TY  - THES
A1  - Huang, Sichao
T1  - Past and present biodiversity in northeastern Siberia inferred from sedimentary DNA metabarcoding
N2  - The arctic-boreal treeline is a transition zone from taiga to tundra covering a vast area in Siberia. It often features large environmental gradients and reacts sensitively to changes in the environment. For example, the expansion of shrubs and a northward movement of the treeline are observable in Siberia as a response to the warming climate. The changes in vegetation across the treeline are known to influence the water chemistry in the lakes. This causes further alteration to the composition and diversity of sensitive aquatic organisms such as diatoms and macrophytes. Despite the rising awareness of the complex climate-feedback mechanisms of terrestrial plants, the understanding of their assembly rules and about responses of aquatic biomes in the surrounding treeline lakes is still limited. The goal of this thesis is to examine the previous and present biodiversity of terrestrial and freshwater biomes from the Siberian treeline ecotone, as well as their reactions to environmental changes. In particular, this thesis attempts to examine the performance of applying sedimentary DNA metabarcoding in terrestrial plants, aquatic macrophytes and diatoms, their spatial patterns along the environmental gradients and their temporal patterns throughout the climate transition from the late Pleistocene to Holocene. Sedimentary DNA metabarcoding combined with next-generation sequencing is applied as a primary tool to explore the composition and diversity of terrestrial plants, diatoms and aquatic macrophytes. The main study area is located in Chukotka of northeastern Siberia in the Arctic, a biodiversity hotspot due to its continental location and the diverse habitats of the glacial refugium. The modern diatom diversity was assessed with a specific diatom metabarcoding marker and morphological identification. Both approaches agree to a dominance of Fragilariaceae and Aulacoseiraceae, as well as on the environmental influential indicators of the diatom community. The high diversity of Fragilariaceae identified in the thermokarst lakes is found to follow the vegetation gradient along the treeline, suggesting that diatom metabarcoding can decipher relationships between diatom assemblage shifts and the relevant environmental changes. In particular, the metabarcoding approach detects diversification of fragilarioids in glacial lakes which is not visible using morphology. Sedimentary ancient DNA records indicate a vegetation mosaic of forb-dominated steppe-tundra during 28-19 ka, followed by a shift to dwarf-shrub tundra during 19-14 ka. During the most recent 14 thousand years, the vegetation consists of deciduous shrublands, then a change to boreal forest is observed. Investigations on the alpha diversity of the vegetation show that species richness is unexpectedly highest during pre-LGM, which is likely related to the extensive area that allows for more taxa. The optimum Holocene warming during 9-6 ka is not accompanied by a high richness as widely believed, but with an evenly distributed community by the fulfilment of erect shrubs. Furthermore, changes in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity show complementary results in understanding community diversity. The composition and richness in the modern macrophytes community from Siberian Arctic and Chinese alpine are best co-influenced by July temperature and electrical conductivity.. Past macrophyte turnover during the late Pleistocene-Holocene is less noticeable in Siberia, whereas a pronounced community change from emergent to submerged plants is detected from Chinese alpine regions at about 14 ka due to increasing temperature and varying water conductivity. Finally, sedimentary DNA metabarcoding is a cost-effective and powerful proxy for ecological application, whereas completeness of the reference library, coverage and resolution of the metabarcoding marker are the major limitations of sedimentary DNA based diversity monitoring. The composition and richness in modern vegetation and macrophytes across broad spatial gradients is constrained by environmental variables, suggesting a potential usage for environmental monitoring. Diatom distributions are driven by different water variables along the treeline. Past records indicate that the shrub coverage has a noticeable influence on the assemblies of both terrestrial plants and aquatic macrophytes, though the shift in macrophyte community is relatively minor in the past 28 thousand years. In the long-term, the shrub expansion may eventually result in a genetically more diverse vegetation community but reduced species richness. When exceeding the optimal temperatures, further warming may lead to a decrease and putative loss of macrophytes and diatoms.
