnis der Auswirkungen von Drogen e fficacy auf Mutation Dynamik. In dieser Arbeit, die wir bei der Entwicklung eines integrierten Modells von In-vivo-virale Dynamik Einbeziehung drug-ganz speziellec Mutation Systeme gelernt aus den klinischen Daten. Unsere kombinierten Modellansatz ermöglicht uns die Untersuchung der Dynamik von diff schiedene mutierten Genotypen und bewerten mutational Fülle an virologischem Versagen. Als Anwendung unseres Modells schätzen wir In-vivo-fitness Merkmale der viralen Mutanten unter di fferent drug Umgebungen. Unser Ansatz erstreckt sich auch natürlich auf mehrere-Therapien. Weitere zeigen wir die Vielseitigkeit unseres Modells zeigen, wie es können Modified zu integrieren kürzlich aufgeklärt Mechanismen der Drug Action einschließlich Molekülen, dass target host Faktoren. Zusätzlich haben wir Adresse ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt in der klinischen Management der HIV-Erkrankung, das heißt Drogen Pharmakokinetik. Es ist klar, dass die Zeit-abhängige Änderungen in In-vivo-Wirkstoffkonzentration könnten die Auswirkungen auf die antivirale E ffect und haben auch Einfluss auf die Entscheidungen über Dosierungsintervalle. Wir präsentieren ein Framework, bietet ein integriertes Verständnis der wichtigsten Merkmale von mehreren Dosierungsschemata einschließlich Kumulation Übersetzungen und Halbwertszeiten, und untersuchen Sie die Auswirkungen von Drogen auf die Pharmakokinetik Virussuppression. Schließlich, Parameter identifiFähigkeit in solchen nichtlineare Modelle der virale Dynamik ist immer ein Anliegen, und wir untersuchen Methoden, um dieses Problem in unserer Einstellung. KW - HIV KW - mathematical modelling KW - viral fitness KW - pharmacokinetics KW - parameter estimation KW - HIV Erkrankung KW - Pharmakokinetik KW - Fitness KW - mathematische Modellierung KW - Kombinationstherapie Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100100 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heissel, Andreas A1 - Zech, Philipp A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Schuch, Felipe B. A1 - Lawrence, Jimmy B. A1 - Kangas, Maria A1 - Heinzel, Stephan T1 - Effects of exercise on depression and anxiety in persons living with HIV: A meta-analysis JF - Journal of psychosomatic research N2 - Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of exercise on depression and anxiety in people living with HIV (PLWH), and to evaluate, through subgroup analysis, the effects of exercise type, frequency, supervision by exercise professionals, study quality, and control group conditions on these outcomes. Method: A literature search was conducted through four electronic databases from inception to February 2019. Considered for inclusion were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating exercise interventions and depression or anxiety as outcomes in people living with HIV (>= 18 years of age). Ten studies were included (n = 479 participants, 49.67% females at baseline), and the standardized mean difference (SMD) and heterogeneity were calculated using random-effect models. An additional pre-post meta-analysis was also conducted. Results: A large effect in favor of exercise when compared to controls was found for depression (SMD = -0.84, 95%CI = [-1.57, -0.11], p = 0.02) and anxiety (SMD = -1.23, 95%CI = [-2.42, 0.04], p = -0.04). Subgroup analyses for depression revealed large effects on depression for aerobic exercise only (SMD = -0.96, 95%CI = [-1.63, -0.30], p = 0.004), a frequency of >= 3 exercise sessions per week (SMD = -1.39, 95%CI = [-2.24, -0.54], p < 0.001), professionally supervised exercise (SMD = -1.40, 95%CI = [-2.46, -0.17], p = 0.03]), and high-quality studies (SMD = -1.31, 95%CI = [-2.46, -0.17], p = 0.02). Conclusion: Exercise seems to decrease depressive symptoms and anxiety in PLWH, but other larger and high-quality studies are needed to verify these effects. KW - HIV KW - Exercise KW - Depression KW - Anxiety KW - Meta-analysis KW - Supervision Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109823 SN - 0022-3999 SN - 1879-1360 VL - 126 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zech, Philipp A1 - Perez Chaparro, Camilo Germán Alberto A1 - Schuch, Felipe A1 - Wolfarth, Bernd A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heissel, Andreas T1 - Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Cardiovascular Parameters for People Living With HIV BT - a Meta-analysis JF - JANAC-Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care N2 - People living with HIV (PLWH) have limited exercise capacity because of anemia, neuromuscular disorders, and pulmonary limitations. We used a meta-analysis to examine the effect of aerobic and resistance exercise alone and in combination on cardiovascular parameters. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted and long-term effects of exercise were investigated. A systematic literature search was conducted up to July/August 2017. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database-scale was used to rate quality and assess the risk of bias on the papers. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated to assess the effect of exercise. Posttreatment comparison between the exercise and control groups revealed moderate and large effect sizes in favor of the intervention group for VO2max (SMD50.66, p < .0001) and the 6-minute walk test (SMD = 1.11, p = .0001). Exercise had a positive effect on cardiovascular parameters in PLWH. Exercise can be a prevention factor for PLWH dealing with multiple comorbidities. KW - aerobic exercise KW - cardiovascular KW - HIV KW - long-term effects KW - physical exercise KW - resistance training Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000006 SN - 1055-3290 SN - 1552-6917 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 186 EP - 205 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zech, Philipp A1 - Schuch, Felipe A1 - Pérez Chaparro, Camilo Germán Alberto A1 - Kangas, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heissel, Andreas T1 - Exercise, Comorbidities, and Health-Related Quality of Life in People Living with HIV BT - The HIBES Cohort Study JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - (1) Background: People with HIV (PWH) may perform more than one type of exercise cumulatively. The objective of this study is to investigate recreational exercise and its association with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and comorbidities in relation to potential covariates. (2) Methods: The HIBES study (HIV-Begleiterkrankungen-Sport) is a cross-sectional study for people with HIV. The differences between non-exercisers versus exercisers (cumulated vs. single type of exercises) were investigated using regression models based on 454 participants. (3) Results: Exercisers showed a higher HRQOL score compared to non-exercisers (Wilcox r = 0.2 to 0.239). Psychological