TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kretschmann, Julia
A1  - Vock, Miriam
A1  - Luedtke, Oliver
T1  - Acceleration in elementary school: using propensity score matching to estimate the effects on academic achievement
JF  - The journal of educational psychology
N2  - Using German data, we examined the effects of one specific type of acceleration-grade skipping-on academic performance. Prior research on the effects of acceleration has suffered from methodological restrictions, especially due to a lack of appropriate comparison groups and a priori measurements. For this reason, propensity score matching was applied in this analysis to minimize selection bias due to observed confounding variables. Various types of matching were attempted, and, in consideration of balancing the covariates, full matching was the final choice. We used data from the Berlin ELEMENT Study, analyzing, after matching, the information of 81 students who had skipped a grade over the course of elementary school and up to 1,668 nonaccelerated students who attended the same grade level as the accelerated students. Measurements took place 3 times between the 4th and 6th grades, including the assessment of reading, spelling, and mathematics performance. After matching, the results of between-group comparisons regarding performance indices showed no significant effects of skipping a grade, other than a small positive effect found on spelling performance. Theoretical implications and methodological limitations are discussed.
KW  - grade skipping
KW  - academic performance
KW  - propensity score matching
KW  - acceleration
KW  - elementary school
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036631
SN  - 0022-0663
SN  - 1939-2176
VL  - 106
IS  - 4
SP  - 1080
EP  - 1095
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Clason, Caroline C.
A1  - Mair, D. W. F.
A1  - Nienow, P. W.
A1  - Bartholomew, I. D.
A1  - Sole, Andrew
A1  - Palmer, Steven
A1  - Schwanghart, Wolfgang
T1  - Modelling the transfer of supraglacial meltwater to the bed of Leverett Glacier, Southwest Greenland
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Meltwater delivered to the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet is a driver of variable ice-motion through changes in effective pressure and enhanced basal lubrication. Ice surface velocities have been shown to respond rapidly both to meltwater production at the surface and to drainage of supraglacial lakes, suggesting efficient transfer of meltwater from the supraglacial to subglacial hydrological systems. Although considerable effort is currently being directed towards improved modelling of the controlling surface and basal processes, modelling the temporal and spatial evolution of the transfer of melt to the bed has received less attention. Here we present the results of spatially distributed modelling for prediction of moulins and lake drainages on the Leverett Glacier in Southwest Greenland. The model is run for the 2009 and 2010 ablation seasons, and for future increased melt scenarios. The temporal pattern of modelled lake drainages are qualitatively comparable with those documented from analyses of repeat satellite imagery. The modelled timings and locations of delivery of meltwater to the bed also match well with observed temporal and spatial patterns of ice surface speed-ups. This is particularly true for the lower catchment (< 1000 m a.s.l.) where both the model and observations indicate that the development of moulins is the main mechanism for the transfer of surface meltwater to the bed. At higher elevations (e.g. 1250-1500 m a.s.l.) the development and drainage of supraglacial lakes becomes increasingly important. At these higher elevations, the delay between modelled melt generation and subsequent delivery of melt to the bed matches the observed delay between the peak air temperatures and subsequent velocity speed-ups, while the instantaneous transfer of melt to the bed in a control simulation does not. Although both moulins and lake drainages are predicted to increase in number for future warmer climate scenarios, the lake drainages play an increasingly important role in both expanding the area over which melt accesses the bed and in enabling a greater proportion of surface melt to reach the bed.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 513 
KW  - meltice-sheet motion
KW  - seasonal evolution
KW  - West Greenland
KW  - subglacial drainage
KW  - melt
KW  - lake
KW  - variability
KW  - fracture
KW  - acceleration
KW  - lubrication
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409053
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 513
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gronostaj, Anna
A1  - Werner, Elise
A1  - Bochow, Eric
A1  - Vock, Miriam
T1  - Gifted Grade-Skippers in Germany
JF  - The gifted child quarterly
N2  - Skipping a grade, one specific form of acceleration, is an intervention used for gifted students. Quantitative research has shown acceleration to be a highly successful intervention regarding academic achievement, but less is known about the social–emotional outcomes of grade-skipping. In the present study, the authors used the grounded theory approach to examine the experiences of seven gifted students aged 8 to 16 years who skipped a grade. The interviewees perceived their “feeling of being in the wrong place” before the grade-skipping as strongly influenced by their teachers, who generally did not respond adequately to their needs. We observed a close interrelationship between the gifted students’ intellectual fit and their social situation in class. Findings showed that the grade-skipping in most of the cases bettered the situation in school intellectually as well as socially, but soon further interventions, for instance, a specialized and demanding class- or subject-specific acceleration were added to provide sufficiently challenging learning opportunities.