N2  - Die arktisch-boreale Baumgrenze ist eine Übergangszone von Taiga zu Tundra, die ein weites Gebiet in Sibirien abdeckt. Es weist häufig große Umweltgradienten auf und reagiert empfindlich auf Änderungen in der Umwelt. Beispielsweise sind in Sibirien als Reaktion auf das sich erwärmende Klima die Ausdehnung von Sträuchern und eine Bewegung der Baumgrenze nach Norden zu beobachten. Es ist bekannt, dass die Veränderungen der Vegetation entlang der Baumgrenze die Wasserchemie in den Seen beeinflussen. Dies führt zu einer weiteren Veränderung der Zusammensetzung und Vielfalt empfindlicher Wasserorganismen wie Kieselalgen und Makrophyten. Trotz des zunehmenden Bewusstseins für die komplexen Klimarückkopplungsmechanismen von Landpflanzen ist das Verständnis ihrer Zusammensetzung und der Reaktionen aquatischer Biome in den umliegenden Baumseen immer noch begrenzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die bisherige und gegenwärtige Artenvielfalt von Land- und Süßwasserbiomen aus dem sibirischen Baumlinien-Ökoton sowie deren Reaktionen auf Umweltveränderungen zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit wird insbesondere versucht, die Leistung der Anwendung der sedimentären DNA-Metabarkodierung in Landpflanzen, aquatischen Makrophyten und Kieselalgen, ihre räumlichen Muster entlang der Umweltgradienten und ihre zeitlichen Muster während des Klimaübergangs vom späten Pleistozän zum Holozän zu untersuchen. Die metabolische DNA-Metabarkodierung in Kombination mit der “Next generation Sequencing” wird als primäres Instrument zur Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung und Vielfalt von Landpflanzen, Kieselalgen und aquatischen Makrophyten eingesetzt. Das Hauptuntersuchungsgebiet befindet sich in Chukotka im Nordosten Sibiriens in der Arktis, einem Hotspot für Artenvielfalt aufgrund seiner kontinentalen Lage und der vielfältigen Lebensräume des Gletscher-Refugiums. Die moderne Diatomeendiversität wurde mit einem spezifischen Diatom-Metabarcoding Marker und einer morphologischen Identifizierung bewertet. Beide Ansätze stimmen mit einer Dominanz von Fragilariaceae und Aulacoseiraceae sowie mit den umweltbeeinflussenden Indikatoren der Kieselalgengemeinschaft überein. Die hohe Vielfalt der in den Thermokarstseen identifizierten Fragilariaceae folgt dem Vegetationsgradienten entlang der Baumgrenze, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Metabarkodierung von Kieselalgen Beziehungen zwischen Verschiebungen der Kieselalgenassemblage und den relevanten Umweltveränderungen entschlüsseln kann. Insbesondere erkennt der Metabarcoding-Ansatz eine Diversifikation von Fragilarioiden in Gletscherseen, die unter Verwendung der Morphologie nicht sichtbar ist. Sedimentäre alte DNA-Aufzeichnungen weisen auf ein Vegetationsmosaik der von Forb dominierten Steppentundra zwischen 28 und 19 ka hin, gefolgt von einer Verschiebung in die Zwergstrauch-Tundra zwischen 19 und 14 ka. In den letzten 14.000 Jahren besteht die Vegetation aus Laubbäumen, dann wird eine Veränderung des borealen Waldes beobachtet. Untersuchungen zur Alpha-Diversität der Vegetation zeigen, dass der Artenreichtum vor der LGM unerwartet am höchsten ist, was wahrscheinlich mit dem ausgedehnten Gebiet zusammenhängt, das mehr Taxa zulässt. Die optimale Erwärmung des Holozäns während 9-6 ka geht nicht mit einem hohen Reichtum einher, wie allgemein angenommen wird, sondern mit einer gleichmäßig verteilten Gemeinschaft durch die Erfüllung aufrecht stehender Sträucher. Darüber hinaus zeigen Änderungen der taxonomischen und phylogenetischen Vielfalt komplementäre Ergebnisse für das Verständnis der Vielfalt in der Gemeinschaft. Die Zusammensetzung und der Reichtum der modernen Makrophytengemeinschaft aus der sibirischen Arktis und den chinesischen Alpen werden am besten von der Temperatur im Juli und der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit beeinflusst. Der vergangene Makrophytenumsatz während des späten Pleistozän-Holozäns ist in Sibirien weniger auffällig, während in chinesischen Alpenregionen bei etwa 14 ka aufgrund der steigenden Temperatur und der unterschiedlichen Wasserleitfähigkeit ein ausgeprägter Wechsel der Gemeinschaft von emergenten zu untergetauchten Pflanzen festgestellt wird. Schließlich ist die Sediment-DNA-Metabarkodierung ein kostengünstiger und leistungsfähiger Proxy für die ökologische Anwendung, während die Vollständigkeit der Referenzbibliothek, die Abdeckung und die Auflösung des Metabarkodierungsmarkers die Hauptbeschränkungen der auf Sediment-DNA basierenden Diversitätsüberwachung darstellen. Die Zusammensetzung und der Reichtum an moderner Vegetation und Makrophyten über breite räumliche Gradienten hinweg werden durch Umgebungsvariablen eingeschränkt, was auf eine mögliche Verwendung für die Umweltüberwachung hindeutet. Die Verteilung der Kieselalgen wird durch verschiedene Wasservariablen entlang der Baumgrenze gesteuert. Frühere Aufzeichnungen zeigen, dass die Strauchbedeckung einen spürbaren Einfluss auf die Ansammlungen von Landpflanzen und Wassermakrophyten hat, obwohl die Verschiebung der Makrophytengemeinschaft in den letzten 28.000 Jahren relativ gering ist. Langfristig kann die Strauchausdehnung letztendlich zu einer genetisch vielfältigeren Vegetationsgemeinschaft führen, die jedoch den Artenreichtum verringert. Wenn die optimalen Temperaturen überschritten werden, kann eine weitere Erwärmung zu einer Abnahme und einem mutmaßlichen Verlust von Makrophyten und Kieselalgen führen.
