TY  - GEN
A1  - Lenk, Stephan
A1  - Rybski, Diego
A1  - Heidrich, Oliver
A1  - Dawson, Richard J.
A1  - Kropp, Jürgen
T1  - Costs of sea dikes
BT  - Regressions and uncertainty estimates
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Failure to consider the costs of adaptation strategies can be seen by decision makers as a barrier to implementing coastal protection measures. In order to validate adaptation strategies to sea-level rise in the form of coastal protection, a consistent and repeatable assessment of the costs is necessary. This paper significantly extends current knowledge on cost estimates by developing - and implementing using real coastal dike data - probabilistic functions of dike costs. Data from Canada and the Netherlands are analysed and related to published studies from the US, UK, and Vietnam in order to provide a reproducible estimate of typical sea dike costs and their uncertainty. We plot the costs divided by dike length as a function of height and test four different regression models. Our analysis shows that a linear function without intercept is sufficient to model the costs, i.e. fixed costs and higher-order contributions such as that due to the volume of core fill material are less significant. We also characterise the spread around the regression models which represents an uncertainty stemming from factors beyond dike length and height. Drawing an analogy with project cost overruns, we employ log-normal distributions and calculate that the range between 3x and x/3 contains 95% of the data, where x represents the corresponding regression value. We compare our estimates with previously published unit costs for other countries. We note that the unit costs depend not only on the country and land use (urban/non-urban) of the sites where the dikes are being constructed but also on characteristics included in the costs, e.g. property acquisition, utility relocation, and project management. This paper gives decision makers an order of magnitude on the protection costs, which can help to remove potential barriers to develop-ing adaptation strategies. Although the focus of this research is sea dikes, our approach is applicable and transferable to other adaptation measures.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 638 
KW  - coastal flood damage
KW  - level rise
KW  - climate
KW  - infrastructure
KW  - protection
KW  - Netherlands
KW  - strategies
KW  - overruns
KW  - hazards
KW  - losses
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418401
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 638
SP  - 765
EP  - 779
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Hartmut
A1  - Meier, Michael
T1  - Green Light for PPP on German Motorways?
JF  - Frontiers of law in China
N2  - While public–private partnerships (PPPs) have surged worldwide since the 1990s, they have been met with growing skepticism during the last years. A recent revision of Germany’s constitutional rules on motorway construction and observations on the use of PPPs published by both the German and the European Courts of Auditors illustrate this new caution. These two examples fit into a general trend towards a revival of the public sector, which can be summarized under the cross-level umbrella term “publicization.” It would, however, be remiss to replace the uncritical euphoria that once surrounded privatization with a similarly undifferentiated euphoria regarding publicization. Rather, it is crucial to identify the most appropriate solution for the fulfilment of each public task from the “toolbox” of publicization on the one hand and privatization on the other hand in order to ensure the most effective completion of public functions.
KW  - publicization
KW  - remunicipalization
KW  - recommunalization
KW  - nationalization
KW  - renationalization
KW  - public-private-partnerships
KW  - PPPs
KW  - privatization
KW  - motorways
KW  - infrastructure
KW  - construction
KW  - toll
KW  - economic efficiency
KW  - court of auditors
KW  - debt ceiling
KW  - economic impact analysis
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3868/s050-008-019-0016-2
SN  - 1673-3428
SN  - 1673-3541
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
SP  - 311
EP  - 334
PB  - Higher education Press
CY  - Beijing
ER  -