TY - JOUR A1 - Dames, Petra A1 - Zimmermann, Bernhard A1 - Schmidt, Ruth A1 - Rein, Julia A1 - Voss, Martin A1 - Schewe, Bettina A1 - Walz, Bernd A1 - Baumann, Otto T1 - cAMP regulates plasma membrane vacuolar-type H+-ATPase assembly and activity in blowfly salivary glands N2 - Reversible assembly of the V0V1 holoenzyme from V-0 and V-1 subcomplexes is a widely used mechanism for regulation of vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) in animal cells. in the blowfly (Calliphora vicina) salivary gland, V- ATPase is located in the apical membrane of the secretory cells and energizes the secretion of a KCl-rich saliva in response to the hormone serotonin. We have examined whether the CAMP pathway, known to be activated by serotonin, controls V-ATPase assembly and activity. Fluorescence measurements of pH changes at the luminal surface of isolated glands demonstrate that CAMP, Sp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, or forskolin, similar to serotonin, cause V-ATPase-dependent luminal acidification. In addition, V-ATPase-dependent ATP hydrolysis increases upon treatment with these agents. Immunofluorescence microscopy and pelleting assays have demonstrated further that V, components become translocated from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane and V-ATPase holoenzymes are assembled at the apical membrane during conditions that increase intracellular cAMP. Because these actions occur without a change in cytosolic Ca2+, our findings suggest that the cAMP pathway mediates the reversible assembly and activation of V-ATPase molecules at the apical membrane upon hormonal stimulus Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.pnas.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600011103 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schewe, Bettina A1 - Schmaelzlin, Elmar A1 - Walz, Bernd T1 - Intracellular pH homeostasis and serotonin-induced pH changes in Calliphora salivary glands : the contribution of V-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schewe, Bettina T1 - Räumliche und zeitliche Aspekte der intrazellulären pH-Regulation in Epithelien T1 - Spatial and temporal characteristics of intracellular pH-regulation in epithelial cells N2 - Die Speicheldrüsen der Schmeißfliege Calliphora vicina produzieren bei Stimulierung mit dem Neurohormon Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) einen KCl-reichen Primärspeichel. Der transepitheliale K+-Transport wird durch eine apikal lokalisierte vakuoläre H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) energetisiert. Stimulierung der Speicheldrüsen mit 5-HT aktiviert die apikale V-ATPase, die Protonen aus der Zelle in das Drüsenlumen transportiert. Trotz des auswärts gerichteten Protonentransportes führt die 5-HT-Stimulierung kurioserweise zu einer intrazellulären Ansäuerung. Die Ursachen dieser 5-HT-induzierten Ansäuerung waren unzureichend untersucht. Deshalb war das Ziel dieser Arbeit die Identifikation aller Transporter, die an der intrazellulären pH-(pHi)-Regulation in unstimulierten Speicheldrüsen von Calliphora vicina beteiligt sind und an der Entstehung und Regulation der 5-HT-induzierten pHi-Änderungen mitwirken. Von besonderem Interesse war hierbei die funktionelle Mitwirkung der V-ATPase, deren Beteiligung an der pHi-Regulation in tierischen Zellen bisher wenig untersucht war. Wesentliche Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit waren: • Messungen des pHi-Wertes in der unstimulierten Drüse zeigten, dass vor allem die V-ATPase und mindestens ein Na+-abhängiger HCO3--Transporter an der Aufrechterhaltung des Ruhe-pHi beteiligt sind. • Zur Wiederherstellung des Ruhe-pHi nach einer intrazellulären Ansäuerung (NH4Cl-Vorpuls) tragen ebenfalls im Wesentlichen die V-ATPase und mindestens ein Na+-abhängiger HCO3--Transporter bei. Der Na+/H+-Antiporter hat in der unstimulierten Drüse keinen messbaren Einfluss auf den Ruhe-pHi. • Die Wiederherstellung des Ruhe-pHi nach einer intrazellulären Alkalisierung (Na-acetat-Vorpuls) ist Cl--abhängig, aber auch unter extremen Bedingungen waren die Zellen noch in der Lage sich vollständig von einer intrazellullären Alkalisierung zu erholen. Einen entscheidenden Anteil daran hat offenbar die hohe intrazelluläre Pufferkapazität. • Ein Na+-abhängiger Glutamat-Transporter ist per se kein pHi-regulierender Transporter, seine Aktivität hat jedoch Einfluss auf den Ruhe-pHi in der unstimulierten Speicheldrüse von Calliphora vicina. • 10 nM 5-HT induzieren in den Calliphora Speicheldrüsen eine intrazelluläre Ansäuerung. An dieser Ansäuerung ist der Na+/H+-Antiporter entscheidend beteiligt. Auch eine klare Cl--Abhängigkeit der 5-HT-induzierten Ansäuerung konnte beobachtet werden. Wahrscheinlich ist eine gekoppelte Aktivität von Na+/H+-Antiporter und Cl-/HCO3--Antiporter. • Messungen mit einem O2-empfindlichen Fluoreszenzfarbstoff zeigten, dass Stimulierung der Speicheldrüsen mit 5-HT die Zellatmung aktivierte. Der cAMP- und der IP3/Ca2+-Weg tragen auf komplexe Weise zu der 5-HT-induzierten Aktivierung der Zellatmung und damit auch zu den 5-HT-induzierten pHi-Änderungen bei. • Mit molekularbiologischen Untersuchungen ist es gelungen den Na+-abhängigen Glutamat-Transporter, den Na+/H+-Antiporter, die Carboanhydrase und die Untereinheit C der V-ATPase in den Calliphora