KW  - qualitative methodologies
KW  - social and/or emotional development and adjustment
KW  - acceleration
KW  - grade-skipping
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986215609999
SN  - 0016-9862
SN  - 1934-9041
VL  - 60
SP  - 31
EP  - 46
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Gronostaj, Anna
A1  - Werner, Elise
A1  - Bochow, Eric
A1  - Vock, Miriam
T1  - How to learn things at school you don't already know
BT  - experiences of gifted grade-skippers in Germany
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Skipping a grade, one specific form of acceleration, is an intervention used for gifted students. Quantitative research has shown acceleration to be a highly successful intervention regarding academic achievement, but less is known about the social-emotional outcomes of grade-skipping. In the present study, the authors used the grounded theory approach to examine the experiences of seven gifted students aged 8 to 16 years who skipped a grade. The interviewees perceived their feeling of being in the wrong place before the grade-skipping as strongly influenced by their teachers, who generally did not respond adequately to their needs. We observed a close interrelationship between the gifted students' intellectual fit and their social situation in class. Findings showed that the grade-skipping in most of the cases bettered the situation in school intellectually as well as socially, but soon further interventions, for instance, a specialized and demanding class- or subject-specific acceleration were added to provide sufficiently challenging learning opportunities.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 415 
KW  - qualitative methodologies
KW  - social and/or emotional development and adjustment
KW  - acceleration
KW  - grade-skipping
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405211
IS  - 415
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Westphal, Andrea
A1  - Vock, Miriam
A1  - Stubbe, Tobias
T1  - Grade skipping from the perspective of teachers in Germany
BT  - the links between teachers’ decisions, acceptance, and perceived knowledge
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - The present study explored teachers' perspectives on one specific type of acceleration, namely, grade skipping. In addition, we investigated the extent to which teachers' beliefs about students' academic, motivational, and social development after grade skipping may explain teachers' acceptance of this accelerative strategy. Moreover, we examined whether teachers' acceptance is linked to their decisions about using this intervention. Using data from the PARS project, which included 316 teachers from 18 secondary schools in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, we assessed teachers' acceptance, beliefs, and perceived knowledge about grade skipping using 4-point rating scales. Teachers also reported whether they had advised a student to skip a grade. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that teachers' beliefs about students' social, motivational, and academic development largely explained their acceptance. Teachers who showed a higher level of acceptance and perceived knowledge were more likely to have recommended grade skipping before. Educational implications are discussed.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 411 
KW  - grade skipping
KW  - teacher knowledge
KW  - teacher beliefs and practices
KW  - teacher attitudes
KW  - acceleration
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405235
IS  - 411
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Hain, Gerrit
T1  - Onsets and dependencies of strenuous spine bending accelerations in drop landings
T1  - Auftreten und Abhängigkeiten von belastenden Winkelbeschleunigungen an der Wirbelsäule bei Sprunglandungen
N2  - BACKGROUND: Physical activity involving high spinal load has been exposed to possess a crucial impact in the genesis of acute and chronic low back pain and disorder. Vigorous spinal loads are surmised in drop landings, for which strenuous bending loads were formerly evinced for the lower extremity structures. Thus far, clinical studies revealed that repetitive landing impacts can evoke benign structural adaptions or damage to the lumbar vertebrae. Though, causes for these observations are hitherto not conclusively evinced; since actual spinal load has to date not been experimentally documented. Moreover, it is yet undetermined how physiological activation of trunk musculature compensates for landing impact induced spinal loads, and to which extend trunk activity and spinal load are affected by landing demands and performer characteristics. AIMS of this study are 1. the localisation and quantification of spinal bending loads under various landing demands and 2. the identification of compensatory trunk muscular activity pattern, which potentially alleviate spinal load magnitudes. Three consecutive Hypotheses (H1 - H3) were hereto postulated: H1 posits that spinal bending loads in segregated motion planes can feasibly and reliably be evaluated from peak spine segmental angular accelerations. H2 furthermore assumes that vertical drop