disorders were identified as the main covariate. Participants performing exercise cumulatively showed higher scores in duration, frequency, and intensity when compared to participants performing only one type of exercise. The mental health summary score was higher for the cumulated and single type of exercise if a psychological disorder existed. Duration and intensity were associated with an increase of HRQOL, whilst a stronger association between psychological disorders and exercise variables were evident. Exercise duration (minutes) showed a significant effect on QOL (standardized beta = 0.1) and for participants with psychological disorders (standardized beta = 0.3), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Psychological disorders and other covariates have a prominent effect on HRQOL and its association with exercise. For PWH with a psychological disorder, a stronger relationship between HRQOL with exercise duration and intensity emerged. However, differentiation of high-HRQOL individuals warrants further investigation by considering additional factors. KW - HIV KW - exercise intensity KW - quality of life KW - comorbidity Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145138 SN - 1660-4601 SN - 1661-7827 VL - 17 IS - 14 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zech, Philipp A1 - Schuch, Felipe A1 - Pérez Chaparro, Camilo Germán Alberto A1 - Kangas, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heissel, Andreas T1 - Exercise, Comorbidities, and Health-Related Quality of Life in People Living with HIV BT - The HIBES Cohort Study T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - (1) Background: People with HIV (PWH) may perform more than one type of exercise cumulatively. The objective of this study is to investigate recreational exercise and its association with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and comorbidities in relation to potential covariates. (2) Methods: The HIBES study (HIV-Begleiterkrankungen-Sport) is a cross-sectional study for people with HIV. The differences between non-exercisers versus exercisers (cumulated vs. single type of exercises) were investigated using regression models based on 454 participants. (3) Results: Exercisers showed a higher HRQOL score compared to non-exercisers (Wilcox r = 0.2 to 0.239). Psychological disorders were identified as the main covariate. Participants performing exercise cumulatively showed higher scores in duration, frequency, and intensity when compared to participants performing only one type of exercise. The mental health summary score was higher for the cumulated and single type of exercise if a psychological disorder existed. Duration and intensity were associated with an increase of HRQOL, whilst a stronger association between psychological disorders and exercise variables were evident. Exercise duration (minutes) showed a significant effect on QOL (standardized beta = 0.1) and for participants with psychological disorders (standardized beta = 0.3), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Psychological disorders and other covariates have a prominent effect on HRQOL and its association with exercise. For PWH with a psychological disorder, a stronger relationship between HRQOL with exercise duration and intensity emerged. However, differentiation of high-HRQOL individuals warrants further investigation by considering additional factors. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 661 KW - HIV KW - exercise intensity KW - quality of life KW - comorbidity Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-480289 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 661 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoelscher, Matthijs Pieter T1 - The production of antimicrobial polypeptides in chloroplasts N2 - Plants are an attractive platform for the production of medicinal compounds because of their potential to generate large amounts of biomass cheaply. The use of chloroplast transformation is an attractive way to achieve the recombinant production of proteins in plants, because of the chloroplasts’ high capacity to produce foreign proteins in comparison to nuclear transformed plants. In this thesis, the production of two different types of antimicrobial polypeptides in chloroplasts is explored. The first example is the production of the potent HIV entry inhibitor griffithsin. Griffithsin has the potential to prevent HIV infections by blocking the entry of the virus into human cells. Here the use of transplastomic plants as an inexpensive production method for griffithsin was explored. Transplastomic plants grew healthily and were able to accumulate griffithsin to up to 5% of the total soluble protein. Griffithsin could easily be purified from tobacco leaf tissue and had a similarly high neutralization activity as griffithsin recombinantly produced in bacteria. Griffithsin could be purified from dried tobacco leaves, demonstrating that dried leaves could be used as a storable starting material for griffithsin purification, circumventing the need for immediate purification after harvest. The second example is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that have the capacity to kill bacteria and are an attractive alternative to currently used antibiotics that are increasingly becoming ineffective. The production of antimicrobial peptides was considerably more challenging than the production of griffithsin. Small AMPs are prone to degradation in plastids. This problem was overcome by fusing AMPs to generate larger polypeptides. In one approach, AMPs were fused to each other to increase size and combine the mode of action of multiple AMPs. This improved the accumulation of AMPs but also resulted in impaired plant growth. This was solved by the use of two different inducible systems, which could largely restore plant growth. Fusions of multiple AMPs were insoluble and could not be purified. In addition to fusing AMPs to each other, the fusion of AMPs to small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), was tested as an approach to improve the accumulation, facilitate purification, and reduce the toxicity of AMPs to chloroplasts. Fusion of AMPs to SUMO indeed increased accumulation while reducing the toxicity to the plants. SUMO fusions produced inside chloroplasts could be purified, and SUMO could be efficiently cleaved off with the SUMO protease. Such fusions therefore provide a promising strategy for the production of AMPs and other small polypeptides inside chloroplasts. KW - plastid transformation KW - Nicotiana tabacum KW - HIV KW - AIDS KW - antiviral agent KW - micorbicide KW - Griffithsin KW - chloroplast KW - antimicrobial peptide KW - AMP KW - recombinant production KW - transgenic KW - SUMO KW - inducible expression KW - anti bacterial KW - protein fusion KW - polypeptide KW - peptide KW - plant KW - molecular farming Y1 - 2020 ER -