Speicheldrüsen direkt nachzuweisen. Zudem konnte erstmals der direkte Nachweis für die Expression eines nH+/K+-Antiporters in den Speicheldrüsen von Calliphora vicina erbracht werden. Diese Arbeit trug ganz wesentlich zum Verständnis der pHi-Regulation in der unstimulierten und stimulierten Speicheldrüse von Calliphora vicina bei. Mechanismen die zur Aufrechterhaltung und Wiederherstellung des Ruhe-pHi nach einer intrazellulären Ansäuerung bzw. Alkalisierung beitragen, konnten mit pHi-Messungen und auch molekularbiologisch nachgewiesen werden. Die Mechanismen, welche die 5-HT-induzierte intrazelluläre Ansäuerung verursachen, konnten ebenfalls aufgeklärt werden. Zudem wurde an den Calliphora Speicheldrüsen eine neue optische Methode zur Messung des O2-Verbrauchs in tierischen Geweben etabliert. N2 - The tubular salivary glands of the blowfly Calliphora vicina consist of a single layer of epithelial cells. Stimulation with the neurohormone serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT) induces the secretion of a KCl-rich primary saliva. Transepithelial K+-transport is energized by a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) which is located in the apical membrane. 5-HT stimulates the apical V-ATPase which transports protons out of the cells into the lumen of the glands. Despite this outward directed proton transport, 5-HT stimulation leads to an intracellular acidification. The causes of this intracellular acidification were poorly understood. Therefore the aim of this thesis was the identification of all pHi regulating transporters which are involved in pHi regulation in the unstimulated salivary glands of Calliphora vicina and which contribute to the 5-HT-induced pHi changes. Of special interest was the functional role of the V-ATPase,whose contribution to pHi regulation in animal cells is, as yet, not well studied. Key results were: • pHi measurements in unstimulated glands showed that mainly the V-ATPase and at least one Na+-dependent HCO3--transporter are involved in maintenance of resting pHi. • V-ATPase and at least one Na+-dependent HCO3--transporter are also necessary for the recovery from an intracellular acidification (NH4Cl prepulse). • Recovery from an intracellular alkali load (Na-acetate prepulse) is partially Cl--dependent. • A Na+ dependent gluatamate-transporter is present in Calliphora salivary glands and its activity affects the resting pHi. • 10 nM 5-HT induce an intracellular acidification. This acidification is Na+-dependent, EIPA-sensitive and also Cl--dependent. No DIDS-sensitivity was observed. A coupled activity of a Na+/H+-antiporter and a Cl-/HCO3- -antiporter was suggested. • Using O2-sensitive fluorescent microbeads I could show that 5-HT stimulation of the Calliphora salivary glands activates cellular respiration. The cAMP and Ca2+-signalling pathways contribute in a complex manner to the 5-HT-induced activation of cellular respiration and consequently, also to the 5-HT-induced intracellular acidification. • The expression of a Na+ dependent glutamate-transporter, a Na+/H+-antiporter, a carbonic anhydrase, subunit C of the V-ATPase and a nH+/K+-antiporter were determined on mRNA level by RT-PCR. This thesis contributes significantly to the understanding of pHi regulation in unstimulated and stimulated salivary glands of Calliphora vicina. Mechanisms which contribute to the maintenance and recovery of resting pHi were identified by using pHi measurements and molecular biological techniques. Mechanisms which are responsible for the 5-HT-induced intracellular acidification were also clarified. Furthermore a new optical method for measuring O2 consumption in animals cells was established by using the Calliphora salivary glands as a model. KW - pH-Regulation KW - V-ATPase KW - Speichelsekretion KW - Epithelien KW - Calliphora KW - pH-regulation KW - V-ATPase KW - saliva secretion KW - epithelia KW - Calliphora Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-26879 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schewe, Bettina A1 - Blenau, Wolfgang A1 - Walz, Bernd T1 - Intracellular pH regulation in unstimulated Calliphora salivary glands is Na+ dependent and requires V-ATPase activity JF - The journal of experimental biology N2 - Salivary gland cells of the blowfly Calliphora vicina have a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) that lies in their apical membrane and energizes the secretion of a KCl-rich primary saliva upon stimulation with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Whether and to what extent V-ATPase contributes to intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulation in unstimulated gland cells is unknown. We used the fluorescent dye BCECF to study intracellular pH(i) regulation microfluorometrically and show that: (1) under resting conditions, the application of Na+-free physiological saline induces an intracellular alkalinization attributable to the inhibition of the activity of a Na+-dependent glutamate transporter; (2) the maintenance of resting pHi is Na+, Cl-, concanamycin A and DIDS sensitive; (3) recovery from an intracellular acid load is Na+ sensitive and requires V-ATPase activity; (4) the Na+/H+ antiporter is not involved in pHi recovery after a NH4Cl prepulse; and (5) at least one Na+-dependent transporter and the