landings elicit highest spine bending load in sagittal flexion of the lumbar spine. Based on these verifications, a second study shall prove the successive hypothesis (H3) that diversified landing conditions, like performer’s landing familiarity and gender, as an implementation of an instantaneous follow-up task, affect the emerging lumbar spinal bending load. Herein it is moreover surmised that lumbar spinal bending loads under distinct landing conditions are predominantly modulated by herewith disparately deployed conditioned pre-activations of trunk muscles. METHODS: To test the above arrayed hypothesis, two successive studies were carried out. In STUDY 1, 17 subjects were repetitively assessed performing various drop landings (heigth: 15, 30, 45, 60cm; unilateral, bilateral, blindfolded, catching a ball) in a test-retest-design. Herein individual peak angular accelerations [αMAX] were derived from three-dimensional motion data of four trunk-segments (upper thoracic, lower thoracic, lumbar, pelvis). αMAX was herein assessed in flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of each spinal joint, formed by two adjacent segments. Reliability of αMAX within and between test-days was evaluated by CV%, ICC 2.1, TRV%, and Bland & Altman Analysis (BIAS±LoA). Subsequently, peak flexion acceleration of the lumbo-pelvic joint [αFLEX[LS-PV]] was statistically compared to αMAX expressions of each other assessed spinal joint and motion plane (Mean ±SD, Independent Samples T-test). STUDY 2 deliberately assessed mere peak lumbo-pelvic flexion accelerations [αFLEX[LS-PV]] and electro-myographic trunk pre-activity prior to αFLEX[LS-PV] on 43 subjects performing varied landing tasks (height 45cm; with definite or indefinite predictability of a subsequent instant follow up jump). Subjects were contrasted with respect to their previous landing familiarity ( >1000 vs. <100 landings performed in the past 10 years) and gender. Differences of αFLEX[LS-PV] and muscular pre-activity between contrasted subject groups as between landing tasks were equally statistically tested by three-way mixed ANOVA with Post-hoc tests. Associations between αFLEX[LS-PV] and muscular pre-activity were factor-specifically assessed by Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient (rS). Complementarily, muscular pre-activity was subdivided by landing phases [DROP, IMPACT] and discretely assessed for phase specific associations to αFLEX[LS-PV]. Each muscular activity was moreover pairwise compared between DROP and IMPACT (Mean ±SD, Dependent Samples T-test). RESULTS: αMAX was presented with overall high variability within test-days (CV =36%). Lowest intra-individual variability and highest reproducibility of αMAX between test-days was shown in flexion of the spine. αFLEX[LS-PV] showed largely consistent sig. higher magnitudes compared to αMAX presented in more cranial spinal joints and other motion planes. αFLEX[LS-PV] moreover gradually increased with escalations in landing heights. Landing unfamiliar subjects presented sig. higher αFLEX[LS-PV] in contrast to landing familiar ones (p=.016). M. Obliquus Int. with M. Transversus Abd. (66 ±32%MVC) and M. Erector Spinae (47 ±15%MVC) presented maredly highest activity in contrast to lowest activity of M. Rectus Abd. (10 ±4%MVC). Landing unfamiliar subjects showed compared to landing familiar ones sig. higher activity of M. Obliquus Ext. (17 ±8%MVC, 12 ±7%MVC, p= .044). M. Obliquus Ext. and its co-contraction ratio with M. Erector Spinae moreover exhibited low but sig. positive correlations to αFLEX[LS-PV] (rs=.39, rs=.31). Each trunk muscule distributed larger shares of its activity to DROP, whereas peak activations of most muscles emerged in the proportionally shorter IMPACT phase. Commonly increased muscular pre-activation particularly at IMPACT was found in landings with a contrived follow up jump and in female subjects, whereby αFLEX[LS-PV] was hereof only marginally affected. DISCUSSION: Highest spine segmental angular accelerations in drop landings emerge in sagittal flexion of the lumbar spine. The compensatory stabilisation of the spine appears to be preponderantly provided by a dorso-ventral co-contraction of M. Obliquus Int., M. Transversus Abd. and M. Erector Spinae. Elevated pre-activity of M. Obliquuis Ext. supposably characterises poor landing experience, which might engender increased bending loads to the lumbar spine. A pervasive large variability of spinal angular accelerations measured across all landing types, suggests a multifarious utilisation of diverse mechanisms compensating for spinal impacts in landing performances. A standardised assessment and valid evaluation of landing evoked lumbar bending loads is hereof largley confined. CONCLUSION: Drop landings elicit most strenuous lumbo-pelvic flexion accelerations, which can be appraised as representatives for high energetic bending loads to the spine. Such entail the highest risk to overload the spinal tissue, when landing demands exceed the individual’s landing skill. Previous landing experience and training appears to effectively improve muscular spine stabilisation pattern, diminishing spinal bending loads.
