TY - JOUR A1 - Ben Othman, Aymen A1 - Chaouachi, Anis A1 - Chaouachi, Mehdi A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Farthing, Jonathan P. A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Behm, David George T1 - Dominant and nondominant leg press training induce similar contralateral and ipsilateral limb training adaptations with children JF - Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism N2 - Cross-education has been extensively investigated with adults. Adult studies report asymmetrical cross-education adaptations predominately after dominant limb training. The objective of the study was to examine unilateral leg press (LP) training of the dominant or nondominant leg on contralateral and ipsilateral strength and balance measures. Forty-two youth (10-13 years) were placed (random allocation) into a dominant (n = 15) or nondominant (n = 14) leg press training group or nontraining control (n = 13). Experimental groups trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks and were tested pre-/post-training for ipsilateral and contralateral 1-repetition maximum (RM) horizontal LP, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF), countermovement jump (CMJ), triple hop test (THT), MVIC strength of elbow flexors (EF) and handgrip, as well as the stork and Y balance tests. Both dominant and nondominant LP training significantly (p < 0.05) increased both ipsilateral and contralateral lower body strength (LP 1RM (dominant: 59.6%-81.8%; nondominant: 59.5%-96.3%), KE MVIC (dominant: 12.4%-18.3%; nondominant: 8.6%-18.6%), KF MVIC (dominant: 7.9%-22.3%; nondominant: nonsignificant-3.8%), and power (CMJ: dominant: 11.1%-18.1%; nondominant: 7.7%-16.6%)). The exception was that nondominant LP training demonstrated a nonsignificant change with the contralateral KF MVIC. Other significant improvements were with nondominant LP training on ipsilateral EF 1RM (6.2%) and THT (9.6%). There were no significant changes with EF and handgrip MVIC. The contralateral leg stork balance test was impaired following dominant LP training. KF MVIC exhibited the only significant relative post-training to pretraining (post-test/pre-test) ratio differences between dominant versus nondominant LP cross-education training effects. In conclusion, children exhibit symmetrical cross-education or global training adaptations with unilateral training of dominant or nondominant upper leg. KW - resistance training KW - cross-education KW - youth KW - strength KW - power KW - balance Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0766 SN - 1715-5312 SN - 1715-5320 VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - 973 EP - 984 PB - NRC Research Press CY - Ottawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Negra, Yassine A1 - Capranica, Laura A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - A Needs Analysis of Karate Kumite With Recommendations for Performance Testing and Training JF - Strength and conditioning journal N2 - An effective training program needs to be customized to the specific demands of the redpective sport. Therefore, it is important to conduct a needs analysis to gain information on the unique characteristics of the sport. The objectives of thes review were (A) to conduct a systematic needs analysis of karate kumite and (B) to provide practical recommendations for sport-specific performance testing and training of karate kumite athletes. KW - sport profile KW - striking combat sports KW - strength KW - power KW - energetic systems KW - injury KW - assessment Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000445 SN - 1524-1602 SN - 1533-4295 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - 35 EP - 46 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Sandau, Ingo A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Short-term seasonal development of anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and sport-specific performance in young olympic weightlifters T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The aim of this study is to monitor short-term seasonal development of young Olympic weightlifters’ anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and sport-specific performance. Fifteen male weightlifters aged 13.2 ± 1.3 years participated in this study. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body-height, body-mass), body-composition (e.g., lean-body-mass, relative fat-mass), muscle strength (grip-strength), jump performance (drop-jump (DJ) height, countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, DJ contact time, DJ reactive-strength-index (RSI)), dynamic balance (Y-balance-test), and sport-specific performance (i.e., snatch and clean-and-jerk) were conducted at different time-points (i.e., T1 (baseline), T2 (9 weeks), T3 (20 weeks)). Strength tests (i.e., grip strength, clean-and-jerk and snatch) and training volume were normalized to body mass. Results showed small-to-large increases in body-height, body-mass, lean-body-mass, and lower-limbs lean-mass from T1-to-T2 and T2-to-T3 (∆0.7–6.7%; 0.1 ≤ d ≤ 1.2). For fat-mass, a significant small-sized decrease was found from T1-to-T2 (∆13.1%; d = 0.4) and a significant increase from T2-to-T3 (∆9.1%; d = 0.3). A significant main effect of time was observed for DJ contact time (d = 1.3) with a trend toward a significant decrease from T1-to-T2 (∆–15.3%; d = 0.66; p = 0.06). For RSI, significant small increases from T1-to-T2 (∆9.9%, d = 0.5) were noted. Additionally, a significant main effect of time was found for snatch (d = 2.7) and clean-and-jerk (d = 3.1) with significant small-to-moderate increases for both tests from T1-to-T2 and T2-to-T3 (∆4.6–11.3%, d = 0.33 to 0.64). The other tests did not change significantly over time (0.1 ≤ d ≤ 0.8). Results showed significantly higher training volume for sport-specific training during the second period compared with the first period (d = 2.2). Five months of Olympic weightlifting contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body-composition, and sport-specific performance. However, hardly any significant gains were observed for measures of physical fitness. Coaches are advised to design training programs that target a variety of fitness components to lay an appropriate foundation for later performance as an elite athlete. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 685 KW - strength KW - monitoring KW - young athletes KW - weight training KW - somatic variables KW - periodization KW - training load Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472609 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 685 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Sandau, Ingo A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Short-Term Seasonal Development of Anthropometry, Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Sport-Specific Performance in Young Olympic Weightlifters JF - Sports KW - strength KW - monitoring KW - young athletes KW - weight training KW - somatic variables KW - periodization KW - training load Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7120242 SN - 2075-4663 VL - 7 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaouachi, Mehdi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Behm, David G. A1 - Chaouachi, Anis T1 - Within Session Sequence of Balance and Plyometric Exercises Does Not Affect Training Adaptations with Youth Soccer Athletes JF - Journal of sports science & medicine N2 - The integration of balance and plyometric training has been shown to provide significant improvements in sprint, jump, agility, and other performance measures in young athletes. It is not known if a specific within session balance and plyometric exercise sequence provides more effective training adaptations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of using a sequence of alternating pairs of exercises versus a block (series) of all balance exercises followed by a block of plyometric exercises on components of physical fitness such as muscle strength, power, speed, agility, and balance. Twenty-six male adolescent soccer players ( 13.9 +/- 0.3 years) participated in an 8-week training program that either alternated individual balance (e. g., exercises on unstable surfaces) and plyometric (e. g., jumps, hops, rebounds) exercises or performed a block of balance exercises prior to a block of plyometric exercises within each training session. Pre- and post-training measures included proxies of strength, power, agility, sprint, and balance such as countermovement jumps, isometric back and knee extension strength, standing long jump, 10 and 30-m sprints, agility, standing stork, and Y-balance tests. Both groups exhibited significant, generally large magnitude (effect sizes) training improvements for all measures with mean performance increases of approximately > 30%. There were no significant differences between the training groups over time. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining balance and plyometric exercises within a training session on components of physical fitness with young adolescents. The improved performance outcomes were not significantly influenced by the within session exercise sequence. KW - Power KW - strength KW - jumps KW - sprints KW - balance KW - children Y1 - 2017 SN - 1303-2968 VL - 16 SP - 125 EP - 136 PB - Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Faculty of Uludag University CY - Bursa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Majewski, M. A1 - Büsch, Dirk A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas T1 - The Role of Instability with Plyometric Training in Sub-elite Adolescent Soccer Players JF - International journal of sports medicine N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on stable (SPT) vs. highly unstable surfaces (IPT) on athletic performance in adolescent soccer players. 24 male sub-elite soccer players (age: 15 +/- 1 years) were assigned to 2 groups performing plyometric training for 8 weeks (2 sessions/week, 90min each). The SPT group conducted plyometrics on stable and the IPT group on unstable surfaces. Tests included jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ] height, drop jump [DJ] height, DJ performance index), sprint time, agility and balance. Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of time for CMJ height (p<0.01, f=1.44), DJ height (p<0.01, f=0.62), DJ performance index (p<0.05, f=0.60), 0-10-m sprint time (p<0.05, f=0.58), agility (p<0.01, f=1.15) and balance (p<0.05, 0.46f1.36). Additionally, a Training groupxTime interaction was found for CMJ height (p<0.01, f=0.66) in favor of the SPT group. Following 8 weeks of training, similar improvements in speed, agility and balance were observed in the IPT and SPT groups. However, the performance of IPT appears to be less effective for increasing CMJ height compared to SPT. It is thus recommended that coaches use SPT if the goal is to improve jump performance. KW - strength KW - jump KW - speed KW - agility KW - balance Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395519 SN - 0172-4622 SN - 1439-3964 VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 386 EP - 394 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - THES A1 - Herrmann, Johannes T1 - The mechanical behavior of shales T1 - Das mechanische Verhalten von Schiefergesteinen N2 - The thesis comprises three experimental studies, which were carried out to unravel the short- as well as the long-term mechanical properties of shale rocks. Short-term mechanical properties such as compressive strength and Young’s modulus were taken from recorded stress-strain curves of constant strain rate tests. Long-term mechanical properties are represented by the time– dependent creep behavior of shales. This was obtained from constant stress experiments, where the test duration ranged from a couple minutes up to two weeks. A profound knowledge of the mechanical behavior of shales is crucial to reliably estimate the potential of a shale reservoir for an economical and sustainable extraction of hydrocarbons (HC). In addition, healing of clay-rich forming cap rocks involving creep and compaction is important for underground storage of carbon dioxide and nuclear waste. Chapter 1 introduces general aspects of the research topic at hand and highlights the motivation for conducting this study. At present, a shift from energy recovered from conventional resources e.g., coal towards energy provided by renewable resources such as wind or water is a big challenge. Gas recovered from unconventional reservoirs (shale plays) is considered a potential bridge technology. In Chapter 2, short-term mechanical properties of two European mature shale rocks are presented, which were determined from constant strain rate experiments performed at ambient and in situ deformation conditions (confining pressure, pc ≤ 100 MPa, temperature, T ≤ 125 °C, representing pc, T - conditions at < 4 km depth) using a Paterson– type gas deformation apparatus. The investigated shales were mainly from drill core material of Posidonia (Germany) shale and weathered material of Bowland (United Kingdom) shale. The results are compared with mechanical properties of North American shales. Triaxial compression