TY - JOUR A1 - Hamalainen, Anni A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Aujard, Fabienne A1 - Kraus, Cornelia T1 - Losing grip: Senescent decline in physical strength in a small-bodied primate in captivity and in the wild JF - Experimental gerontology N2 - Muscle strength reflects physical functioning, declines at old age and predicts health and survival in humans and laboratory animals. Age-associated muscle deterioration causes loss of strength and may impair fitness of wild animals. However, the effects of age and life-history characteristics on muscle strength in wild animals are unknown. We investigated environment-and sex-specific patterns of physical functioning by measuring grip strength in wild and captive gray mouse lemurs. We expected more pronounced strength senescence in captivity due to condition-dependent, extrinsic mortality found in nature. Males were predicted to be stronger but potentially experience more severe senescence than females as predicted by life history theory. We found similar senescent declines in captive males and females as well as wild females, whereas wild males showed little decline, presumably due to their early mortality. Captive animals were generally weaker and showed earlier declines than wild animals. Unexpectedly, females tended to be stronger than males, especially in the reproductive season. Universal intrinsic mechanisms (e. g. sarcopenia) likely cause the similar patterns of strength loss across settings. The female advantage in muscle strength merits further study; it may follow higher reproductive investment by males, or be an adaptation associated with female social dominance. KW - Functional aging KW - Grip strength KW - Microcebus murinus KW - Natural population KW - Sarcopenia KW - Sex difference Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.017 SN - 0531-5565 SN - 1873-6815 VL - 61 SP - 54 EP - 61 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Norman, Kristina A1 - Herder, Christian T1 - Sarkopene Adipositas und Inflammation T1 - Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation JF - Der Diabetologe N2 - Hintergrund: Die Kombination aus Übergewicht/Adipositas und reduzierter Skelettmuskelmasse (Sarkopenie) führt zu einem prognostisch ungünstigen Phänotyp, der als sarkopene Adipositas bezeichnet wird. Ziel der Arbeit: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, eine Übersicht über Diagnosekriterien der sarkopenen Adipositas, ihre klinischen Implikationen, die pathophysiologischen Ursachen mit besonderem Fokus auf der subklinischen Inflammation und den verfügbaren therapeutischen Optionen zu geben. Ergebnisse: In aktuellen Studien werden verschiedene Diagnosekriterien der sarkopenen Adipositas verwendet, was einen Vergleich zwischen den Arbeiten erschwert und in Prävalenzschätzungen von 2–48 % in verschiedenen Studienpopulationen resultiert. Nichtsdestotrotz scheint die sarkopene Adipositas einen Risikofaktor für erhöhte Morbidität und Mortalität darzustellen, wobei kardiometabolische Erkrankungen und funktionelle Einschränkungen am besten erforscht sind. Neben Lebensstil- und genetischen Faktoren werden altersassoziierte endokrine und neuromuskuläre Parameter diskutiert. Sowohl hohes Lebensalter als auch Adipositas führen zu einer subklinischen Inflammation, die über einen fatalen Feedbackmechanismus zum Muskelabbau und zur Zunahme der Fettmasse beiträgt. Hinsichtlich Therapieoptionen stehen derzeit kombinierte Ernährungs- und Bewegungsinterventionen im Vordergrund. Schlussfolgerung: Die sarkopene Adipositas stellt einen klinisch relevanten Phänotyp dar, dessen Pathogenese aber nur z. T. verstanden ist, was Maßnahmen der Prävention und Therapie begrenzt. Neue Strategien zu Muskelaufbau und Fettreduktion sind daher dringend erforderlich, um gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen im höheren Lebensalter zu minimieren. N2 - Background: Sarcopenic obesity is defined as the presence of both obesity and reduced skeletal muscle mass and is aphenotype associated with poor outcome. Objective: This short review aims to give an overview on current diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity, its clinical implications and therapeutic options as well as to provide insight into the pathogenesis of sarcopenic obesity with particular focus on subclinical inflammation. Results: Current studies use different criteria to define sarcopenic obesity which hampers comparison of results and leads to prevalence estimates ranging from 2 to 48% in different study populations. Despite this, sarcopenic obesity appears to be asignificant risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality with cardiometabolic disease and impaired physical capacity as the most commonly observed consequences. The causes are multifactorial and include genetic and age-associated factors (neuromuscular or endocrine changes) as well as lifestyle factors. Both advanced age and obesity lead to subclinical inflammation which via afatal feedback mechanism aggravates both muscle wasting and fat accumulation. At present, nutritional intervention with increased protein intake and resistance training are the most promising treatment options. Conclusion: Sarcopenic obesity is aclinically relevant phenotype, but its pathogenesis is still not perfectly understood which limits options for prevention and treatment. New strategies to enhance muscle anabolism and reduction of fat mass are urgently needed to minimize health impairment in older age. KW - Sarcopenia KW - Fat infiltration in muscle KW - Body weight KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Mortality KW - Sarkopenie KW - Fettinfiltration im Muskel KW - Gewicht KW - Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen KW - Mortalität Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-019-0456-x SN - 1860-9716 SN - 1860-9724 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 311 EP - 317 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Norman, Kristina A1 - Otten, Lindsey T1 - Financial impact of sarcopenia or low muscle mass - a short review JF - Clinical Nutrition N2 - Background & aims: Low muscle mass is associated with increased falls, medical complications, length of hospital stay and loss of independence. An increasing number of studies has also shown the association between sarcopenia and health care expenditure. The following narrative review summarizes the current evidence on the economic relevance of low muscle mass (MM) or sarcopenia. Methods: An extensive search of the literature in Medline identified twelve studies in English, which evaluated direct and indirect health care expenditure in patients with low muscle mass or sarcopenia (low MM and strength or mobility). Results: Three studies analysed the cost of age-related loss of MM or strength in large surveys of the general, older population. Six retrospective analyses evaluated perioperative medical costs related to low MM in primarily older patients from different medical areas. One prospective study presented hospital costs related to sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer. Two studies presented data from general hospital patients. Despite the difference in diagnostic criteria, study population and statistical design, low MM and sarcopenia were consistently identified as predictors of increased health care expenditure in community, perioperative and general hospital settings. Conclusions: Low MM and sarcopenia are prevalent and associated with significantly higher health care costs. Considering the demographic change, which will lead to an increasing number of patients with sarcopenia, every effort should be made to identify and treat patients with sarcopenia. The use of a unified definition and diagnostic criteria would allow a better comparison of data. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved. KW - Sarcopenia KW - Low muscle mass KW - Health care expenditure KW - Costs Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.026 SN - 0261-5614 SN - 1532-1983 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1489 EP - 1495 PB - Churchill Livingstone CY - Edinburgh ER -