V-ATPase maintain recovery from an intracellular acid load. Thus, under resting conditions, the V-ATPase and at least one Na+-dependent transporter maintain normal pH(i) values of pH.7.5. We have also detected the presence of a Na+-dependent glutamate transporter, which seems to act as an acid loader. Despite this not being a common pH(i)-regulating transporter, its activity affects steady-state pH(i) in C. vicina salivary gland cells. KW - Calliphora vicina KW - salivary gland KW - intracellular pH regulation KW - Na+/H+ antiporter KW - NHE KW - vacuolar H+-ATPase KW - V-ATPase KW - intracellular pH KW - insect KW - blowfly KW - BCECF KW - NH4Cl prepulse Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063172 SN - 0022-0949 VL - 215 IS - 8 SP - 1337 EP - 1345 PB - Company of Biologists Limited CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraplau, Anne A1 - Schewe, Bettina A1 - Neuschäfer-Rube, Frank A1 - Ringel, Sebastian A1 - Neuber, Corinna A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard A1 - Püschel, Gerhard Paul T1 - Enhanced thyroid hormone breakdown in hepatocytes by mutual induction of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) and arylhydrocarbon receptor by benzo[a]pyrene and phenobarbital JF - Toxicology N2 - Xenobiotics may interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid endocrine axis by inducing enzymes that inactivate thyroid hormones and thereby reduce the metabolic rate. This induction results from an activation of xeno-sensing nuclear receptors. The current study shows that benzo[a]pyrene, a frequent contaminant of processed food and activator of the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activated the promoter and induced the transcription of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) in rat hepatocytes. Likewise, phenobarbital induced the AhR transcription. This mutual induction of the nuclear receptors enhanced the phenobarbital-dependent induction of the prototypic CAR target gene Cyp2b1 as well as the AhR-dependent induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. In both cases, the induction by the combination of both xenobiotics was more than the sum of the induction by either substance alone. By inducing the AhR, phenobarbital enhanced the benzo[a]pyrene-dependent reduction of thyroid hormone half-life and the benzo[a]pyrene-dependent increase in the rate of thyroid hormone glucuronide formation in hepatocyte cultures. CAR ligands might thus augment the endocrine disrupting potential of AhR activators by an induction of the AhR. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Endocrine disruption KW - Xenobesity KW - Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor KW - Cyp2b1 KW - Thyroid hormone KW - UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.004 SN - 0300-483X VL - 328 SP - 21 EP - 28 PB - Elsevier CY - Clare ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, Frank A1 - Schraplau, Anne A1 - Schewe, Bettina A1 - Lieske, Stefanie A1 - Kruetzfeldt, Julia-Mignon A1 - Ringel, Sebastian A1 - Henkela, Janin A1 - Birkenfeld, Andreas L. A1 - Püschel, Gerhard Paul T1 - Arylhydrocarbon receptor-dependent mIndy (SIc13a5) induction as possible contributor to benzo[a]pyrene-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes JF - Toxicology N2 - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a growing problem in industrialized and developing countries. Hepatic lipid accumulation is the result of an imbalance between fatty acid uptake, fatty acid de novo synthesis, beta-oxidation and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from the hepatocyte. A central regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism is cytosolic citrate that can either be derived from the mitochondrium or be taken up from the blood via the plasma membrane sodium citrate transporter NaCT, the product of the mammalian INDY gene (SLC13A5). mINDY ablation protects against diet-induced steatosis whereas mINDY expression is increased in patients with hepatic steatosis. Diet-induced hepatic steatosis is also enhanced by activation of the arylhyrocarbon receptor (AhR) both in humans and animal models. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested whether the mINDY gene might be a target of the AhR. In accordance with such a hypothesis, the AhR activator benzo[a]pyrene induced the mINDY expression in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes in an AhR-dependent manner. This induction resulted in an increased citrate uptake and citrate incorporation into lipids which probably was further enhanced by the benzo[a]pyrene-dependent induction of key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis. A potential AhR binding site was identified in the mINDY promoter that appears to be conserved in the human promoter. Elimination or mutation of this site largely abolished the activation of the mINDY promoter by benzo[a]pyrene. This study thus identified the mINDY as an AhR target gene. AhR-dependent induction of the mINDY gene might contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - SLC13A5 KW - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease KW - NAFLD Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.007 SN - 0300-483X VL - 337 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Clare ER -