tests performed perpendicular to bedding revealed semibrittle deformation behavior of Posidonia shale with pronounced inelastic deformation. This is in contrast to Bowland shale samples that deformed brittle and displayed predominantly elastic deformation. The static Young’s modulus, E, and triaxial compressive strength, σTCS, determined from recorded stress-strain curves strongly depended on the applied confining pressure and sample composition, whereas the influence of temperature and strain rate on E and σTCS was minor. Shales with larger amounts of weak minerals (clay, mica, total organic carbon) yielded decreasing E and σTCS. This may be related to a shift from deformation supported by a load-bearing framework of hard phases (e.g., quartz) towards deformation of interconnected weak minerals, particularly for higher fractions of about 25 – 30 vol% weak phases. Comparing mechanical properties determined at reservoir conditions with mechanical data applying effective medium theories revealed that E and σTCS of Posidonia and Bowland shale are close to the lower (Reuss) bound. Brittleness B is often quoted as a measure indicating the response of a shale formation to stimulation and economic production. The brittleness, B, of Posidonia and Bowland shale, estimated from E, is in good agreement with the experimental results. This correlation may be useful to predict B from sonic logs, from which the (dynamic) Young’s modulus can be retrieved. Chapter 3 presents a study of the long-term creep properties of an immature Posidonia shale. Constant stress experiments (σ = const.) were performed at elevated confining pressures (pc = 50 – 200 MPa) and temperatures (T = 50 – 200 °C) to simulate reservoir pc, T - conditions. The Posidonia shale samples were acquired from a quarry in South Germany. At stresses below ≈ 84 % compressive strength of Posidonia shale, at high temperature and low confining pressure, samples showed pronounced transient (primary) creep with high deformation rates in the semibrittle regime. Sample deformation was mainly accommodated by creep of weak sample constituents and pore space reduction. An empirical power law relation between strain and time, which also accounts for the influence of pc, T and σ on creep strain was formulated to describe the primary creep phase. Extrapolation of the results to a creep period of several years, which is the typical time interval for a large production decline, suggest that fracture closure is unlikely at low stresses. At high stresses as expected for example at the contact between the fracture surfaces and proppants added during stimulation measures, subcritical crack growth may lead to secondary and tertiary creep. An empirical power law is suggested to describe secondary creep of shale rocks as a function of stress, pressure and temperature. The predicted closure rates agree with typical production decline curves recorded during the extraction of hydrocarbons. At the investigated conditions, the creep behavior of Posidonia shale was found to correlate with brittleness, calculated from sample composition. In Chapter 4 the creep properties of mature Posidonia and Bowland shales are presented. The observed long-term creep behavior is compared to the short-term behavior determined in Chapter 2. Creep experiments were performed at simulated reservoir conditions of pc = 50 – 115 MPa and T = 75 – 150 °C. Similar to the mechanical response of immature Posidonia shale samples investigated in Chapter 3, creep strain rates of mature Bowland and Posidonia shales were enhanced with increasing stress and temperature and decreasing confining pressures. Depending on applied deformation conditions, samples displayed either only a primary (decelerating) or in addition also a secondary (quasi-steady state) and subsequently a tertiary (accelerating) creep phase before failure. At the same deformation conditions, creep strain of Posidonia shale, which is rich in weak constituents, is tremendously higher than of quartz-rich Bowland shale. Typically, primary creep strain is again mostly accommodated by deformation of weak minerals and local pore space reduction. At the onset of tertiary creep most of the deformation was accommodated by micro crack growth. A power law was used to characterize the primary creep phase of Posidonia and Bowland shale. Primary creep strain of shale rocks is inversely correlated to triaxial compressive strength and brittleness, as described in Chapter 2. Chapter 5 provides a synthesis of the experimental findings and summarizes the major results of the studies presented in Chapters 2 – 4 and potential applications in the Exploration & Production industry. Chapter 6 gives a brief outlook on potential future experimental research that would help to further improve our understanding of processes leading to fracture closure involving proppant embedment in unconventional shale gas reservoirs. Such insights may allow to improve stimulation techniques aimed at maintaining economical extraction of hydrocarbons over several years. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit drei separaten, experimentellen Studien, die durchgeführt wurden, um die mechanischen Eigenschaften, wie Druckfestigkeit, Elastizitätsmodul und Langzeit-Kriecheigenschaften von Schiefergesteinen zu untersuchen. Dabei wurden die aufgezeichneten Spannungs-Verformungskurven von kurzzeitigen (wenige Minuten) Deformationsexperimenten bei konstanter Verformungsrate genutzt, um mechanische Druckfestigkeit und elastische Parameter zu bestimmen. Um die zeitabhängigen Kriecheigenschaften zu charakterisieren, wurden Deformationstests bei konstanter Spannung durchgeführt. Hier variierte die Testdauer zwischen wenigen Minuten und zwei Wochen. Ein verbesserter Kenntnisstand auf diesem Gebiet ist notwendig, um das Potential eines unkonventionellen Schiefergesteinsreservoirs im Hinblick auf eine wirtschaftliche und nachhaltige Förderung von Kohlenwasserstoffen zuverlässig abzuschätzen. Im ersten Kapitel wird eine allgemeine Einleitung in das Thema der Dissertation gegeben, wobei im Besonderen auf die Motivation für die vorliegende Studie eingegangen wird. Die Einleitung fokussiert sich dabei auf die aktuell vorherrschende Herausforderung, die Energieversorgung durch konventionelle Ressourcen, wie beispielsweise Kohle, durch regenerative Ressourcen, wie z.B. Wind oder Wasser, zu ersetzen. Üblicherweise wird der Energiezeugung aus unkonventionell gewonnenem Erdgas dabei die Rolle einer Brückentechnologie zugewiesen. Die Motivation zur Durchführung dieser Arbeit ist es, das mechanische Verhalten von Gasschiefern zu untersuchen, die auch in Europa einen substantiellen Beitrag zur Gasförderung liefern können. In Kapitel 2 werden die Ergebnisse von Experimenten dargestellt, die exemplarisch auf die Bestimmung der Druckfestigkeit und des Elastizitätsmoduls von zwei reifen, europäischen Schiefergesteinen abzielen. Dazu wurden in einer Gasdruckapparatur Deformationsexperimente an Proben durchgeführt die senkrecht zur Schichtung orientiert entnommen wurden. Die Versuche wurden bei konstanter Verformungsrate und bei nachgestellten in situ Umgebungsbedingungen bis etwa 4 km Tiefe durchgeführt (Manteldruck, pc ≤ 100 MPa, Temperatur, T ≤ 125 °C). Die untersuchten Schieferproben stammen hauptsächlich aus Kernmaterial von erbohrtem Posidonienschiefer aus Niedersachsen und aus englischen Bowlandschiefer, das aus natürlichen Aufschlüssen gewonnen wurde. Zusätzlich wurden einige nordamerikanische Schieferproben zum Vergleich untersucht. Die triaxialen Kompressionstests zeigen ein semi-sprödes Deformationsverhalten mit ausgeprägter inelastischer Verformung des untersuchten Posidonienschiefers, wohingegen sich Bowlandschiefer spröde und bis zum Bruch vorzugsweise elastisch verformt. Der Elastizitätsmodul, E, und die Druckfestigkeit, σTCS, weisen bei erhöhten Drücken und Temperaturen eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Manteldruck und der Gesteinsmineralogie auf. Der Einfluss von Temperatur und Verformungsrate auf E und σTCS ist dagegen vernachlässigbar. Mit ansteigendem Anteil an mechanisch weichen Mineralphasen, z.B. Ton, Glimmer und organisch gebundenem Kohlenstoff, nehmen E und σTCS der untersuchten Schiefergesteine ab. Dies ist durch eine verändertes Verformungsverhalten begründet, das von der Deformation eines lasttragenden Gerüstes aus mechanisch festen Mineralen, wie beispielsweise Quarz, bis zu einer Verformung von miteinander verbundenen mechanisch weichen Mineralen reicht. Der Übergang wurde ab einem Volumenanteil von etwa 25 – 30 vol% weicher Mineralphasen beobachtet. Beim Vergleich der experimentell ermittelten mechanischen Eigenschaften (E, σTCS) mit Vorhersagen, in denen die Zusammensetzung der Schiefer berücksichtigt wird (effective medium theories, Voigt-Reuss