N2  - HINTERGRUND: Wirbelsäulenbelastungen in Alltagssituationen und während sportlicher Belastung kommt eine hohe Bedeutung mit Blick auf die Entstehung und das Weiterbestehen von akuten und chronischen Rückenbeschwerden zu. Kritisch hohe Wirbelsäulenbelastungen werden bei Sprunglandungen angenommen, während hierzu hochintensive exzentrische Belastungen bislang lediglich für anatomische Strukturen der unteren Extremität nachgewiesen wurden. Vorangegangene klinische Studien konnten zeigen, dass repetitive Landungsstöße sowohl eine strukturelle Anpassung, als auch morphologische Schäden der Lendenwirbelkörper hervorrufen können. Valide Ursachen für diese Beobachtungen sind bislang wissenschaftich nicht abschließend belegt, insbesondere da der experimentelle Nachweis für die hierin vermuteten tatsächlichen Wirbelsäulenbelastungen fehlt. Darüber hinaus ist nicht geklärt in wieweit die physiologisch kompensatorische Aktivierung der Rumpfmuskuatur Einfluß auf die Wirbelsäulenbelastung bei Landungen nehmen, und wie stark Landungs- und Personencharakteristika die Rumpfaktivierung und Lendenwirbel-säulenbeastungen beeinflussen. ZIELSETZUNGEN: Ziele der Untersuchungen sind 1. die Lokalisierung und Quantifizierung von Biegebelastungen der Wirbelsäule unter verschiedenen Landungsbedingungen und 2. die Identifizierung muskulärer Kompensations-mechanismen des Rumpfes, welche das Belastungsausmaß an der Wirbelsäule möglicherweise modulieren. Hierzu wurden drei Hypothesen (H1 – H3) formuliert. In H1 wird postuliert, dass Biegebelastungen in einzelnen Bewegungsebenen der Wirbelsäule als maximale Winkelbeschleunigungen zwischen Wirbelsegmenten, auf der Basis kinematischer Daten, valide und reliabel abgeleitet und evaluiert werden können. In H2 wird angenommen, dass bei vertikalen Sprunglandungen die höchsten Wirbelsäulenbelastungen in der sagittalen Beugung der Lendenwirbelsäule auftreten. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Hypothesen soll eine Folgestudie die Annahme (H3) belegen, dass Landungsbedingungen, wie Vorerfahrungen mit Sprunglandungen, Geschlecht, sowie die Absicht zu unmittelbaren Anschlussbewegungen, die auftretenden Lendenwirbelsäulenbelastungen beeinflussen. Hierzu wird postuliert, dass auftretende Biegebelastungen, in Abhängigkeit obiger Landungsbedingungen, auf einen unterschiedlichen Einsatz von vorwiegend konditionierten muskulären Kompensationsmechanismen des Rumpfes zurückzuführen sind. METHODE: Zur Überprüfung der Hypothesen wurden zwei sukzessive Studien durchgeführt. In STUDIE 1 wurden, zur Repräsentation von Wirbelsäulenbiegebelastungen, 17 Probanden wiederholt bei verschiedenen Landungen (15, 30, 45, 60cm Höhe; einbeinig, beidbeinig, verblindet, beim Fangen eines Balles) in einem Test-Retest-Design gemessen. Hierin wurden individuelle maximale Winkelbeschleunigungen [αMAX] aus drei-dimensionalen Bewegungs-daten zwischen insgesamt 4 Rumpfsegmenten (oberes thorakales-, unteres thorakales-, Lendenwirbelsäulen-, und Becken-Segment) abgeleitet. αMAX wurde hierbei jeweils im Gelenk zwischen zwei benachbarten Segmenten in Flexion, Lateralflexion und Rotation erfasst. Die Reliabilität von αMAX innerhalb und zwischen den Messtagen wurde mittels CV%, ICC 2.1, TRV%, und Bland & Altman Analyse (BIAS±LoA) quantifiziert. In Folge wurden αMAX zwischen dem lumbalen- und dem Beckensegment in der Flexion [αFLEX[LS-PV]] mit allen weiteren gemessenen Segmenten und Bewegungsebenen gegenübergestellt (Mean ±SD, T-Test für unabhängige Stichproben). In STUDIE 2 wurden geziehlt zuvor eruierte höchste maximale sagittale Beugungsbeschleunigung der Lendenwirbelsäule [αFLEX[LS-PV]] und elektro-myografische Rumpfaktivität vor dem Auftreten von αFLEX[LS-PV] während unterschiedlicher Landungen (Höhe 45cm; mit und ohne planbaren Anschlusssprung) an 43 Probanden erfasst. Die Probanden unterschieden sich bezüglich ihrer Landungsvorerfahrung ( >1000 