KW  - metabarcoding
KW  - plant diversity
KW  - iatom diversity
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - ancient DNA
Y1  - 2021
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Romero-Munoz, Alfredo
A1  - Fandos, Guillermo
A1  - Benítez-López, Ana
A1  - Kuemmerle, Tobias
T1  - Habitat destruction and overexploitation drive widespread declines in all facets of mammalian diversity in the Gran Chaco
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Global biodiversity is under high and rising anthropogenic pressure. Yet, how the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional facets of biodiversity are affected by different threats over time is unclear. This is particularly true for the two main drivers of the current biodiversity crisis: habitat destruction and overexploitation. We provide the first long-term assessment of multifaceted biodiversity changes caused by these threats for any tropical region. Focussing on larger mammals in South America's 1.1 million km(2) Gran Chaco region, we assessed changes in multiple biodiversity facets between 1985 and 2015, determined which threats drive those changes, and identified remaining key areas for all biodiversity facets. Using habitat and threat maps, we found, first, that between 1985 and 2015 taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional (FD) diversity all declined drastically across over half of the area assessed. FD declined about 50% faster than TD and PD, and these declines were mainly driven by species loss, rather than species turnover. Second, habitat destruction, hunting, and both threats together contributed similar to 57%, similar to 37%, and similar to 6% to overall facet declines, respectively. However, hunting pressure increased where TD and PD declined most strongly, whereas habitat destruction disproportionally contributed to FD declines. Third, just 23% of the Chaco would have to be protected to safeguard the top 17% of all three facets. Our findings uncover a widespread impoverishment of mammal species richness, evolutionary history, and ecological functions across broad areas of the Chaco due to increasing habitat destruction and hunting. Moreover, our results pinpoint key areas that should be preserved and managed to maintain all facets of mammalian diversity across the Chaco. More generally, our work highlights how long-term changes in biodiversity facets can be assessed and attributed to specific threats, to better understand human impacts on biodiversity and to guide conservation planning to mitigate them.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1370 
KW  - biodiversity facets
KW  - extinction drivers
KW  - functional diversity
KW  - functional richness
KW  - overhunting
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - taxonomic
KW  - diversity
KW  - traits
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-567696
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Romero-Munoz, Alfredo
A1  - Fandos, Guillermo
A1  - Benítez-López, Ana
A1  - Kuemmerle, Tobias
T1  - Habitat destruction and overexploitation drive widespread declines in all facets of mammalian diversity in the Gran Chaco
JF  - Global change biology
N2  - Global biodiversity is under high and rising anthropogenic pressure. Yet, how the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional facets of biodiversity are affected by different threats over time is unclear. This is particularly true for the two main drivers of the current biodiversity crisis: habitat destruction and overexploitation. We provide the first long-term assessment of multifaceted biodiversity changes caused by these threats for any tropical region. Focussing on larger mammals in South America's 1.1 million km(2) Gran Chaco region, we assessed changes in multiple biodiversity facets between 1985 and 2015, determined which threats drive those changes, and identified remaining key areas for all biodiversity facets. Using habitat and threat maps, we found, first, that between 1985 and 2015 taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional (FD) diversity all declined drastically across over half of the area assessed. FD declined about 50% faster than TD and PD, and these declines were mainly driven by species loss, rather than species turnover. Second, habitat destruction, hunting, and both threats together contributed similar to 57%, similar to 37%, and similar to 6% to overall facet declines, respectively. However, hunting pressure increased where TD and PD declined most strongly, whereas habitat destruction disproportionally contributed to FD declines. Third, just 23% of the Chaco would have to be protected to safeguard the top 17% of all three facets. Our findings uncover a widespread impoverishment of mammal species richness, evolutionary history, and ecological functions across broad areas of the Chaco due to increasing habitat destruction and hunting. Moreover, our results pinpoint key areas that should be preserved and managed to maintain all facets of mammalian diversity across the Chaco. More generally, our work highlights how long-term changes in biodiversity facets can be assessed and attributed to specific threats, to better understand human impacts on biodiversity and to guide conservation planning to mitigate them.