Grenzen) ist erkennbar, dass E und σTCS nahe an der unteren (Reuss) Grenze liegen. Die aus dem Elastizitätsmodul berechnete Sprödfestigkeit (brittleness, B) von Posidonien- und Bowlandschiefer stimmt gut mit dem gemessenen Spannungs-Verformungsverhalten überein. Die Sprödfestigkeit eines Gesteins wird oft als Indiz zur Abschätzung des möglichen Erfolges von Stimulationsmaßnahmen betrachtet. Daher ist der Zusammenhang zwischen elastischen Eigenschaften, die sich mit Ultraschallmessungen (sonic-log) in Bohrungen abschätzen lassen und dem mechanischen Verhalten von Gasschiefern für eine schnelle und kostengünstige Beurteilung wichtig. Im dritten Kapitel werden die Langzeit-Kriecheigenschaften von Schiefergesteinen untersucht. Dafür wurden Deformationsexperimente bei konstanter Spannung (σ = konst.) und erhöhten Umlagerungsdrücken (pc = 50 – 200 MPa) und Temperaturen (T = 50 – 200 °C) an einem unreifen Posidonienschiefer, welcher in einem aktiven Steinbruch in Süddeutschland gewonnen wurde, durchgeführt. Bei Spannungen unterhalb ≈ 84 % der Druckfestigkeit des Schiefers und hohen Temperaturen und niedrigen Manteldrücken zeigen die deformierten Schieferproben transientes (primäres) Kriechen im semi-spröden Regime mit relativ hohen Verformungsraten. Der größte Teil der Deformation wird dabei durch die Verformung von mechanisch weichen Mineralphasen und Porenraumreduktion aufgenommen. Ein empirisches Potenzgesetz wurde aufgestellt, um die zeitabhängige primäre Kriechphase in Abhängigkeit von Manteldruck, Temperatur und Spannung zu charakterisieren. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass ein mögliches Rissschließen über einen typischen Zeitraum von wenigen Jahren bei der Annahme von ausschließlich primären Kriechen unwahrscheinlich ist. Typischerweise entstehen an den Kotaktflächen zwischen hydraulisch stimulierten Rissen innerhalb der Schieferformation und dem Stützmittel, welches dem Stimulationsfluid hinzugefügt wird, um offene Risse aufrecht zu erhalten, hohe Differentialspannungen. Dadurch kann zusätzliches (subkritisches) Risswachstum initiiert werden, welches bei den untersuchten Proben unter hoher Differentialspannung zusätzlich zum primären auch zum sekundären und tertiären Kriechen bis zum Versagen der Probe führte. Bei Verwendung eines empirischen Potenzgesetzes zur Beschreibung der sekundären Kriechphase kann eine, im Vergleich zur primären Kriechregime, substanziell höhere Rissschließungsrate abgeschätzt werden. Diese erscheint wesentlich zuverlässiger, da sie mit den Zeiträumen typische gemessener Produktionsrückgänge einer Bohrung übereinstimmt. Zusätzlich wurde eine inverse Korrelation zwischen gemessener Verformung und Sprödigkeit, basierend auf der Schiefermineralogie, festgestellt. In Kapitel 4 werden weiterführende Untersuchungen vorgestellt, in dem die Kriecheigenschaften von reifem Posidonien-und Bowlandschiefer gemessen und mit den mechanischen Eigenschaften, bestimmt in Kurzzeit-Deformationsversuchen bei konstanter Verformungsrate (Kapitel 2) verglichen werden. Dafür wurden Kriechversuche an Posidonien- und Bowlandschiefermaterial, wie in Kapitel 2 beschrieben, bei simulierten Reservoirdrücken und -temperaturen durchgeführt (pc = 50 – 115 MPa, T = 75 – 150 °C). Auch für diese Schiefergesteine wurde eine erhöhte Verformung bei erhöhten Spannungen und Temperaturen und niedrigen Manteldrücken gemessen. In Abhängigkeit von den vorherrschenden Deformationsbedingungen wiesen die Proben beider Schiefergesteine entweder nur eine primäre oder zusätzlichen zur primären auch eine sekundäre und tertiäre Kriechphase auf. Bei gleichem Umlagerungsdruck und gleicher Temperatur erwies sich der tonreiche Posidonienschiefer als deutlich weniger fest als der quarzreiche Bowlandschiefer. Während der Großteil der Deformation in der primären Kriechphase durch die Verformung von weichen Mineralen und Porenraumreduktion aufgefangen wurde, ist eine Mikrorissbildung bezeichnend für das tertiäre Kriechen. Um das primäre Kriechverhalten der unterschiedlichen Schiefergesteine zu charakterisieren, wurde auch hier ein Potenzgesetz genutzt, welches einen Vergleich mit den Kriecheigenschaften anderer Schiefergesteinen erlaubt. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche inverse Korrelation zwischen primärer Verformung und der gemessenen Druckfestigkeit und der berechneten Sprödigkeit. Dies ermöglicht es die Langzeit-Kriecheigenschaften von Schiefergesteinen mit den, aus einem Kurzzeittest gemessenen, mechanischen Eigenschaften grob abzuschätzen, solange die angenommen Zeitintervalle zwischen zwei Stimulationsoperationen in dem in der Praxis typischen Zeitintervall von einigen Jahren liegt. Im fünften Kapitel werden die erzielten Ergebnisse nochmals im Zusammenhang dargestellt. Hier wird im Besonderen auf eine potentielle Anwendung der Ergebnisse in der E & P - Industrie eingegangen. Abschließend wird im sechsten Kapitel auf mögliche Experimente eingegangen, die zukünftig durchgeführt werden könnten, um unser Verständnis in Bezug auf die spannungsinduzierte Rissschließung in Schieferlagerstätten durch die Einbettung der Stützmittel in die Formation zu verbessern. Diese Erkenntnisse wären wiederum hilfreich, um eine ökonomische und nachhaltige Förderung von Kohlenwasserstoffen von stimulierten Bohrungen zu gewährleisten, die in unkonventionelle Lagerstätten abgeteuft wurden. KW - strength KW - Young's modulus KW - creep properties KW - Festigkeit KW - Elastizitätsmodul KW - Kriecheigenschaften Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429683 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spooner, Cameron A1 - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena A1 - Cacace, Mauro A1 - Anikiev, Denis T1 - How Alpine seismicity relates to lithospheric strength JF - International journal of earth sciences N2 - Despite the amount of research focussed on the Alpine orogen, different hypotheses still exist regarding varying spatial seismicity distribution patterns throughout the region. Previous measurement-constrained regional 3D models of lithospheric density distribution and thermal field facilitate the generation of a data-based rheological model of the region. In this study, we compute the long-term lithospheric strength and compare its spatial variation to observed seismicity patterns. We demonstrate how strength maxima within the crust (similar to 1 GPa) and upper mantle (> 2 GPa) occur at temperatures characteristic of the onset of crystal plasticity in those rocks (crust: 200-400 degrees C; mantle: similar to 600 degrees C), with almost all seismicity occurring in these regions. Correlation in the northern and southern forelands between crustal and lithospheric strengths and seismicity show different patterns of event distribution, reflecting their different tectonic settings. Seismicity in the plate boundary setting of the southern foreland corresponds to the integrated lithospheric strength, occurring mainly in the weaker domains surrounding the strong Adriatic plate. In the intraplate setting of the northern foreland, seismicity correlates to modelled crustal strength, and it mainly occurs in the weaker and warmer crust beneath the Upper Rhine Graben. We, therefore, suggest that seismicity in the upper crust is linked to weak crustal domains, which are more prone to localise deformation promoting failure and, depending on the local properties of the fault, earthquakes at relatively lower levels of accumulated stress than their neighbouring stronger counterparts. Upper mantle seismicity at depths greater than modelled brittle conditions, can be either explained by embrittlement of the mantle due to grain-size sensitive deformation within domains of active or recent slab cooling, or by dissipative weakening mechanisms, such as thermal runaway from shear heating and/or dehydration reactions within an overly ductile mantle. Results generated in this study are available for open access use to further discussions on the region. KW - lithosphere KW - strength KW - rheology KW - 3D-Model KW - Alps KW - seismicity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-022-02174-5 SN - 1437-3254 SN - 1437-3262 VL - 111 IS - 4 SP - 1201 EP - 1221 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zghal, Firas A1 - Colson, Serge S. A1 - Blain, Grégory A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Chaouachi, Anis T1 - Combined Resistance and Plyometric Training Is More Effective Than Plyometric Training Alone for Improving Physical Fitness of Pubertal Soccer Players JF - frontiers in Physiology N2 - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined resistance and plyometric/sprint training with plyometric/sprint training or typical soccer training alone on muscle strength and power, speed, change-of-direction ability in young soccer players. Thirty-one young (14.5 ± 0.52 years; tanner stage 3–4) soccer players were randomly assigned to either a combined- (COMB, n = 14), plyometric-training (PLYO, n = 9) or an active control group (CONT, n = 8). Two training sessions were added to the regular soccer training consisting of one session of light-load high-velocity resistance exercises combined with one session of plyometric/sprint training (COMB), two sessions of plyometric/sprint training (PLYO) or two soccer training sessions (CONT). Training volume was similar between the experimental groups. Before and after 7-weeks of training, peak torque, as well as absolute and relative (normalized to torque; RTDr) rate of torque development (RTD) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors (KE) were monitored at time intervals from the onset of contraction to 200 ms. Jump height, sprinting speed at 5, 10, 20-m and change-of-direction ability performances were also assessed. There were no significant between–group baseline differences. Both COMB and PLYO significantly increased their jump height (Δ14.3%; ES = 0.94; Δ12.1%; ES = 0.54, respectively) and RTD at mid to late phases but with greater within effect sizes in COMB in comparison with PLYO. However, significant increases in peak torque (Δ16.9%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.58), RTD (Δ44.3%; ES = 0.71), RTDr (Δ27.3%; ES = 0.62) and sprint performance at 5-m (Δ-4.7%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.73) were found in COMB without any significant pre-to-post change in PLYO and CONT groups. Our results suggest that COMB is more effective than PLYO or CONT for enhancing strength, sprint and jump performances. KW - strength KW - power KW - rate of torque development KW - jumping KW - running Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01026 SN - 1664-042X VL - 10 IS - August 2019 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zghal, Firas A1 - Colson, Serge S. A1 - Blain, Grégory A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Chaouachi, Anis T1 - Combined Resistance and Plyometric Training Is More Effective Than Plyometric Training Alone for Improving Physical Fitness of Pubertal Soccer Players T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined resistance and plyometric/sprint training with plyometric/sprint training or typical soccer training alone on muscle strength and power, speed, change-of-direction ability in young soccer players. Thirty-one young (14.5 ± 0.52 years; tanner stage 3–4) soccer players were randomly assigned to either a combined- (COMB, n = 14), plyometric-training (PLYO, n = 9) or an active control group (CONT, n = 8). Two training sessions were added to the regular soccer training consisting of one session of light-load high-velocity resistance exercises combined with one session of plyometric/sprint training (COMB), two sessions of plyometric/sprint training (PLYO) or two soccer training sessions (CONT). Training volume was similar between the experimental groups. Before and after 7-weeks of training, peak torque, as well as absolute and relative (normalized to torque; RTDr) rate of torque development (RTD) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors (KE) were monitored at time intervals from the onset of contraction to 200 ms. Jump height, sprinting speed at 5, 10, 20-m and change-of-direction ability performances were also assessed. There were no significant between–group baseline differences. Both COMB and PLYO significantly increased their jump height (Δ14.3%; ES = 0.94; Δ12.1%; ES = 0.54, respectively) and RTD at mid to late phases but with greater within effect sizes in COMB in comparison with PLYO. However, significant increases in peak torque (Δ16.9%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.58), RTD (Δ44.3%; ES = 0.71), RTDr (Δ27.3%; ES = 0.62) and sprint performance at 5-m (Δ-4.7%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.73) were found in COMB without any significant pre-to-post change in PLYO and CONT groups. Our results suggest that COMB is more effective than PLYO or CONT for enhancing strength, sprint and jump performances. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 576 KW - strength KW - power KW - rate of torque development KW - jumping KW - running Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437810 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 576 ER -