vs. <100 Landungen in den letzten 10 Jahren) und ihres Geschlechtes. Unterschiede zwischen Landungsvorerfahrung und Geschlecht sowie zwischen unterschiedlichen Landungstypen wurden gleichermaßen durch dreifaktorielle ANOVA mit Post-hoc Tests für αFLEX[LS-PV], und muskuläre Voraktivierung getestet. Abhängigkeiten von αFLEX[LS-PV] zu muskulärer Voraktivierung des Rumpfes wurde durch faktorspezifische Rangkorrelations-analyse (rs) berechnet. In der Folge wurden muskuläre Rumpfaktivitäten in Landephasen [DROP, IMPACT] unterteilt und analog im Einzelnen nach ihren Assoziationen zu αFLEX[LS-PV] getestet. Zudem wurde jegliche Muskelaktivierung paarig zwischen DROP und IMPACT verglichen (Mean ±SD, T-Test für abhängige Stichproben). ERGEBNISSE: Die Ausprägung von αMAX zeigte insgesamt hohe Variabilität innerhalb eines Testtages (CV =36%). Geringste intra-individuelle Variabilität und zugleich höchste Reproduzierbarkeit zwischen den Test-Tagen wurde für αMAX in Flexion der Wirbelsäule gefunden. αFLEX[LS-PV] zeigte nahezu durchgehend sig. höhere Werte im Vergleich zu αMAX kranialerer Gelenke und anderer Bewegungsebenen. αFLEX[LS-PV] stieg zudem graduell mit zunehmenden Landungshöhen. Landungsunerfahrene Probanden wiesen im Vergleich zu Probanden mit Vorerfahrung signifikant höhere αFLEX[LS-PV] auf (p=.016). Markant höchste muskuläre Aktivität wurde von M. Obliquus Int. mit M. Transversus Abd. (66 ±32%MVC) und M. Erector Spinae (47 ±15%MVC), verglichen zu geringster Aktivität von M. Rectus Abd. (10 ±4%MVC) dargeboten. Bei Landungsunerfahrenen wurde im Vergleich zu Landungserfahrenen eine sig. höhere Aktivität des M. Obliquus Ext. gemessen (17 ±8%MVC, 12 ±7%MVC, p= .044). Zudem konnten schwache aber sig. positive Korrelation zwsichen der Aktivität des M. Obliquus Ext. bzw. dessen Kokontraktion mit dem M. Erector Spinae zu αFLEX[LS-PV] nachgewiesen werden (rs=.39, rs=.31). Die Rumpfmuskulatur zeigte insgesamt anteilig mehr Bereitstellung während DROP, wobei Spitzenaktivitäten nahezu aller Rumpfmuskeln in der proportional kürzeren IMPACT-Phase auftraten. Frauen und Landungen mit geplantem unmittelbarem Anschlussspung zeigten insgesamt höhere Voraktivierung der Rumpf-muskulatur, vorallem in IMPACT, wobei sich αFLEX[LS-PV] unter diesen Bedingungen nur insignifikant von anderen Landungen unterschied. DISKUSSION: Bei Landungen treten höchste segmentale Winkelbeschleunigungen in sagittaler Beugung der Lendenwirbelsäule auf. Die kompensatorische Stabilisation des Rumpfes scheint dabei maßgeblich durch eine dorso-ventrale Kokontraktion des M. Obliquus Int., M. Transversus Abd. und dem M. Erector Spinae zu erfolgen. Eine hohe Voraktivierung des M. Obliquuis Ext. kann als Maß einer geringen Landungserfahrung diskutiert werden und führt möglicherweise zu erhöhten Biegebelastungen an der Lendenwirbelsäule. Die in allen untersuchten Landungen dargebotene hohe Variabilität gemessener Winkelbeschleunigungen lassen auf sehr variabel eingesetzte Impulskompensationsmechanismen bei der Durchführungen von Landungen schließen. Eine standardiserte Erfassung und valide Einschätzung von Biegebelastungen der Lendenwirbelsäule bei Sprunglandungen ist hierdurch stark eingeschränkt. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Sprunglandungen verursachen höchst belastende segmentale Winkelbeschleunigungen an der Lendenwirbelsäule, vorrangig in der Flexion. Diese können physiologisch bedingt als Maß für hoch energetische Biegebelastungen der Wirbelsäule verstanden werden. Ein mögliches Risiko hieraus resultierender struktureller Überlastung muss insbesondere in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn Landungsanforderungen die individuellen Landungfähigkeiten übersteigen. Eine probate muskuläre Wirbelsäulen-stabilisation bzw. derer regelmäßiges Training in der Durchführung von Landungsvorgängen scheint erforderlich um auftretende Biegebelastungen zu reduzieren.
KW  - spine
KW  - load
KW  - landing
KW  - trunk muscles
KW  - acceleration
KW  - Wirbelsäule
KW  - Belastung
KW  - Landung
KW  - Rumpfmuskulatur
KW  - Beschleunigung
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427461
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cervantes, Sebastian
A1  - Shprits, Yuri Y.
A1  - Aseev, Nikita
A1  - Drozdov, Alexander
A1  - Castillo Tibocha, Angelica Maria
A1  - Stolle, Claudia
T1  - Identifying radiation belt electron source and loss processes by assimilating spacecraft data in a three-dimensional diffusion model
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics
N2  - Data assimilation aims to blend incomplete and inaccurate data with physics-based dynamical models. In the Earth's radiation belts, it is used to reconstruct electron phase space density, and it has become an increasingly important tool in validating our current understanding of radiation belt dynamics, identifying new physical processes, and predicting the near-Earth hazardous radiation environment. In this study, we perform reanalysis of the sparse measurements from four spacecraft using the three-dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt diffusion model and a split-operator Kalman filter over a 6-month period from 1 October 2012 to 1 April 2013. In comparison to previous works, our 3-D model accounts for more physical processes, namely, mixed pitch angle-energy diffusion, scattering by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron waves, and magnetopause shadowing. We describe how data assimilation, by means of the innovation vector, can be used to account for missing physics in the model. We use this method to identify the radial distances from the Earth and the geomagnetic conditions where our model is inconsistent with the measured phase space density for different values of the invariants mu and K. As a result, the Kalman filter adjusts the predictions in order to match the observations, and we interpret this as evidence of where and when additional source or loss processes are active. The current work demonstrates that 3-D data assimilation provides a comprehensive picture of the radiation belt electrons and is a crucial step toward performing reanalysis using measurements from ongoing and future missions.
KW  - acceleration
KW  - code
KW  - density
KW  - emic waves
KW  - energetic particle
KW  - mechanisms
KW  - reanalysis
KW  - ultrarelativistic electrons
KW  - weather
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027514
SN  - 2169-9380
SN  - 2169-9402
VL  - 125
IS  - 1
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wang, Dedong
A1  - Shprits, Yuri Y.
T1  - On How High-Latitude Chorus Waves Tip the Balance Between Acceleration and Loss of Relativistic Electrons
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Modeling and observations have shown that energy diffusion by chorus waves is an important source of acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. By performing long-term simulations using the three-dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code, in this study, we test how the latitudinal dependence of chorus waves can affect the dynamics of the radiation belt electrons. Results show that the variability of chorus waves at high latitudes is critical for modeling of megaelectron volt (MeV) electrons. We show that, depending on the latitudinal distribution of chorus waves under different geomagnetic conditions, they cannot only produce a net acceleration but also a net loss of MeV electrons. Decrease in high-latitude chorus waves can tip the balance between acceleration and loss toward acceleration, or alternatively, the increase in high-latitude waves can result in a net loss of MeV electrons. Variations in high-latitude chorus may account for some of the variability of MeV electrons.
KW  - radiation belts
KW  - chorus waves
KW  - high latitude
KW  - acceleration
KW  - loss
KW  - modeling
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082681
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 46
IS  - 14
SP  - 7945
EP  - 7954
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  -