KW  - biodiversity facets
KW  - extinction drivers
KW  - functional diversity
KW  - functional richness
KW  - overhunting
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - taxonomic
KW  - diversity
KW  - traits
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15418
SN  - 1354-1013
SN  - 1365-2486
VL  - 27
IS  - 4
SP  - 755
EP  - 767
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen Rosemarie
A1  - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna
A1  - Epp, Laura Saskia
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
T1  - Phylogenetic diversity and environment form assembly rules for Arctic diatom genera
BT  - a study on recent and ancient sedimentary DNA
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Aim This study investigates taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in diatom genera to evaluate assembly rules for eukaryotic microbes across the Siberian tree line. We first analysed how phylogenetic distance relates to taxonomic richness and turnover. Second, we used relatedness indices to evaluate if environmental filtering or competition influences the assemblies in space and through time. Third, we used distance-based ordination to test which environmental variables shape diatom turnover. Location Yakutia and Taymyria, Russia: we sampled 78 surface sediments and a sediment core, extending to 7,000 years before present, to capture the forest-tundra transition in space and time respectively. Taxon Arctic freshwater diatoms. Methods We applied metabarcoding to retrieve diatom diversity from surface and core sedimentary DNA. The taxonomic assignment binned sequence types (lineages) into genera and created taxonomic (abundance of lineages within different genera) and phylogenetic datasets (phylogenetic distances of lineages within different genera). Results Contrary to our expectations, we find a unimodal relationship between phylogenetic distance and richness in diatom genera. We discern a positive relationship between phylogenetic distance and taxonomic turnover in spatially and temporally distributed diatom genera. Furthermore, we reveal positive relatedness indices in diatom genera across the spatial environmental gradient and predominantly in time slices at a single location, with very few exceptions assuming effects of competition. Distance-based ordination of taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover indicates that lake environment variables, like HCO3- and water depth, largely explain diatom turnover. Main conclusion Phylogenetic and abiotic assembly rules are important in understanding the regional assembly of diatom genera across lakes in the Siberian tree line ecotone. Using a space-time approach we are able to exclude the influence of geography and elucidate that lake environmental variables primarily shape the assemblies. We conclude that some diatom genera have greater capabilities to adapt to environmental changes, whereas others will be putatively replaced or lost due to the displacement of the Arctic tundra biome under recent global warming.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1442 
KW  - ancient sedimentary DNA
KW  - Arctic lakes
KW  - assembly rules
KW  - climate change
KW  - diatoms
KW  - environmental filtering
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - Siberian tree line
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-515485
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen Rosemarie
A1  - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna
A1  - Epp, Laura Saskia
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
T1  - Phylogenetic diversity and environment form assembly rules for Arctic diatom genera
BT  - a study on recent and ancient sedimentary DNA
JF  - Journal of Biogeography
N2  - Aim This study investigates taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in diatom genera to evaluate assembly rules for eukaryotic microbes across the Siberian tree line. We first analysed how phylogenetic distance relates to taxonomic richness and turnover. Second, we used relatedness indices to evaluate if environmental filtering or competition influences the assemblies in space and through time. Third, we used distance-based ordination to test which environmental variables shape diatom turnover. Location Yakutia and Taymyria, Russia: we sampled 78 surface sediments and a sediment core, extending to 7,000 years before present, to capture the forest-tundra transition in space and time respectively. Taxon Arctic freshwater diatoms. Methods We applied metabarcoding to retrieve diatom diversity from surface and core sedimentary DNA. The taxonomic assignment binned sequence types (lineages) into genera and created taxonomic (abundance of lineages within different genera) and phylogenetic datasets (phylogenetic distances of lineages within different genera). Results Contrary to our expectations, we find a unimodal relationship between phylogenetic distance and richness in diatom genera. We discern a positive relationship between phylogenetic distance and taxonomic turnover in spatially and temporally distributed diatom genera. Furthermore, we reveal positive relatedness indices in diatom genera across the spatial environmental gradient and predominantly in time slices at a single location, with very few exceptions assuming effects of competition. Distance-based ordination of taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover indicates that lake environment variables, like HCO3- and water depth, largely explain diatom turnover. Main conclusion Phylogenetic and abiotic assembly rules are important in understanding the regional assembly of diatom genera across lakes in the Siberian tree line ecotone. Using a space-time approach we are able to exclude the influence of geography and elucidate that lake environmental variables primarily shape the assemblies. We conclude that some diatom genera have greater capabilities to adapt to environmental changes, whereas others will be putatively replaced or lost due to the displacement of the Arctic tundra biome under recent global warming.
