TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nievas, Cecilia
A1  - Pilz, Marco
A1  - Prehn, Karsten
A1  - Schorlemmer, Danijel
A1  - Weatherill, Graeme
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
T1  - Calculating earthquake damage building by building
BT  - the case of the city of Cologne, Germany
JF  - Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering
N2  - The creation of building exposure models for seismic risk assessment is frequently challenging due to the lack of availability of detailed information on building structures. Different strategies have been developed in recent years to overcome this, including the use of census data, remote sensing imagery and volunteered graphic information (VGI). This paper presents the development of a building-by-building exposure model based exclusively on openly available datasets, including both VGI and census statistics, which are defined at different levels of spatial resolution and for different moments in time. The initial model stemming purely from building-level data is enriched with statistics aggregated at the neighbourhood and city level by means of a Monte Carlo simulation that enables the generation of full realisations of damage estimates when using the exposure model in the context of an earthquake scenario calculation. Though applicable to any other region of interest where analogous datasets are available, the workflow and approach followed are explained by focusing on the case of the German city of Cologne, for which a scenario earthquake is defined and the potential damage is calculated. The resulting exposure model and damage estimates are presented, and it is shown that the latter are broadly consistent with damage data from the 1978 Albstadt earthquake, notwithstanding the differences in the scenario. Through this real-world application we demonstrate the potential of VGI and open data to be used for exposure modelling for natural risk assessment, when combined with suitable knowledge on building fragility and accounting for the inherent uncertainties.
KW  - Building exposure modelling
KW  - Seismic damage assessment
KW  - Scenario
KW  - earthquake
KW  - Seismic risk
KW  - Cologne
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01303-w
SN  - 1570-761X
SN  - 1573-1456
VL  - 20
IS  - 3
SP  - 1519
EP  - 1565
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhu, Chuanbin
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice
A1  - Kawase, Hiroshi
A1  - Händel, Annabel
A1  - Pilz, Marco
A1  - Nakano, Kenichi
T1  - How well can we predict earthquake site response so far?
BT  - site-specific approaches
JF  - Earthquake spectra : the professional journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
N2  - Earthquake site responses or site effects are the modifications of surface geology to seismic waves. How well can we predict the site effects (average over many earthquakes) at individual sites so far? To address this question, we tested and compared the effectiveness of different estimation techniques in predicting the outcrop Fourier site responses separated using the general inversion technique (GIT) from recordings. Techniques being evaluated are (a) the empirical correction to the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (c-HVSR), (b) one-dimensional ground response analysis (GRA), and (c) the square-root-impedance (SRI) method (also called the quarter-wavelength approach). Our results show that c-HVSR can capture significantly more site-specific features in site responses than both GRA and SRI in the aggregate, especially at relatively high frequencies. c-HVSR achieves a "good match" in spectral shape at similar to 80%-90% of 145 testing sites, whereas GRA and SRI fail at most sites. GRA and SRI results have a high level of parametric and/or modeling errors which can be constrained, to some extent, by collecting on-site recordings.
KW  - Site response
KW  - site effects
KW  - HVSR
KW  - ground response analysis
KW  - square-root-impedance
KW  - earthquake
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930211060859
SN  - 8755-2930
SN  - 1944-8201
VL  - 38
IS  - 2
SP  - 1047
EP  - 1075
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  -