KW  - ancient sedimentary DNA
KW  - Arctic lakes
KW  - assembly rules
KW  - climate change
KW  - diatoms
KW  - environmental filtering
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - Siberian tree line
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13786
SN  - 0305-0270
SN  - 1365-2699
VL  - 47
IS  - 5
SP  - 1166
EP  - 1179
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Venail, Patrick
A1  - Gross, Kevin
A1  - Oakley, Todd H.
A1  - Narwani, Anita
A1  - Allan, Eric
A1  - Flombaum, Pedro
A1  - Isbell, Forest
A1  - Joshi, Jasmin Radha
A1  - Reich, Peter B.
A1  - Tilman, David
A1  - van Ruijven, Jasper
A1  - Cardinale, Bradley J.
T1  - Species richness, but not phylogenetic diversity, influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re-examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies
JF  - Functional ecology : an official journal of the British Ecological Society
N2  - Hundreds of experiments have now manipulated species richness (SR) of various groups of organisms and examined how this aspect of biological diversity influences ecosystem functioning. Ecologists have recently expanded this field to look at whether phylogenetic diversity (PD) among species, often quantified as the sum of branch lengths on a molecular phylogeny leading to all species in a community, also predicts ecological function. Some have hypothesized that phylogenetic divergence should be a superior predictor of ecological function than SR because evolutionary relatedness represents the degree of ecological and functional differentiation among species. But studies to date have provided mixed support for this hypothesis. Here, we reanalyse data from 16 experiments that have manipulated plant SR in grassland ecosystems and examined the impact on above-ground biomass production over multiple time points. Using a new molecular phylogeny of the plant species used in these experiments, we quantified how the PD of plants impacts average community biomass production as well as the stability of community biomass production through time. Using four complementary analyses, we show that, after statistically controlling for variation in SR, PD (the sum of branches in a molecular phylogenetic tree connecting all species in a community) is neither related to mean community biomass nor to the temporal stability of biomass. These results run counter to past claims. However, after controlling for SR, PD was positively related to variation in community biomass over time due to an increase in the variances of individual species, but this relationship was not strong enough to influence community stability. In contrast to the non-significant relationships between PD, biomass and stability, our analyses show that SR per se tends to increase the mean biomass production of plant communities, after controlling for PD. The relationship between SR and temporal variation in community biomass was either positive, non-significant or negative depending on which analysis was used. However, the increases in community biomass with SR, independently of PD, always led to increased stability. These results suggest that PD is no better as a predictor of ecosystem functioning than SR.Synthesis. Our study on grasslands offers a cautionary tale when trying to relate PD to ecosystem functioning suggesting that there may be ecologically important trait and functional variation among species that is not explained by phylogenetic relatedness. Our results fail to support the hypothesis that the conservation of evolutionarily distinct species would be more effective than the conservation of SR as a way to maintain productive and stable communities under changing environmental conditions.
KW  - biodiversity
KW  - community biomass
KW  - data synthesis
KW  - ecosystem functioning
KW  - grasslands
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - relatedness
KW  - stability
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12432
SN  - 0269-8463
SN  - 1365-2435
VL  - 29
IS  - 5
SP  - 615
EP  - 626
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -